Ah, the 90s, our strange yet dynamic link between the excess of the 80s and the pretensiousness of the aughts. A time when heroes were born, died and were reborn (again). Amidst all that creative chaos, the form of comics was torn between the muscle bound proliferation of All Things Pouch and the heady brew offered up by the British Comics Invasion. Now, in the long-ago year of 1992, VAMPIRELLA finds herself a vampire trapped between not just two worlds but two genres! When a bad girl model hired to portray Vampy at conventions and signings is plunged into a terrorist incident, shes forced to face not just men with nunchucks before her, but the insidious forces roiling beneath the surface of geek culture... and her own dark past. Written by the master of madness, MAX BEMIS, and dually illustrated by the splenderific MARCOS RAMOS and ROBERTO CASTRO, this is a tale sure to delight and challenge in equal measure!

Ah, the 90s, our strange yet dynamic link between the excess of the 80s and the pretensiousness of the aughts. A time when heroes were born, died and were reborn (again). Amidst all that creative chaos, the form of comics was torn between the muscle bound proliferation of All Things Pouch and the heady brew offered up by the British Comics Invasion. Now, in the long-ago year of 1992, VAMPIRELLA finds herself a vampire trapped between not just two worlds but two genres! When a bad girl model hired to portray Vampy at conventions and signings is plunged into a terrorist incident, shes forced to face not just men with nunchucks before her, but the insidious forces roiling beneath the surface of geek culture... and her own dark past. Written by the master of madness, MAX BEMIS, and dually illustrated by the splenderific MARCOS RAMOS and ROBERTO CASTRO, this is a tale sure to delight and challenge in equal measure!

Este artículo analiza el fenómeno de convergencia del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) regionaldesde una perspectiva espacial para Bolivia durante el periodo 1988-2011. Los resultadospermiten obtener dos conclusiones. Primero, se puede observar el fenómeno de convergenciaal estado estacionario en los departamentos de Bolivia con una velocidad de entre 4 % y 7 %.Segundo, los resultados presentan evidencia estadística de que no existe dependencia espacialentre los departamentos de Bolivia, es decir, la velocidad de convergencia de un departamentono parece verse afectada por el PIB de los departamentos vecinos. Adicionalmente nuestrosresultados se muestran robustos a distintas especificaciones.

Se plantea un modelo de generaciones traslapadas con agentes heterogéneos en el que seanaliza la efectividad de la política fiscal para reducir la desigualdad y maximizar el crecimientoeconómico. Los resultados muestran la relación no monótona entre estos dos objetivos;asimismo, evidencian la existencia de políticas ineficientes, en el sentido que medianteun rediseño de estas es posible alcanzar un equilibrio con mayor crecimiento y menordesigualdad. Finalmente, se observa que el diseño de la política pública es sensible a lasfuentes de heterogeneidad y que, en general, es preferible una política diferenciada sobreuna igualitaria.

Siguiendo el artículo de Fullerton y Heutel (2007a) se construye un modelo de equilibrio generalcomputable para una economía cerrada, el cual involucra a la polución, con el objetivode analizar los efectos que tiene un impuesto a las emisiones de carbono sobre los precios ycantidades de la producción, así como los factores productivos. Se procede a calibrar el modelocon los datos de la industria colombiana, con base en la Encuesta Anual Manufacturera(EAM) y de emisiones de CO2 para el sector. Se encuentra que el imponer un impuesto a lasemisiones reduce la polución, sin embargo, esto depende en gran parte de las complementariedadeso sustituciones entre los factores de producción. Finalmente, se encuentra que lacarga tributaria es soportada en gran parte por los consumidores, debido a un mayor precio,y al mercado de trabajo, por la recomposición de los factores dentro del modelo.

The World Bank Report 2012 starts with this statement: “Gender equality matters in itself andit matters for development because, in today’s globalized worlds, countries that use the skillsand talents of their women would have an advantage over those which do not use it.” With theframe that suggest that gender equality matters, this paper describes some policy alternativesoriented to overcome gender disadvantages in the formal labor market incorporation of theurban middle class women in Colombia. On balance, the final recommendation suggest that itis desirable to adopt policy alternatives as Community Centers, which are programs orientedto a social redistribution of the domestic work as a way to encourage women participationin the formal labor market with the social support of the members of their own community.The problem that the social policy needs to address is the segregation of women in the formallabor market in Colombia. Although the evidence shows that the women overcome theeducational gap by showing better performance in education that their male peers, womenare still segregated of the labor market. The persistence of high rates of unemployment on thefemale population, the prevalence of the informal labor market as a women labor market, andthe presence of the payment difference between men and women with similar professionaltrainings are circumstances that sustain the segregation statement. These circumstances areinefficient for the society because an economic analysis shows that the cost of maintain the statuquo is externalized in the social security system that includes health, pension and maternityleave regimens. Therefore, the women segregation involves a market failure.This paper evaluates five policy alternatives each directed to the progress of a different causaldimension of the problem: (i) Quotas in the private market, (ii) Flexible working hours,(iii) replace the maternity leave with a family leave, (iv) Increase the Community Centers forredistributing the care work, and (v) Equal payment enforcement. The first alternative looksto increase women’s participation in the formal labor market. The second, third, and fourthalternatives constitute a package addressed at redistributing care work by reducing women’sresponsibility for reproductive work in the household with the help of husbands and the localgovernment. The fifth alternative intervenes to resolve the equal payment problem.After a four criteria evaluation that measure effectiveness, robustness and improbability inimplementation, efficiency and political acceptability or social opposition, the strongest alternativeis the fostering of Community Centers that promote a redistribution of care work. Thispolicy performs well in the assessment process because it combines gender focus with importantindirect effects: child support and human capabilities. The policy also shows a bottomup implementation process that overcomes the main adoption difficulties in the gender focusprograms and is supported by strong evidence of success in the Colombian context; this evidenceis produced by both transnational actors as a World Bank and also in local accountabilityreporters executed by local institutions like Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF).

We use a large firm level data set to investigate the determinants of foreign direct investment(FDI) in Colombia. We estimate econometric models for the determinants of the probabilitythat a firm receives FDI, as well as for the factors that help to explain the foreign share in afirm’s capital. The results show that firms listed on the stock market, involved in foreign tradeactivities, and operating in sectors with greater capital intensity are more likely to be recipientsof FDI. Also, the probability of a firm receiving FDI is directly related to its size.

This paper investigates the role of works councils in a simple agency framework in whichworks councils are supposed to monitor manager's information on behalf of the workforce,but they are independent agents who might pursue their private interest. First, we considerthat workers can incentivize works councils through contingent monetary payments. In orderto deter collusion, workers must pay higher compensations in states of nature where they canbe expropriated by potential coalitions among works councils and management. Collusionmakes contingent payments costly and reduces workers' payoffs. Second, when elections areused to align works councils' interest only well compensated representatives would face aninter-temporal trade-off between accepting management's transfers at first period and losingrents at the second period. Elections increase the cost of entering on collusive behaviour withmanagement and works councils will try to behave on the employees' interest.

En este artículo se describe la operación de las transacciones internacionales de electricidad entre Colombia y Ecuador, su principal regulación y las características más importantes de ambos mercados haciendo énfasis en la formación del precio. Además se hacen dos ejercicios econométricos, análisis de componentes principales y beta convergencia, para observar si ha existido convergencia en precios entre estos dos países llegando a la conclusión de no convergencia en precios entre los dos mercados.

Este artículo analiza la demanda de gasolina en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (ZMVM). Se modela el consumo de gasolina como una función del ingreso y el precio relativo. Utilizando el enfoque de cointegración se encuentra una relación estable y de largo plazo entre las variables, que indica que la respuesta de la demanda es mayor ante cambios en el ingreso que frente a cambios en el precio, por lo que las políticas públicas basadas solo en precios no son suficientes para disminuir el consumo de gasolina en esta zona metropolitana, sino que estas deben complementarse con medidas de regulación.