Abstract: Armed conflicts affect almost every aspect of a country’s economy. Although the characteristics of armed conflicts are highly heterogenous, all of them have devastating effects on human capital, social infrastructure, burden of disease and population displacement. Health systems are invariably affected in countries stressed by armed conflicts. Several mechanisms might weaken health systems during the conflict: destruction of health infrastructure, loss of health professionals, interruptions on the supply of drugs and other medical devices or lack of funding as a result of the conflict itself. Decreases in the utilization of healthcare services further add to the suffering of these populations. This research finds that although preventive services might not be directly affected in areas affected by armed conflicts in Colombia, the utilization of non-preventive services might be directly affected. The hypotheses that might explain this phenomenon are discussed and recommendations for further research at made at the end of this report.

Abstract: Born in 1953 in Paris, Sophie Calle is a French artist who has exhibited extensively throughout the world since the late 1970s. She has been described as a conceptual artist, a photographer, a movie director or even detective; her work has a very recognizable shape that includes altering the means of expression. Douleur exquise narrates the break-up of a love affair the artist went through in 1984. Where the artist decides to begin a journey to alleviate her suffering, the work contrasts Sophie Calle’s own feelings with anonymous people’s answers to the question “Which was the day when I suffered the most?”. Towards her own recovering, she develops a very intricate ritual which fades away as her texts darken to the point of completely disappearing, symbolising a return to life. Our analysis is divided in three specific parts that aim to understand the process in which the artist can overcome her grief by comparing her own suffering to the others’ in the context of a ritual. The book concretizes the result of the shared exercise that explores the possibilities of literature from different angles, that we analyze under two types of interaction with respect to the ritual: it appears from the fact of having relativized collective mourning from a structure that will be reviewed in this work. To this end, it was necessary to analyze the way in which the two stories interact (that of Calle and that of the interrogated ones) by finding the peculiarities of the result: a possible structure and the elements involved, considering always that it concerns a collective exercise that pushes the boundaries between the personal and the public.

Abstract: This study examined inclusion practices from three ‘strategy as practice’ categories: identity work, discourse and materiality, which also contributes to open strategy knowledge. The case around the Colombian peace process made two differences: first, the study of strategy as practice at the national level, while previous studies have focused on organizational level; second, this study focuses on inclusion of a somehow illegitimate organization into a legitimate context, while earlier studies have an implied assumption of legitimate bodies to be included. The aim of this research was to identify manifestations and consequences of inclusion dynamics when governing with an open strategy, as a contribution to strategy as practice and open strategy body of knowledge. Initially, literature review focused on strategy as practice evolution, which has been focused on managerial levels, opening an opportunity for the study of grassroots in strategy making. This identification of a gap led to the idea of study inclusion in strategy making. Thus, a second literature review on inclusion was needed in order to understand how this concept has evolved in social sciences, and particularly in organization studies and strategy. In addition, it was necessary to understand the concept of legitimacy due to the case focuses on the inclusion of a declared terrorist organization that transformed into a political party. A qualitative content analysis of nearly 500 documents facilitated to interpret data from multiple sources such official documents, books, reports, academic documents, personal documents, news, websites, images, popular culture, and social media. The contents came mainly from the period of the Colombian peace process (2012-2016); however, other historical documents were needed to understand the context as well as other recent contents as the study also focuses on consequences of inclusion. The data analysis led to the identification of inclusion manifestations and consequences in terms of identity work, discourse and materiality, which contributes to understand some of the several challenges that strategy practitioners face in practice when open strategy process, as the case involved the endorsement of the peace process through a referendum. The study presents three main findings: first, in terms of the individual, inclusion moves in two dimensions, the individual identity and the identity of the other, which involves a personal transformation, while putting oneself in the shoes of the other. Second, intended inclusion involves the emergence of multiple inclusion and exclusion dynamics that interact and change along strategy making, questioning the promised benefits of inclusion, but also recognizing the value of emergent inclusion over intended. Third, the multiple manifestations of inclusion along this dissertation suggest nine levels of inclusion that may be considered for organizations and further studies in order to advance in inclusion implementation and understanding. Resumen: Este estudio examina las prácticas de inclusión a partir de tres categorías del área conocida como ʻstrategy as practice’ (estrategia como práctica): trabajo de identidad, discurso y materialidad, el cual también contribuye al conocimiento de estrategia abierta. El caso alrededor del proceso de paz colombiano hizo dos diferencias: primero, el estudio de la estrategia organizacional llevada al nivel nacional; segundo, este estudio se enfoca en la inclusión de un grupo que parte desde una posición de nula o escasa legitimidad, mientras que los estudios previos sobre legitimidad han partido desde el supuesto de una legitimidad implícita. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar manifestaciones y consecuencias de las dinámicas de inclusión cuando se gobierna con una estrategia abierta, como contribución al conocimiento de estrategia como práctica y de estrategia abierta. Inicialmente la revisión de literatura se enfocó en la evolución de la estrategia como práctica, la cual se ha enfocado en los niveles gerenciales de las organizaciones, lo cual abrió una oportunidad para el estudio de los niveles inferiores de las organizaciones en la construcción de la estrategia. Esta identificación de una brecha del conocimiento llevó a la idea de estudiar el concepto de la inclusión en la estrategia. Por lo tanto, una segunda revisión de literatura científica fue necesaria para entender como el concepto de inclusión ha evolucionado en las ciencias sociales, en particular en estudios organizacionales y estrategia. Adicionalmente fue necesario profundizar en el concepto de legitimidad dado que el caso de estudio se enfocó en la inclusión de una organización que estaba por fuera de la ley y se convirtió en un partido político. Un análisis de contenido cualitativo de cerca de 500 documentos facilitó la interpretación de datos provenientes de múltiples fuentes tales como documentos oficiales, libros, reportes, documentos académicos, documentos personales, noticias, sitios web, imágenes, cultura popular y redes sociales. Los contenidos provinieron principalmente del período del proceso de paz colombiano (2012-2016); sin embargo, otros documentos históricos fueron necesarios para comprender el contexto así como otros contenidos recientes dado que el estudio también se enfocó en las consecuencias de la inclusión. El análisis de datos llevó a la identificación de manifestaciones y consecuencias de la inclusión en términos de trabajo de identidad, discurso y materialidad, lo cual contribuye a entender alguno de los muchos retos a que se ven abocados quienes practican la estrategia cuando deciden llevar a cabo un proceso de estrategia abierta, dado que este caso en particular envolvió el desarrollo de un plebiscito para refrendar el proceso de paz. Este estudio presenta tres hallazgos principales: primero en términos de los individuos la inclusión se mueve en dos dimensiones, la identidad individual y la identidad del otro, lo cual involucra una transformación personal mientras uno se pone en los zapatos del otro; segundo, la inclusión planeada involucra también una serie de dinámicas de inclusión y exclusión que interactúan y cambian a lo largo que la estrategia se va construyendo, cuestionando los beneficios prometidos de la inclusión, pero también reconociendo el valor de la inclusión emergente, aún sobre la inclusión planeada; tercero, las múltiples manifestaciones de inclusión a lo largo del presente trabajo de grado sugieren nueve niveles de inclusión que pueden ser considerados por organizaciones y estudios posteriores con el fin de avanzar en la implementación y entendimiento de la inclusión.

Abstract: This research emerged out from the gap between the value added to collaborative governance and the empirical evidence of such benefits in Colombia. Despite the fact that there is not monitoring indicators that clearly illustrate how collaboration improves the implementation of complex public policies, national government has been promoting this strategy, ignoring the disparities among local and regional government, thus actual outcomes of multi-level governance. In particular, the paper observes the case of capital cities agreement for implementing Victims’ and Land Restitution law, as the more tangible case of a collaborative initiative boosted by local entities. Beyond the traditional input-output analysis, the paper explores into drivers, motivations and organizational dynamics among cities. The theoretical lenses used are the ones of Network governance and collaborative public management theories. The study’s findings suggest that the speech of collaboration has progressed faster than the institutional mechanisms for doing so. The vagueness means for acting collectively blurs how collaboration can clearly contribute to improve local governments tasks when it comes to social policies. Findings also identify and explain how exchanges took place in the case of capital cities agreement, illustrating the impact of power imbalances and motivations when conducting a collaboration.

Abstract: Music holds power; it empowers and integrates communities, transmits messages, propels a sense of identity, brings people together, and it impacts a massive population and an assortment of spaces that formal education systems do not reach. Exploring the potential music has can promote new forms of inclusion in which different cultural identities are valued equally. Acknowledging this, the paper explores Afro-Pacific music in Colombia as a space of assimilation and resistance in which black communities have raised their voices to counter hegemonic discrimination, and at the same time, they have reproduced certain stereotypes that delimit black culture. This is visible in the Petronio Álvarez Festival in Cali, Colombia. This Festival provides a setting to analyse the tensions between black communities, the institutional abandonment, racial inequalities, and the emergence of the multicultural discourse, through the framework of redistribution, recognition, representation, and reconciliation. Those tensions are visible in the link between race and territory; the contingency of tradition; and blackness as a cultural identity shaped the values of resistance, collectiveness, and autonomy. Resumen: La música tiene poder, empodera e integra a las comunidades, transmite mensajes, promueve un sentido de identidad, acerca a las personas, e impacta a una extensa población y un sinfín de espacios a los cuales los sistemas de educación formal no tienen acceso. Explorar el potencial de la música puede ayudar a promover nuevas formas de inclusión en la que diferentes identidades culturales sean valoradas de manera equitativa. A partir de este reconocimiento, este texto investiga la música afro-pacífica en Colombia como un espacio de asimilación y resistencia, en el cual las comunidades negras han alzado sus voces para contrarrestar la discriminación hegemónica, y al mismo tiempo, han reproducido ciertos estereotipos que delimitan la cultura negra. Esta tensión es visible en el Festival Petronio Álvarez en Cali, Colombia. Este festival provee un escenario para analizar las tensiones entre las comunidades negras, el abandono instituciones, las inequidades raciales, y la emergencia del discurso multicultural, a través de un marco de redistribución, reconocimiento, representación y reconciliación. Estas tensiones son visibles en el vínculo entre la raza y el territorio, la contingencia de la tradición, y la afirmación de la negritud como una identidad cultural moldeada por los valores de resistencia, colectividad y autonomía.

Abstract: The magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equilibrium is a fundamental concept for the plasma fusion research, allowing to describe the non-trivial steady state of a magnetic confined plasma, which is necessary to reach the physical conditions for the fusion reaction to occur. A possible mathematical formulation for finding the MHD equilibrium consists in solving a non-linear constrained optimization problem, using an energy functional as the target function. In previous works a relaxation of this task was proposed, using concepts of optimal transport and gradient flows theory. Thus, instead of solving the optimization problem directly, the minimization problem is reformulated such that an initial magnetic field is transported by a properly chosen velocity until it reaches the equilibrium. The problem can be cast into evolving the fields with the induction and the transport equation. In the continuous formulation the topology of the magnetic field is preserved along with some invariances such as helicity and a divergence-free field. In a previous work promising results with a Lagrangian scheme were shown. The goal of this work is to investigate suitable discretizations for an Eulerian scheme using geometric methods. More specifically a Spline Finite Element method is chosen and the Finite Element Exterior Calculus (FEEC) is applied. The discretizations of the transport and the induction equation are studied independently. It is shown that the discrete scheme for the transport equation with explicit time stepping is only stable for constant velocity and a Cartesian grid. For the induction equation, three different discretizations are proposed based on a strong, a weak and a mixed formulation. The discretization of the weak formulation is proven to be energy stable and the mixed formulation is proven to be energy stable and helicity preserving. Numerical results are only presented for the strong and the weak formulation, using an analytical equilibrium solution as initial condition. In comparison, the weak formulation is more stable, however both formulations can preserve the topology for a short time only.

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the association of epilation before surgery on the surgical outcome in trachomatous trichiasis (TT) patients. Methods: As a secondary data analysis, 1452 patients enrolled in the STAR trial were categorized according to preoperative epilation status. The main outcome was recurrent trichiasis after surgery. We used multivariable analysis, time-to-event analysis, and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Those who epilated prior to surgery tended to be older and female, with worse entropion at baseline. The proportion with postoperative trichiasis was 7.7%, 8.8% in those who epilated versus 5.3% in those who did not (P ¼ 0.03). Adjusting for age and sex, the risk of postoperative TT with epilation was 1.71 (P value ¼ 0.02). Although entropion may be in the biological pathway from epilation to postoperative TT, we adjusted for entropion, and the risk of postoperative TT with epilation was 1.41 (P ¼ 0.14). Conclusions: The study suggests that preoperative epilation may increase the risk of postoperative trichiasis. Further research is needed to confirm the finding. Translational Relevance: Patients with TT often self-treat, epilating their inturned eyelashes. The World Health Organization recommends surgery to treat TT, but when patients refuse the procedure or mild trichiasis is present, epilation is often recommended. There is some evidence that repetitive or improper epilation can be harmful to the lid and hair follicles. If there is damage to the lid margin, any subsequent surgery could have deleterious outcomes. Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación de la depilación antes de la cirugía con el resultado quirúrgico en pacientes con triquiasis tracomatosa (TT). Métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de datos, 1452 pacientes del estudio STAR se clasificaron según el estado de depilación preoperatoria. El resultado principal fue la triquiasis recurrente después de cirugía. Utilizamos análisis multivariable, análisis de tiempo transcurrido hasta el evento y modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: Aquellos que se depilaron antes de la cirugía tendieron a ser mayores y mujeres, con entropión más severo al inicio del estudio. La proporción con triquiasis postoperatoria fue del 7,7%, 8,8% en los que se depilaron frente al 5,3% en los que no (P = 0,03). Ajustando por edad y sexo, el riesgo de TT postoperatoria con depilación fue de 1,71 (valor de p = 0,02). Aunque el entropión puede estar en la vía biológica desde la depilación hasta el TT posoperatorio, ajustamos el entropión y el riesgo de TT postoperatorio con depilación fue de 1,41 (p = 0,14). Conclusiones: El estudio sugiere que la depilación preoperatoria puede incrementar el riesgo de triquiasis postoperatoria. Se necesita más investigación para confirmar este hallazgo. Relevancia traslacional: los pacientes con TT a menudo se autotratan, depilando sus pestañas dirigidas hacia adentro. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda la cirugía para tratar la TT, pero cuando los pacientes rechazan el procedimiento o hay una triquiasis leve, a menudo se recomienda la depilación. Existe alguna evidencia de que la depilación repetitiva o incorrecta puede ser dañina para el párpado y los folículos pilosos. Si hay daño en el margen del párpado, cualquier cirugía posterior podría tener resultados perjudiciales.

Abstract: Objectives: The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of different clinical signs of trachoma and identify possible factors associated with TF. Methodology: Following the approval of the study protocol by the ethics committee, a cross- sectional study was conducted in Vaupe’s, a department of the Colombian Amazon, between the years 2012 and 2013 in two districts. Based on the records obtained from a standardized format for the clinical evaluation of the participants and the factors associated with follicular trachoma, an excel database was built and debugged, which was analyzed using IBM SPSS, Statistics Version 23 and Stata STATA (Version 14, 2015, StataCorp LLC, Texas, USA). Results: The records of 13,091 individuals was collected from 216 rural indigenous communities, of which 12,080 were examined (92.3%); 7,274 in the Western and 4,806 in the Eastern districts. A prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) of 21.7% (n = 599; 95% CI 20.2–23.3) in the Western and 24.9% (n = 483; 95% CI 23.1–26.9) in the Eastern district was found in children aged 1 to 9 years. Regarding trachomatous trichiasis (TT), 77 cases were found, of which 14 belonged to the Western district (prevalence 0.3%, CI 95% 0.2–0.5) and 63 to the Eastern district (1.8%, CI 95% 1.4–2.4). Children aged between 1 to 9 years were significantly more likely to have TF when there was the presence of secretions on the face (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 2.6–3.9). Conclusions: Trachoma is a public health problem in Vaupes that requires the implementation of the SAFE strategy (S = Surgery, A = Antibiotics, F = Face Washing, E = Environment) in the Eastern and Western districts, for at least 3 consecutive years, in accordance with WHO recommendations. Resumen: Objetivos: Los objetivos del estudio fueron estimar la prevalencia de diferentes signos clínicos de tracoma e identificar posibles factores asociados al TF. Metodología: Tras la aprobación del protocolo de estudio por parte del comité de ética, se realizó un estudio transversal en Vaupés, departamento de la Amazonía colombiana, entre los años 2012 y 2013 en dos distritos. A partir de los registros obtenidos de un formato estandarizado para la evaluación clínica de los participantes y los factores asociados al tracoma folicular, se construyó y depuró una base de datos en Excel, la cual fue analizada utilizando IBM SPSS, Statistics Versión 23 y Stata STATA (Versión 14, 2015, StataCorp LLC, Texas, EE. UU.). Resultados: Se recolectaron los registros de 13.091 individuos de 216 comunidades indígenas rurales, de los cuales se examinaron 12.080 (92,3%); 7.274 en los distritos occidentales y 4.806 en los orientales. Se encontró una prevalencia de inflamación tracomatosa-folicular (TF) del 21,7% (n = 599; IC del 95% 20,2-23,3) en el occidental y del 24,9% (n = 483; IC del 95% 23,1-26,9) en el distrito del oriental en niños de 1 a 9 años. En cuanto a la triquiasis tracomatosa (TT), se encontraron 77 casos, de los cuales 14 pertenecían al distrito occidental (prevalencia 0,3%, IC 95% 0,2-0,5) y 63 al distrito oriental (1,8%, IC 95% 1,4-2,4). Los niños de entre 1 y 9 años tenían una probabilidad significativamente mayor de tener TF cuando había presencia de secreciones en la cara (OR: 3,2; IC del 95%: 2,6–3,9). Conclusiones: El tracoma es un problema de salud pública en Vaupés que requiere la implementación de la estrategia SAFE (S = Cirugía, A = Antibióticos, F = Lavado de Cara, E = Medio Ambiente) en los distritos oriental y occidental, por al menos 3 años consecutivos de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la OMS.

Abstract: In a globalized world, the rapid development in digital technologies and finance has enabled the successful growth of Airbnb around the world. The spectacular growth in main cities has caused the social fabric of the city was negatively impacted. The diminishing local welfare, shortage in the housing market, and to the need for identifying ways to regulate the operations are the major concerns of local government who perceive Airbnb as a disruptor of the main city sub-systems —social, urban infrastructure, and governance. This dissertation intends to find relationships between the coevolution of the gentrification process and Airbnb by using a quantitative approach. This discussion is essential to understand additional dimensions of the debate of commodification of housing and which socio-economic and demographic mechanisms enable the adoption of Airbnb. The statistical analysis shows that gentrification and Airbnb have unevenly grown along the last 10 years in Amsterdam. The relationships between Airbnb and household-housing conditions led to establishing that a strong association has evolved in surrounding neighbourhoods of the central district. The adoption follows patterns in the socio-economic and housing conditions of neighbourhoods. The policy advice suggests that measures taken by the Municipality of Amsterdam to counter the spread of Airbnb can exacerbate and reinforce the relationship between gentrification and Airbnb is those areas.

Abstract: This article begins by posing the question of how to re-elaborate stories that respond to our different sets of crises, by enquiring into the urban development of New Faisalnagar: an informal settlement in the outskirts of Ahmedabad (India), which is investigated through an infrastructural lens. By doing so, it recognizes the inventive value found in the creation of ‘Jugaad’ systems (jugaad understood as a Hindi word denoting an ad-hoc, clever solution to a problem) which is then tied to incorporating this within the disciplinary realm of design, from a perspective of responsible experimentation. The artlicle reviews different contemporary architectural cases that display similar appointments, and hence proposes this condition of participative, citizen-led infrastructural improvisation as a hopeful future of practice. Resumen: Este artículo comienza planteando la cuestión de cómo reelaborar historias que respondan a nuestras distintas crisis, indagando en el desarrollo urbano de New Faisalnagar: un asentamiento informal en las afueras de Ahmedabad (India), que se investiga a través de un lente infraestructural. Al hacer esto, reconoce el valor inventivo que se encuentra en la creación de sistemas 'Jugaad' (jugaad entendido como una palabra hindi que denota una solución ad-hoc e ingeniosa a un problema) que luego se busca incorporar dentro del ámbito disciplinario del diseño, desde una perspectiva de experimentación responsable. El artículo revisa diferentes casos arquitectónicos contemporáneos que demuestran metodologías similares y, posteriormente, propone esta condición de improvisación infraestructural participativa y dirigida por los ciudadanos como un futuro esperanzador de la práctica profesional.