El presente artículo busca hacer una breve conceptualización del agotamiento del derecho marca de acuerdo a lo dispuesto por la legislación comunitaria europea, ya que para los bloques económicos suramericanos, en especial para la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (can), constituye un referente de cómo se ha logrado equilibrar los intereses de los agentes del mercado fomentando la libre competencia y la libre circulación de mercancías. Por lo tanto, mediante este análisis será posible determinar cuáles son los retos y debates que afrontan los países suramericanos sobre este tema.

Se realizaron mediciones simultáneas de material particulado menor a 2.5 micras (PM2.5) y menor a 10 micras (PM10), durante periodos de hasta dos meses, en varias estaciones de la red de monitoreo de calidad del aire de la ciudad de Bogotá y se analizaron los resultados con herramientas estadísticas. Los resultados del análisis muestran una correlación positiva y lineal entre los dos parámetros.

Resumo: Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar as teorias e/ou referenciais de enfermagem utilizados na produção científica, período 2002-2007, mediante o método descritivo e revisão sistemática, a partir da análise de títulos e resumos de artigos publicados nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Base de Dados de Enfermagem e nas teses e dissertações do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.Identifi- cou-se 906 artigos e destes apenas 155 apresentaram o objeto deste estudo, conotando reduzida utilização das correntes de pensamento da enfermagem .Teorias mais utilizadas: Autocuidado, Transpessoal, Transcultural e Enfer- magem Humanística. Considera-se necessária a avaliação das diretrizes dos programas acadêmicos que vêm fortalecendo o embasamento científico em outros referenciais norteadores da produção científica, dificultando a visibili- dade da profissão e a valorização das teorias de enfermagem como forma de fortalecimento do cuidado. Resumen: El objetivo del estudio es identificar las teorías y/o referenciales de enfermería utilizado en la producción científica, en el período 2002-2007, mediante el método descriptivo y revisión sistemática, a partir del análisis de títulos y resúmenes de artículos publicados en las bases de datos Literatura Latinoamericana y de Caribe en Cienciasde la Salud, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Base de Datos de Enfermería y en las tesis y disertaciones del Programa de Postgrado en Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina-Brasil.Se identificaron 906 artículos, de estos apenas 155 presentaron el objeto de este estudio, mostrando reducida utilización de las corrientes de pensamiento de la enfermería.

Résumé: La figure de Syméon Seth est celle d’un intellectuel encyclopédiste, comparable à celle de son contemporain Michel Psellos en ce qui concerne son attachement aux grandes familles constantinopolitaines. Pourtant, Seth se consacre à développer la science médicale plus que les autres branches du savoir, et il ne se limite pas à pratiquer la médecine dans le milieu privée des empereurs puisqu’une bonne partie de sa vie il l’a dédiée à l’écriture, des manuels à usage quotidien et d’autres manuscrits d’ordre théorique ou littéraire. Nous pensons qu’un portrait bio-intellectuel de Syméon Seth peut nous montrer s’il y a une pensée byzantine originale au tournant des XIe et XIIe siècles, et, de plus, s’il existait une dialectique entre la culture populaire et la plume des lettrés de la plus haute culture. Resumen: La figura de Syméon Seth es la de un intelectual enciclopedista, comparable a la de su contemporáneo Michel Psellos en lo concerniente a los lazos con las grandes familias de Constantinopla. Sin embargo, Seth se dedica a desarrollar la ciencia médica mucho más que las otras ramas del Saber, y no se limita a practica la medicina en el medio privado de los emperadores porque una buena parte de su vida la dedicó a la escritura, de manuales de uso cotidiano y otros manuscritos de tipo teórico o literario. Pensamos que un retrato bio-intelectual de Syméon Seth puedo mostrarnos si huno un pensamiento bizantino original alrededor de los siglos XI y XII, y, además, si existió una dialéctica entre la cultura popular y la pluma de los letrados de la más alta cultura.

The main purpose of this research is to demonstrate the connection between the vernacular architecture of La Cabaña and El Chuzo, two coffee regions of Caldas, Colombia, and how their ordinary domestic spaces of everyday life are defined and intimately related to the process of coffee production. The study of both veredas will lead us to understand an architecture that has been shaped by the two systems of coffee production in Caldas, known as Latifundios1 (La Cabaña) and minifundios2 (El Chuzo). Both systems determine the social and economic structure of the Caldas coffee region and therefore also its vernacular architecture and its peoples’ everyday life. This study will demonstrate the tangible and intangible qualities of these places, enabling us to understand in a deep way their values, meaning, and change over time. In Colombia, a country just starting to document its history and to create a written patrimony, being able to narrate what people do not know about La Cabaña and El Chuzo is a way to work toward a better understanding of the coffee region´s vernacular architecture and cultural landscape, and its sense of place and identity. To achieve this understanding of the coffee region, the project is undertaken in the emerging field of Cultural Landscape studies. This methodology aims to identify and analyze the essential and fundamental qualities of specific places, to then reveal their sense of place and identity. The study is done through historic photographs, oral histories, interviews, direct observation and documentation of peoples’ everyday lives around the process of coffee production. Only by studying how people live and the activities that take place in their domestic spaces and by being part of their everyday life, will we be able to understand how the vernacular architecture of La Cabaña and El Chuzo has been shaped by the process and culture of coffee production.

Background: Professional equity, evaluation of own contributions and received rewards compared to contributions and rewards of other physicians has not been assessed according to payment methods. The aim of this study is to compare levels of professional equity among physicians paid by fee-for-service (FFS), alternative payment plans (APPs), and blended schemes. Methods: In 2011, medical practitioners in the Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatchewan, were surveyed using a questionnaire developed for physicians to measure professional equity. Intangible rewards were measured by the dimensions of fulfilment and recognition, and tangible rewards by the dimension of income. The three-dimensional structure of the questionnaire was first corroborated through a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Analyses of variances were then performed to account for differences in the levels of professional equity. A linear regression model predicting levels of professional equity was used to test the interaction between specialty and payment method, controlling by number of patients, gender, and age group. Results: In total, 382 (48.1%) physicians participated: 35.6% were family/general practitioners (FPs); 61% were clinical/surgical specialists; and, 3.4% were pathologists. The internal structure of the questionnaire was confirmed by the CFA. Physicians paid by FFS perceived lower professional equity than those paid by APP (p = .005). Practitioners under APPs reported higher levels of income (p = .03) and recognition (p = .001) equity than those with FFS. FPs perceived lower fulfilment (p = .003) and income (p = .008) equity compared to medical-surgical specialists. Furthermore, controlling by number of patients seen per week, higher levels of professional equity are predicted among FPs paid by APPs and blended schemes in comparison to FPs paid by FFS.

A primary maturation pond (M1) was spiked with labelled ammonium chloride (15NH4Cl) to track ammonium transformations associated with algal uptake and subsequent sedimentation. Conventional sampling based on grab samples collected from M1 influent, water column and effluent, and processed for unfiltered and filtered TKN, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate, found low total nitrogen removal (8%) and high ammonium nitrogen removal (90%). Stable isotope analysis of 15N from suspended organic and ammonium nitrogen fractions in M1 effluent revealed that labelled ammonium was mainly found in the organic fraction (69% of the 15N recovered), rather than the inorganic fraction (5%). Algal uptake was the predominant pathway for ammonia removal, even though conditions were favourable for ammonia volatilization (8.9 , pH,10.1 units, 15.2 , temperature ,18.8 8C). Total nitrogen was removed by ammonia volatilization at 15 g N/ha d (3%), organic nitrogen sedimentation at 105 g N/ha d (20%), and in-pond accumulation due to algaluptake at 377 g N/ha d (71%). Algal uptake of ammonium and subsequent sedimentation and retention in the benthic sludge, after partial ammonification of the algal organic nitrogen, is thus likely to be the dominant mechanism for permanent nitrogen removal in maturation ponds during warm summer months in England.

Abstract: We evaluated the value of 37 lentic wetlands as reservoirs of woody and aquatic plants and analyzed diversity and changes in species composition within and among groups defined according to management given by: (1) type (swamps, heronries, rice fields, semi-natural lakes, constructed lakes and fish farms) and (2) origins (natural, mixed and artificial). A total of 506 plant species were recorded: 80% woody and 20% aquatic. Of these, 411 species (81%) were considered species typical of the area (Meta Piedmont distribution). Diversity patterns seem to be driven by high landscape heterogeneity and wetland management. The fish farms presented the highest diversity of woody plants, while swamps ranked highest for aquatic plant diversity. Regarding wetland origin, the artificial systems were the most diverse, but natural wetlands presented the highest diversity of typical species and can therefore be considered representative ecosystems at the regional scale. Our results suggest that lentic wetlands act as refuges for native vegetation of Meta Piedmont forest, hosting 55% of the woody of Piedmont species and 29% of the aquatic species of Orinoco basin. The wetlands showed a high species turnover and the results indicated that small wetlands (mean ± SD: size = 11 ± 18.7 ha), with a small area of surrounding forest (10 ± 8.6 ha) supported high local and regional plant diversity. To ensure long-term conservation of lentic wetlands, it is necessary to develop management and conservation strategies that take both natural and created wetlands into account. Resumen: Se evaluó el valor de 37 humedales lénticos como reservorios de plantas leñosas y acuáticas y se analizó la diversidad y los cambios en la composición de especies dentro y entre grupos definidos según el manejo dada por: 1) tipos (pantanos, garceros, cultivos de arroz, lagos semi-naturales, lagos construidos y piscícolas) y (2) orígenes (natural, mixto y artificial). Se registraron un total de 506 especies: 80% arbóreas y 20% acuáticas. De éstos, 411 especies (81%) se consideraron especies típicas de la zona (con distribución en el Piedemonte de Meta). Los patrones de diversidad parecen estar impulsada por la alta heterogeneidad del paisaje y el manejo de los humedales. Las piscícolas presentaron la mayor diversidad de plantas leñosas, mientras que los pantanos tuvieron la mayor diversidad de plantas acuáticas. De acuerdo al origen de los humedales, los sistemas artificiales fueron los más diversos, pero los humedales naturales presentaron la mayor diversidad de especies típicas y pueden por lo tanto considerarse ecosistemas representativos a escala regional. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los humedales lénticos actúan como refugios de vegetación nativa del bosque del Piedemonte de Meta, albergando el 55% de especies arbóreas del Piedemonte y el 29% de las especies acuáticas de la cuenca del Orinoco. Los humedales mostraron un alto recambio de especies y los resultados indicaron que los pequeños humedales (media ± SD: tamaño = 11 ± 18.7 ha), con una pequeña área de bosque circundante (10 ± 8.6 ha) soportan local y regionalmente una alta diversidad de plantas. Para garantizar la conservación a largo plazo de los humedales lénticos, es necesario desarrollar estrategias de manejo y conservación que tengan tanto humedales naturales y creados en cuenta.

Se parte de la exposición sobre la política oficial de la República Popular China respecto de los componentes étnicos y nacionales del país, y de la definición oficial del conjunto como una unidad de nacionalidades. Se avanza luego en la discusión sobre la existencia de un centro cultural hegemónico (los Han), frente a los múltiples grupos étnicos que habitan en el país. Se examina el concepto de “nacionalidad minoritaria” y sus limitaciones frente al modelo civilizador de larga duración promovido por los Han. Luego se introducen estudios de caso que tienden a mostrar la relación entre etnicidad, historia e ideologías dominantes: se tratan los casos de la minoría de los Yi, situados en el sur de China, y el de los Premi, en Yunan. También se hace mención al proceso de identidad en Mongolia Interior. Se mencionan varias implicaciones políticas de importancia, a partir del trabajo etnohistórico. La reproducción de la cultura central en los modelos educativos, se aborda comenzando por algunas consecuencias políticas de la utilización del mandarín y de las lenguas locales y la relación entre el nacionalismo chino del Estado central y las versiones particulares de las minorías. También se analizan algunas relaciones entre la ortodoxia central y los sistemas de creencias de algunas comunidades rurales. Finaliza el artículo con algunas consideraciones sobre las ideas de Estado nacional y Estado multicultural.

In this work, an hybrid, self-configurable, multilayered and evolutionary subsumption architecture for cognitive agents is developed. Each layer of the multilayered architecture is modeled by one different Machine Learning System (MLS) based on bio-inspired techniques such as Extended Classifier Systems (XCS), Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), Neuro Connectionist Q-Learning (NQL) and Learning Classifier Systems (LCS) among others. In this research an evolutionary mechanism based on Gene Expression Programming (GEP) to self-configure the behaviour arbitration between layers is suggested. In addition, a co-evolutionary mechanism to evolve behaviours in an independent and parallel fashion is used. The proposed approach was tested in an animat environment using a multi-agent platform and it exhibited several learning capabilities and emergent properties for self-configuring internal agent’s architecture.