A lo largo del tiempo, la evangelización indígena ha estado asociada directamente a la imagen religiosa, lo que ha convertido al discurso visual en el puente para superar las barreras idiomáticas entre los doctrineros españoles y los naturales de las nuevas tierras. Con tal aserto como referencia, en el presenteartículo nos preguntamos por el discurso visual fijado en el ámbito doctrinal y su posible funcionalidad en el marco de la “catequesis” del indio. A partir de los inventarios de los templos de doctrina pertenecientes al partido de Tunja, realizados en el marco de la visita efectuada por Andrés Verdugo y Oquendo entre 1755 y 1756, el presente texto busca entonces reconstruir el horizonte iconográfico de la doctrina en la Nueva Granada del siglo XVIII. Con base en ello se determinará el papel que la devoción y el milagro tuvieron, no solo como ejes del discurso visual de la doctrina, sino como núcleo de la catequesis misma.

El Colegio de Santa Cruz para Niñas Expósitas fue una institución creada por voluntad testamentaria de los esposos Mateo Pastor de Velasco y Francisca Vélez en 1655. Este proyecto fue gestado en la época de mayor efervescencia religiosa limeña en la primera mitad del siglo xvii y respondía a una necesidad que a todas luces ambos esposos conocían que era proteger, por medio de dotes, a las niñas huérfanas que acogía la Casa de Atocha. En tal contexto, la hipótesis que aquí se plantea consiste en que la dote fue una práctica europea, llevada a las Indias, que caló en la sociedad limeña, al punto que nosolo la élite la adoptó, sino también los pobres y los expósitos. De tal manera, mediante las dotes, el Colegio de Santa Cruz trató de trasferir el cuidado de las huérfanas de ascendencia española a otras instituciones paternalistas, como eran la familia y el convento.

O presente estudo é de caráter qualitativo-exploratório e desenvolvido no contexto de uma disciplina, num encontro com um grupo de doze alunas de pós-graduação em Enfermagem de uma Universidade Federal, com o objetivo de realizar reflexão pessoal e identificar as percepções de alunas pós-graduandas em enfermagem sobre a relação entre o cuidado e as virtudes convivência, respeito e tolerância. A coleta de dados ocorreu durante o encontro, por meio de instrumento individual e de dinâmicas de grupo, de observação e gravação das falas. A análise se constituiu na descrição dos dados agrupados por semelhança. As categorias identificadas foram Virtudes identificadas nas cuidadoras e Percepções sobre o cuidado e sua relação com as virtudes convivência, respeito e tolerância. As virtudes convivência, respeito e tolerância estão inter-relacionadas e fazem parte do cuidado. A convivência oportuniza pensar, refletir e aceitar nossas imperfeições, sendo solidários aprendendo a cuidar de si, dos outros e do cosmos. Concluímos que a atividade que realizamos serve de exemplo para os profissionais enfermeiros, no sentido de viabilizarem reflexões com os alunos e profissionais que integram a equipe de enfermagem/saúde, a fim de fortalecer o cuidado na prática e compreender melhor o sentido de cuidar.

Considering that higher education should play a vital role in promoting peace, mutual understanding and tolerance, and in creating mutual confidence among peoples and nations; (Lisbon Convention 1997) the Technological Catalonian Universities have undertaken as a framework the Competences for Sustainability, to develop the new degrees in accordance with the Bologna Declaration of 1999. This way the degree courses’ planning has three essential elements (Cordoba et. Al., 2007): a centered learning in students, the competence-based objective achievement and the planning, evaluation and monitoring of any all teaching activity under the ECTS criteria. The triplet activities-learning-assessment is involved in each and every subject that corresponds to the plan studies. In this way, education by competences is framed in all the subjects developed during the studies, also assumed for the competence in sustainability. During the planning and development of the new degrees offered in higher education different questions arose: which competences in sustainability should have the university graduate students to be capable of satisfying today’s society’s demands? And, what kind of engineer and architect does the actual society need in terms of Sustainable Development? The interdisciplinary educational research group ‘EDUSOST’ of Barcelona has developed a research analyzing to what extent different knowledge areas focused in which component of sustainability. From the research, it was found that technical degrees developed much easier the in the environmental component, furthermore administration and political science developed the social aspect of sustainability.

The neoliberal discourse around development proposed liberalization and market based strategies to increase economic growth and productivity. The retreat of the state gave the market and the private sector a predominant role in trade, investment and industrial and technological upgrade. In this context, the increasing role of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in the globalized economy strengthened the focus on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as an important tool for development, and intensified the competition to attract investments between countries. This paper suggests that rather, than being a magic formula for achieving development or having a general effect –either positive or negative-, FDI’s impact, seen as positive spillovers and effective industrial and technological upgrading, depends on the sector in which investment is being made, level of intervention and direction that the host government is applying, and the absorption capacity of the host economy.

Prescriptive ideas on war have been traditionally focused on the reasons and the means of war. However, contemporary scholars have emphasised the importance of normative judgements about the aftermath of armed conflicts. Although peacetime after war has been mainly guided by notions of corrective justice like retribution and restoration, a distributive approach to justice is currently proposed to redress socio-economic inequalities within highly unequal post-conflict scenarios. From this perspective, a peaceful state of affairs that preserves severe inequalities could not be deemed a just peace. In this regard, Colombian conflict is frequently utilised as an example of the expected role of distribution after war. Then, it seems a relevant question whether reducing socio-economic inequalities through mechanisms of distributive justice must be considered indispensable for a just peace after war. I will argue that distributive justice must be regarded as essential for a just peace within highly unequal post-conflict societies like Colombia. To that end, consequentialist and deontological arguments for post-conflict distribution will be discussed to analyse Colombian case as a scenario in which a just peace must necessarily include notions of distribution.

Abstract: The success of machine learning algorithms depends on the representation of the data used. Specific domain knowledge can be used to design good representations. However, these representations are limited to a specific problem or task, and to the amount of available labeled data. Another approach is to automatically learn generic priors that can be used in different tasks and context. In the field of natural language processing, recent work has been done in obtaining such priors by learning useful vector representation of words from unlabeled data. The representations can then be used to improve existing natural language processing systems. These word vectors are obtained using special neural network architectures trained on billions of tokens. However, most of these models are learned and evaluated on English language corpora. In this work, Word2vec, a recent neural network based toolkit for learning word representations is used on German language data. The goal is to evaluate the learned representations of words in different language processing and information retrieval tasks. In particular, a semantic-syntactic evaluation set is constructed for the German language. In addition to that, the learned word vector representations are used as features for a classifier of German language business documents. The learned features outperformed existing handcrafted features and performed similar to other state-of-the-art approaches. Resumen: El éxito de los algoritmos de aprendizaje automático depende de la representación de los datos utilizados. conocimiento de dominio específico se puede utilizar para diseñar buenas representaciones. SIN EMBARGO, representaciones de síntesis se limitan a un problema o tarea específica, y que la cantidad de datos disponibles etiquetados. Otro enfoque es aprender automáticamente priores genéricos hizo kann utilizado en diferentes tareas y el contexto. En el campo del procesamiento del lenguaje natural, los trabajos recientes se ha hecho en la obtención de distribuciones previas examinados por el aprendizaje de la representación vector útil de las palabras de datos no etiquetados. Las representaciones a continuación, se pueden utilizar para mejorar el sistema de procesamiento de lenguaje natural existente. Estos vectores de palabras se obtienen utilizando arquitecturas de redes neuronales especiales entrenados en miles de millones de fichas. Sin embargo la mayoría de los modelos de síntesis se aprenden y se evalúa el corpus idioma Inglés. En este trabajo, Word2vec, un conjunto de herramientas basadas red neuronal reciente para el aprendizaje de representación de palabra se utiliza en los datos de idioma alemán. El objetivo es evaluar las representaciones aprendido de palabras en diferentes tareas de procesamiento del lenguaje y la recuperación de información. En particular, una evaluación semántico-sintáctica conjunto se construye para el idioma alemán. Además de eso, las representaciones vectoriales de palabras aprendidas se utilizan como características para un clasificador de documentos comerciales idioma alemán. Las características aprendidas superaron características artesanales existentes y funcionando de modo similar a otros enfoques del estado de la técnica.

Cosmological scales leave the horizon during in?ation and reenter it after big bang nucleosynthesis. Throughout the superhorizon era it is very useful to de?ne a primordial cosmological curvature perturbation, which is conserved if and only if pressure throughout the Universe is a unique function of energy density (the adiabatic pressure condition) [1–7]. Observation directly constrains the curvature perturbation at the very end of the superhorizon era, a few Hubble times before cosmological scales start to enter the horizon, when it apparently sets the initial condition for the subsequent evolution of all cosmological perturbations. The observed curvature perturbation is almost Gaussian with an almost scale-invariant spectrum.

El sector de San Victorino ha sido uno de los escenarios urbanos más importantes y significativos en la historia de Bogotá, capital de Colombia. A lo largo de diversas etapas históricas, ha adquirido múltiples formas y funciones que le han otorgado su carácter y su identidad; sin embargo, debido a su condición de “zona de frontera”, de “territorio de umbral” de puerto y puerta de la ciudad antigua y del Centro Histórico de la ciudad moderna, San Victorino es un entorno urbano marcado por sus encrucijadas y contrastes, reflejados en el espacio construido y los actores sociales. Esta indagación toma como punto de partida una exploración en antropología urbana que procura ahondar en las dinámicas socioculturales ocurridas en el sector desde una perspectiva de larga duración, a raíz de los conflictos generados por los usos de este espacio urbano a finales del siglo XX.

A theoretical approach is developed for finding the optimal age to remove an orchard (or plantation) to maximize net present value, after a disease attack. The model is a bioeconomic model that considers the effects of disease manage- ment on disease spread and the effect of the disease on yields. This provides an optimal disease management strategy and optimal rotation period. Our work makes an important contribution to the literature. To the best of our knowledge, no previous work has considered the simultaneous question of optimal disease management and replanting age when disease is present in perennial crops. An empirical application is presented for the case of pudricióndelcogollo, a lethal and contagious disease that threatens oil palm plantations in Colombia. The model could be applied to a wide range of perennial crop diseases.