Recent research has shown that increasing trip making and improving a person’s social capital and sense of community is likely to reduce risks of social exclusion, and increase wellbeing. This, and most other related research on social exclusion, has been undertaken in countries with developed economies. This paper examines some of these relationships within a developing economy, where social exclusion is likely to be more widespread, using secondary data. It examines two districts in Medellín, Colombia, which are historically marginalised, with considerable poverty and also suffering from substantial drug-related violence. The focus is on the role of Metrocable, an aerial cable-car public transport system built to improve transport options in the area’s steep terrain, in reducing risk of exclusion. The analysis shows that increasing the number of trips is significantly associated with a reduced risk of social exclusion and that increasing social capital is weakly supportive. Metrocable is therefore likely to be successful in reducing exclusion. The model suggests that secondary data can be used to explore relationships between mobility and risk of social exclusion.

The potential effects of the US Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) on Caribbean food exports to the United States are discussed. We use trade data in order to elucidate trends and a theoretical Value Chain Analysis framework. Our results indicate that the US will continue to be an important market for Caribbean exporters and that FSMA will impose food-safety requirements such as traceability and third-party certification. However, this tightening of food safety standards may open a window of opportunity for Caribbean sustainable development since it encourages firms to place emphasis on quality as opposed to price-based competition.

Urban forests are an integral part of urban ecosystems and quality of life. With an overwhelmingly urban population, Latin American countries benefit considerably from their urban forests. However, little is known about the values that make such forests important. The goal of this study was to provide an overview of urban forest values in Colombia. Exploratory research was undertaken in the cities of Bogotá, Cali, and Pereira, with the use of field tours based on visits to five urban forest types, personal diaries, and focus groups. Recruitment was based on voluntary self-selection. Data were captured from 72 participants and analyzed via coding and theme extraction. The data demonstrate that Colombian urban dwellers value the urban forest in terms of a rich array of psychological, aesthetic, sociocultural, ecological, environmental, and economic themes. This study is a primer for eliciting urban forest values and developing typologies in a novel and effective way.

El método “El Avión de Papel” consiste en un resumen de un prefacio, una manual de usuario, una sinopsis, unidades didácticas, las transcripciones y finalmente créditos.

Resumen: Este artículo tiene el propósito de abordar la integración supranacional en América del Sur desde la perspectiva de la internacionalización del derecho constitucional. Para ello, en la primera parte propone una clasificación básica para entender las cláusulas de integración supranacional; cómo son y para qué sirven. En segundo lugar, aplica la clasificación planteada y ofrece una compilación analítica de las (doce) constituciones vigentes en la región. A partir del examen del texto explícito en las disposiciones, identifica características comunes y discordancias, para proceder a plantear consideraciones que podrían contribuir al proceso de integración económica, política y social que está planteando la región. Abstract:The purpose of this article is to address the supranational integration process in South America from the perspective of the internationalization of constitutional law. To do so, the first part proposes a basic classification to understand the supranational integration clauses, what they are and what purpose they serve. The second part applies the categories proposed and provides an analytic compilation of the (twelve) constitutions currently in force in South America. Basedon an analysis of the explicit text in these constitutions, it identifies both their common features and the discrepancies, in order to proceed to pose questions that may contribute to the economic, political and social integration of the region. Resumo:Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar a integração supranacional na América do Sul sob a perspectiva da internacionalização do direito constitucional. Para isso, na primeira parte propõe uma classificação básica para entender as cláusulas de integração supranacional, como são e para que servem. Em segundo lugar, aplica a classificação proposta e oferece uma compilação analítica das 12 constituições vigentes na região. A partir da análise do texto explícito nas disposições, identifica características comuns e discordâncias para proceder a apresentar considerações que poderiam contribuir com o processo de integração econômica, política e social que a região está preconizando.

In this paper I will go through the main narrative aspects of Bram Stoker’s Dracula and analyse Francis Ford Coppola’s film version to provide insight on how director, editor and composer Wojcieck Kilar support the narrative of the film through sound and musical thematic treatment. I will go through the basic concepts of how acousmatic sounds and the use of basic editing techniques helped to create the mood and ambiences of the world the main character lives and how the composer through the use of orchestration, change in register, and texture, transforms a theme to represent the metamorphic aspect of the main character and the main thematic idea of renewed love.

In the first part of this paper selected narratives of early exploration of Northwest Amazonia are analysed with the intention to reveal the values that colonisers and scientist hold at the moment of encountering indigenous peoples. It is argued that these values were transformed and adapted for the development of Economic Botany. The discussion continues on questioning: ‘Were ethnosciences shaped by imperialistic motives?’, ‘Has the ethnology of Northwest Amazonia contributed to intercultural dialogue or has it all been part of a colonialist project of Northwest Amazon?’. In the second part of the paper a narrative is presented. The narrative describes a process through which the values of liberal democracy were to be imprinted in indigenous peoples’ organisations of the Colombian Amazonia during the 1990s. Leví-Strauss’ perspective of intervention: “the society we belong to is the only society we are in a position to transform without risk of destroying it” (Levi-Strauss1973: 392) its taken to develop a critical appraisal of the process described. The paper finalises with a call for ethnoscientists to consider ‘fair play’ rather than ‘objectivity’ when attempting research in Northwest Amazonia. It is concluded that Amazonia and its indigenous population would gain much if each political actor (including scientists) would express their own subjectivity clearly and without hesitation.

Abstract: Cetacean distribution was assessed by examining the relationships between oceanographic variables and cetacean species occurrence along the Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone (PEEZ) and the Caribbean Exclusive Economic Zone (CEEZ) in Colombia. The study areas were gridded at a resolution of 1o lat/long with 60 grid cells for the CEEZ and 37 grid cells for the PEEZ. Raster surfaces of four oceanographic variables (Temperature (°C), Salinity (PSU), Density (kg/m3), and Chlorophyll-a (Chla: ?g/l)) were generated through Interpolation Distance Weighting (IDW) to obtain mean values of response variables per grid cell. Data from cetacean species were related to the oceanographic variables using Redundancy Analyses ordination (RDA). Eighteen cetacean species were observed in the CEEZ and 22 cetacean species in the PEEZ, with a total of 617 and 828 sightings, and mean richness values of 2.8 (SD=7.54) and 3.69 (SD=3.27) cetaceans per grid cell, respectively. Distribution patterns showed counts concentrated in the continental shelf and adjacent to the coast for both regions. The CEEZ had concentrations in the northern Guajira Peninsula, in the central Santa Marta and Tayrona NP, in the southern Gulf of Morrosquillo, Cispatá Bay and the Gulf of Urabá, with a particular concentration in open waters around the Jamaica-Colombia Joint Regime. The PEEZ had cetacean concentrations in the northern Solano and Málaga Bay, in the central Buenventura city, in the southern Gorgona Island and Tumaco, with an important concentration in open waters in Malpelo Island. Distributions of cetaceans in the CEEZ showed an unclear correlation with oceanographic parameters (p=0.188), and no relationship between grid cells and species (p= 0.4426, p= 0.2547, and p= 0.1988, respectively). On the contrary, in the PEEZ, cetacean communities were mostly correlated to Chla, Density, and Salinity (Chla p= 0.016983, Density p= 0.018981, and Salinity p= 0.008991, respectively). Resumen: La distribución de cetáceos se evaluó examinando las relaciones entre las variables oceanográficas y la ocurrencia de especies de cetáceos a lo largo de la Zona Económica Exclusiva del Pacífico (PEEZ) y la Zona Económica Exclusiva del Caribe (CEEZ) en Colombia. Las áreas de estudio fueron divididas en cuadrículas con una resolución de 1º lat / long con 60 celdas para el CEEZ y 37 celdas para el PEEZ. Se generaron superficies ráster de cuatro variables oceanográficas (Temperatura (° C), Salinidad (PSU), Densidad (kg / m3), y Clorofila-a (Chla: μg / l)) mediante la Determinación de Distancia de Interpolación (IDW) para obtener valores promedio de las variables de respuesta por cada celda de las cuadrículas. Los datos de las especies de cetáceos se relacionaron con las variables oceanográficas usando la ordenación de análisis de redundancia (RDA). Se observaron 18 especies de cetáceos en la CEEZ y 22 especies de cetáceos en el PEEZ, con un total de 617 y 828 avistamientos, y valores promedio de riqueza de 2,8 (SD = 7,54) y 3,69 (SD = 3,27) por celda, respectivamente. Los patrones de distribución mostraron concentraciones en la plataforma continental y adyacentes a la costa para ambas regiones. La CEEZ obtuvo concentraciones en el norte por la Península de La Guajira, en la parte central en Santa Marta y el PNN Tayrona, en el sur en el Golfo de Morrosquillo, Bahía de Cispatá y el Golfo de Urabá, y con especial concentración en aguas abiertas alrededor del Área de Régimen Común Jamaica-Colombia. El PEEZ tenía concentraciones de cetáceos en el norte en Bahía Solano y Bahía Málaga, en la parte central en la ciudad de Buenventura, en el sur en la Isla Gorgona y enTumaco, con una importante concentración en aguas abiertas en la Isla Malpelo. Las distribuciones de cetáceos en la CEEZ mostraron una correlación poco clara con los parámetros oceanográficos (p = 0,188), y ninguna relación entre las celdas de la cuadrícula y las especies (p = 0,4426, p = 0,2547 y p = 0,1988, respectivamente). Por el contrario, en el PEEZ, las comunidades de cetáceos se correlacionaron principalmente con Chla, Densidad y Salinidad (Chla p = 0,016983, Densidad p = 0,018981 y Salinidad p = 0,008991, respectivamente).

Abstract: This article reports a self-strangulation suicide in which a double complex group of ligatures was used. Although similar cases have been referenced in forensic literature, this case is notable because of the unusual method used by the victim. A 61-year-old man was found in a locked room with a double elaborate ligature comprising six wire clothes hangers completely encircling the neck and a black rubber band in a double loop. Autopsy also documented parallel superficial cut lesions in proximal forearm interpreted as hesitation marks. It stresses the importance of characteristics such as analysis of number of ligatures, position of the knots, number of knots and turns of ligature marks and the absence of any defense and relevant internal injuries inherent to suicide ligature strangulation cases. Resumen: Este artículo reporta un suicidio de auto-estrangulación en el que se utilizó un grupo doble de ligaduras. Aunque casos similares se han referenciado en la literatura forense, este caso es notable debido al método inusual utilizado por la víctima. Un hombre de 61 años de edad fue encontrado en una habitación cerrada con un muy elaborado conjunto de doble ligadura que constaba de seis perchas de ropa de alambre que rodean completamente el cuello y una banda de goma negra de doble lazada. La autopsia también documentó lesiones paralelas de corte superficial en el antebrazo proximal interpretadas como heridas de vacilación. El artículo destaca la importancia de características tales como el análisis del número de ligaduras, la posición de los nudos, el número de nudos y giros de las ligaduras, la ausencia de signos de defensa y las lesiones internas relevantes en los casos de suicidio por estrangulación con ligadura.

Abstract: The publications on the Multi-Objective Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problem (MOFJSP) usually aim at optimizing a combination of classical criteria not related to due dates, i.e. makespan, maximum workload and total workload, whose primary goal is to optimize the utilization of the machines. We propose a general approach for solving efficiently the MOFJSP, which aims at determining the Pareto front for multiple regular criteria. Optimizing regular criteria is relevant for improving the competitiveness of firms, since they can take into account cycle times, due dates and customer service through weights that can be given to jobs with different priority. Our approach uses a fast estimation function and an iterative local search in which a criterion to minimize is randomly selected at each move. Numerical experiments are conducted on test instances of the literature to minimize simultaneously the makespan, the maximum tardiness, the total tardiness and the total number of tardy jobs. The results show that, our approach provides a set of non-dominated solutions that is close to the Pareto front. Resumen: Las publicaciones sobre el Problema de Programación de Job-shop Flexible (MOFJSP) usualmente apuntan a optimizar una combinación de criterios clásicos no relacionados con fechas de vencimiento, como por ejemplo, makespan, carga de trabajo máxima y carga de trabajo total, cuyo objetivo principal es optimizar la utilización de la Máquinas. Este artículo propone un enfoque general para resolver eficientemente el MOFJSP, que tiene como objetivo determinar el frente de Pareto para múltiples criterios regulares. La optimización de criterios regulares es relevante para mejorar la competitividad de las empresas, ya que pueden tener en cuenta los tiempos de ciclo, las fechas de vencimiento y el servicio al cliente a través de pesos que se pueden dar a los trabajos con diferentes prioridades. El enfoque utiliza una función de estimación rápida y una búsqueda local iterativa en la que un criterio para minimizar se selecciona al azar en cada movimiento. Los experimentos numéricos se llevan a cabo en instancias de prueba de la literatura para minimizar al mismo tiempo el makespan, la tardanza máxima, la tardanza total y el número total de trabajos tardíos. Los resultados muestran que, nuestro enfoque proporciona un conjunto de soluciones no dominadas que está cerca del frente de Pareto.