Abstract: Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) and their governing structures are responsible not only to their shareholders but to a wide variety of stakeholders due to the scale of their business activities and their impact on societal and environmental levels. This study builds on such premise and investigates the relationship between the educational background of MNEs chief executive officers – CEOs and the firm’s corporate social performance (CSP). It also examines whether this relationship is moderated by the organizational visibility of the firm and/or by the institutional quality of the country where it is headquartered. First, while prior literature has predominantly focused on demographic characteristics of the firm’s dominant coalition that are likely to influence the company’s engagement with CSR activities, the current study examines their impact on the social performance of the company. Particularly, it focuses on the CEOs education background as a construct of both level and field of education. Second, building on the ‘upper-echelons’ and the stakeholder’s theories, the study theorizes and empirically investigates the mentioned relationships through a quantitative approach using a sample comprised by the Fortune Global 500. The study reveals that there is no significant correlation between CEOs educational background and firm’s CSP. Moreover, that neither the institutional quality nor the organizational visibility have a moderating effect on said relationship. Results are discussed and suggestions are made for further research. Resumen: Las empresas multinacionales (EMN) y sus estructuras de gobierno son responsables no sólo ante sus accionistas sino ante una gran variedad de partes interesadas debido a la escala de sus actividades comerciales y su impacto en la sociedad y el medio ambiente. El estudio se basa en tal premisa e investiga la relación entre la formación académica de los directores ejecutivos de las empresas multinacionales y el desempeño social empresarial de la compañía. Así mismo, examina si esta relación está moderada por la visibilidad organizacional de la firma y / o por la calidad institucional del país donde tiene su sede principal. En primer lugar, aunque la literatura previa se ha centrado predominantemente en las características demográficas de la coalición dominante de la empresa, las cuales tienden a influenciar los niveles de compromiso de la compañía con las actividades de responsabilidad social empresarial – RSE, el estudio actual examina su impacto en el desempeño social de la empresa. En particular, se centra en la formación académica de los directores ejecutivos, entendiéndola como una construcción de dos elementos a saber, el campo de estudio y el nivel educativo. En segundo lugar, basándose en las teorías de las ‘coaliciones dominantes’ y de los grupos de interés, el estudio teoriza e investiga empíricamente las relaciones mencionadas a través de un enfoque cuantitativo utilizando una muestra compuesta por las empresas del ‘Fortune Global 500’. El estudio revela que no existe una correlación significativa entre la formación académica de los directores ejecutivos y el desempeño social empresarial de las compañías. Adicionalmente, que ni la calidad institucional ni la visibilidad organizacional tienen un efecto moderador sobre dicha relación. Se discuten los resultados y se hacen sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

Resumen: El Feminismo es una teoría política de la ciudadanía de las mujeres y lo que eso comporta como resultado social, económico y político. Es así también una manera especial de acomodo de la teoría de la democracia. Por mucho tiempo ha sido tendencia señalar el origen del Feminismo en el occidente europeo o norteamericano. Se ubica exactamente en la Ilustración Europea, donde apareció la “primera ola” llamada “Feminismo Ilustrado”. Hecho histórico que pone a la Modernidad como “cuna” de la libertad e igualdad de las mujeres que se fue expandiendo por el mundo a partir de dos olas posteriores: “Feminismo Sufragista” y “Feminismo Contemporáneo”. La experiencia de las mujeres «Uchunya» revela algo distinto. La existencia de “otros feminismos” surgidos a partir de experiencias diferenciales. Este articulo afirma que la ilustración es un pensamiento racional más antiguo que la Modernidad y que ubica a la igualdad de varones y mujeres como lo más importante. Esto es, que ha existido Ilustración fuera de Europa y con ello, Feminismos en América Latina. Se plantea que ha existido “Ilustración Igualitaria” en América Latina antes de la llegada de Europa. Que el pensamiento ilustrado que se desarrolló en los pueblos latinoamericanos y en específico, las conciencias indígenas, vindicó la igualdad de varones y mujeres antes que el Feminismo moderno llegara como discurso de la Modernidad. Esta es la narrativa-crítica que lo justifica. Y que se convierte según Harvard en una innovación para el pensamiento latinoamericano en la construcción de su propia autoconciencia.

Abstract: The scientific administration of education has led educational institutions to show, in recent years, a strong interest in rankings, accountability, and quality education based on individual excellence. Faced with this dynamic, the present work shows that, in a society, the demands which have come from conflicting experiences or that want to form sympathetic citizens require a change of perspective from individual autonomy towards the construction of cooperation and respect scenarios for the other. Through a theoretical analysis, this article shows the inadequacy of the Taylorist model of education and proposes an education for uncertainty as an opening towards cooperation and solidarity. Resumen: La administración científica de la educación ha llevado a que las instituciones educativas muestren en los últimos años un marcado interés por los rankings, la rendición de cuentas y por una educación de calidad basada en la excelencia individual. Frente a esta dinámica, el presente trabajo muestra que las exigencias de una sociedad que ha venido de experiencias conflictivas que quiere formar ciudadanos solidarios, requieren un cambio de perspectiva desde la autonomía individual hacia la construcción de escenarios de cooperación y respeto por el otro. Mediante un análisis teórico, este artículo muestra la insuficiencia del modelo taylorista de educación y propone una educación para la incertidumbre como apertura hacia la cooperación y la solidaridad.

Abstract : Grappling with the marginalization of the marginal in Western thinking, this paper sets up a dialogue between Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy and Johann Baptist Metz’s political theology in order to learn from their thoughts on the suffering of victims. For both Levinas and Metz, the idea of theodicy as an explanation of suffering is linked to the ontological conception of time and history, and therefore useless and unjustifiable by nature. The essential question of this research is how to give meaning to the concrete suffering of humanity in order to redeem history from the concept of an evolutionary progress which limits the possibility of hearing the cries of the victims of history. This article will show how Levinas’s and Metz´s rejection of traditional theodicy is closely related to the concepts of memory and history and, therefore, the paper will demonstrate how traditional theodicy becomes for both thinkers an ethical theodicy. Consequently, the ethical account of theodicy replaces the attempt to negotiate the goodness and power of God with the pain of human beings. From this perspective, ethics is shaped by a response to the cry of victims which summons the subject to understand freedom as limited and subordinated to ethical responsibility. In responding to suffering, philosophy and theology can meet beyond idealism and dogmatism. Resumen : Enfrentando la marginación de lo marginal en el pensamiento occidental, este artículo establece un diálogo entre la filosofía de Emmanuel Levinas y la teología política de Johann Baptist Metz para aprender de sus pensamientos sobre el sufrimiento de las víctimas. Tanto para Levinas como para Metz, la idea de la teodicea como explicación del sufrimiento está ligada a la concepción ontológica del tiempo y la historia y, por tanto, es inútil e injustificable por naturaleza. La cuestión fundamental de esta investigación es cómo dar sentido al sufrimiento concreto de la humanidad para rescatar la historia del concepto de un progreso evolutivo que limita la posibilidad de escuchar los gritos de las víctimas de la historia. Este artículo mostrará cómo el rechazo de Levinas y Metz a la teodicea tradicional está íntimamente relacionado con los conceptos de memoria e historia y, por lo tanto, demostrará cómo la teodicea tradicional se convierte para ambos pensadores en una teodicea ética. En consecuencia, la explicación ética de la teodicea reemplaza el intento de negociar la bondad y el poder de Dios con el dolor de los seres humanos. Desde esta perspectiva, la ética se configura a partir de una respuesta al grito de las víctimas que convoca al sujeto a entender la libertad como limitada y subordinada a la responsabilidad ética. Al responder a El sufrimiento, la filosofía y la teología pueden encontrarse más allá del idealismo y el dogmatismo.

Abstract: This paper seeks to determine whether stocks markets from Chile, Colombia and Peru present herding behavior, and what might be reasons behind it. The study is divided in two parts: a quantitative and a qualitative one. The quantitative uses an OLS model, whose objective is to determine the relationship between the average market return and the returns dispersion, as measured by the Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation. The qualitative one seeks to dig into the available information to find the reasons behind the results of the OLS model. The results of the quantitative model are clear for Peru, market that shows significant herding signs for most of the different scenarios. Chile shows herding during days of low traded volume, while Colombia does not evidence any kind of herding. There are two main reasons that could explain those results: information availability and type of investors. The first refers to the scarcity of company specific information and the low credibility of investors on it. The second, refers to tremendous influence institutional investors exert when they are the predominant player in a stock market. In the three markets, AFP’s – pension funds – control most of the trading activity, reason why they behavior shapes the existence or non-existence of herd behavior. Some general reasons such as the size of the markets, the low diversification and the corruption level, help explain why AFP’s might herd. Each country has additional specific explanations: Chile shares characteristics of developed and developing markets; Colombia has important players that are part of both the supply and demand of stocks; Peru is the textbook representation of stock markets in developing economies.

Resumen: A través de la investigación en un barrio de Estambul y sus transformaciones físicas y sociales se plantea un proyecto que parte de la lectura del entorno construido. El entendimiento del mismo y de su valor arquitectónico (el valor de la no-arquitectura) genera un diálogo entre lo propuesto y lo existente. El edificio resultante sirve de marco para dar un nuevo significado a aquello que está ahí pero pasa desapercibido, transformando algo común en algo inusual. El objeto arquitectónico se convierte en una exploración en sí mismo, e intenta generar nuevas relaciones espaciales, retando convenciones establecidas por la arquitectura. El proyecto explora nuevas maneras en las que pueden habitarse y apropiarse tanto los espacios exteriores como interiores del edificio, un poco más cercanas a la forma en la que puede ocurrir en la arquitectura espontánea e informal de ciudades como Estambul. Abstract: Through the research of a neighborhood in Istanbul and its physical and social transformations, a project is proposed from the reading of the built environment. Its understanding and its architectural value (the value of the non-architecture) produces a dialog between what is proposed and the existent. The resulting building works as a frame to give a new meaning to what is already there but isn’t seen, making the common, uncommon. The architectural object becomes an exploration within itself and tries to generate new spatial relations, which challenge the conventions established by architecture. The project explores new ways in which both the exterior and interior spaces can be appropriated, closer to what can happen in the informal or spontaneous architecture of cities like Istanbul.

The present study is aimed at finding out the differences between Colombian and peninsular Spanish regarding pronominal address. 40 Colombians (20 males and 20 females) and 20 Spanish (10 males and 10 females) participated in an experiment in which they were presented with role play situations and they had to give and answer to the interlocutor mentioned in the description. It was found that Colombians used ustedeo more frequently than the Spanish since they use it to address all kinds of interlocutors and when expressing commands, reproaches or negative emotions such as anger or annoyance. On the other hand, the Spanish used tuteo more frequently than the Colombians, using ustedeo mainly to address older acquaintances, older strangers and people with a higher status.

Abstract: Objective: This study reports on a new method for the development of multi-color and multi-material realistic Knee Joint anatomical models with unique features. In particular, the design of a fibers matrix structure that mimics the soft tissue anatomy. Methods: Various Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems and the PolyJet 3D printing were used in the fabrication of three anatomical models wherein fibers matrix structure is mimicked: (i) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) model used in the previous study. (ii) ACL-R model, incorporating orientations, directions, locations, and dimensions of the tunnels, as well as a custom-made surgical guide (SG) for avoiding graft tunnel length mismatch. (iii) Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) model, including custom-made implants. Before models 3D printing, uni-axial tensile tests were conducted to obtain the mechanical behaviors for individual No. 1 (A60-A50), No. 2 (A50-A50), No. 3 (A50-A40), and No. 4 (A70-A60) soft tissue-mimicking polymers. Each material combination represents different shore-hardness values between fiber and matrix respectively. Results: We correlated the pattern of stress-strain curves in the elastic region, stiffness, and elastic modulus of proposed combinations with published literature. Accordingly, material combinations No. 1 and No. 4 with elastic modules of 0.76-1.82 MPa were chosen for the soft tissues 3D printing. Finally, 3D printing Knee Joint models were tested manually simulating 50 flexo-extension cycles without presenting ruptures. Conclusion: The proposed anatomical models offer a diverse range of applications. These may be considered as an alternative to replacing cadaver specimens for medical training, pre-operative planning, research and education purposes, and predictive models validation. The soft tissue anatomy-mimicking materials are strong enough to withstand the stretching during the flexo-extension. The methodology reported for the design of the fiber-matrix structure might be considered as a start to develop new patterns and typologies that may mimic soft tissues.

Abstract: The present study aims to create a patient-specific hand model to simulate the passive rehabilitation on the index finger, quantifying the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon excursion and the stress experienced during simulated flexion. The computational model used in this analysis was created from an unknown patient dataset available in the Embodi3d online library. The segmentation, three-dimensional reconstruction, and modeling of the structures involved were performed using Materialise Mimics and Rhino3D. The FDP tendon excursion and stress values present in the model were calculated in the ANSYS environment. Based on the finite-element simulation, the FDP tendon presents an excursion of 10.1 mm during passive postoperative flexion. The highest-stress values were observed between the pulleys-FDP tendon contact surfaces. In particular, the pulley A1 exhibited the máximum principal stress of the model with a 58.7 MPa. The pulley A3 showed the same stress distribution pattern that A1 Pulley, but with the lowest values. The FDP Tendon excursión obtained is consistent with the results reported in the literature, which vary from 8 to 11 mm. The stress values found in the model explain the importance of the pulley mechanism keeping the FDP tendon attached to the finger bone during the range of motion experienced. The silico model proposed may potentially be used in the assessment of new medical device proposals in the field of hand reconstructive surgery.

Abstract: In recent years Colombia has attracted worldwide attention for its promising economy, for its flourishing cities, and more recently because of the peace talks with rebel groups. In spite of its thriving economy, Colombia is among the Latin American countries with the highest levels of inequality. Scholars from different fields have addressed this problem and it has also become part of the national agenda to find strategies to reduce the gap between rich and poor. Through the analysis of cityscapes and representations of the built environment produced during the 1930s and 1940s in Bogotá, this research presents an approach from the perspective of aesthetics to the problem of inequality. Through discourse analysis this dissertation shows how the images produced during the early capitalist period of Bogotá reflect the social tensions and configured a scenario of symbolic violence that would lead to the actual violence that erupted by the end of the 1940s. The results show the correlation between one type of violence and the other and how they would settle the basis to silently perpetuate a system of classes and inequality reflected in the cityscape.