Following Zoller, Akar and Donohue there has been much debate about the possibility of claiming damages for breach of a JA under the common law system. The debate has also been extended to the question of whether a claim on damages may be an alternative under the framework of Brussels Regulations I, particularly in the present context where the European Court of Justice has expressly precluded the use of traditional common law tools to enforce JAs. In this essay I intent to identify, from the existing common law cases, what conditions are required to ground a claim on damages for breach of a JA and if such claim would be compatible with the Brussels Regulation I. For this purpose I will also consider the work of different authors in the subject. However Briggs’ work will be central to my study as it is one of the most complete works on damages for breach of JAs. I will also briefly examine if the reforms introduced by the Re-Cast EC1215/2012 change the conclusion reached in respect of the current Brussels Regulation I.

After many years of violence and economic isolation, Colombia’s image has shifted. Several international treaties have been signed and Colombia has been targeted by new travelers and powerful international investors. A forbidden destination less than a decade ago, Colombia welcomes now more than 2 million visitors per year. This rapid economic and touristic boom provides good opportunities for growth but is having dramatic consequences for urban communities and its surrounding ecosystems. The Caribbean region of Colombia is one of the most visited regions in the country. Unfortunately, cities in the region don’t have the tools or the criteria to expand in a sustainable way in terms of competitiveness, social inclusion and urban quality. The perception of the Caribbean coast in Colombia is the one of a line. Development has occurred ignoring the immediate context, trying to imitate the image of the internationally sold Caribbean paradise, disregarding and threatening a unique environment. Along this coast, there are five natural parks. It is one of the most biodiverse spots in the globe. Half of the tourists coming to the country will visit one or two of these natural parks. Nonetheless, tourism, urban expansion and uncontrolled growth are jeopardizing the uniqueness of this region, ruining its diverse natural assets. The Caribbean coast is one of the fastest growing regions in Colombia, with an overall growth rate that will double the population by 2050. Recent growth trends suggest that new development has been rapidly taking over the coast with gated apartment towers, hotels and exclusive resorts up on the coast interrupting public access to the beach. Meanwhile, informality sprawls in the back drop, creeping up the hills, into the marshes, dangerously close to protected areas. A linear wall-city parallel to the coast is being created by these trends for short-term profits, undermining environments, increasing flood risk, promoting social instability and finally.

The current global context is characterized by a growing importance on relations and the creation of links between different actors. Contemporary artists have to deal with different connection’s skills to succeed in their carriers and to make their work visible to a wider audience and potential collectors. However these opportunities are not constant because the system is very competitive. There is high offer and low demand, which is also affected by the economical crisis. Additionally, art continues to be considered a luxury item for few ones. In developing countries, low demand is not only due to crisis, but also to the fact that art is a secondary issue for common people. Moreover the culture of appreciating and acquiring art is under development. From this scenario, the thesis aims to answer the following question; how to make visual arts more accessible to common people and at the same time to bring to the artist new markets and visibility for his work? A product-service system is proposed to give answer to the main question. “Unframed” provides an innovative space to show murals, where artists become the protagonists and art becomes accessible to everyone in different ways. The service is based in an online platform which is feed by artists’ portfolios and temporal murals made in the city. It is also complemented by limited series of mural reproduction; touch points in common places and a closer relation artist-user. The system uses different strategies to make it valuable for the artist, the user, the city and stakeholders. Reducing the gap between artists and the public, it establishes lasting relationships and encourages fresh market scenarios.

Adaptable Morphodynamics addresses the development of complex high density urban systems over space and time. Building morphologies can be conceived as living organisms that change in form, shape and structure through the interaction of physical, informational and geometrical processes. This research focuses on density, environmental quality and spatial identity. These studies are extended to present-day Hong Kong and addresses a design system that aims to reinterpret spatial logics, connected with local socio-cultural attributes, into a set of rules and code for an “intelligent densification”. From the data gathered, two strategies are developed in parallel and as they become more defined, they begin to inform one another until a holistic urban approach is developed. Urban porosity and Urban growth at different scales (neighbourhood, plot and building) become the key design tools to achieve environmental performance, in terms of urban ventilation, housing public programmes, and maximizing pedestrian and bicycle accessibility for all people through a fluid mobility network at ground and multiple layers of connectivity. Existing building morphologies are transformed computationally into porous organisms and are used to construct accurate models of growth for regaining the lost demographic pressure. Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms are employed to generate a complex urban design model. This is characterized by the emergence of public green areas, integration of socio-cultural amenities within the existing building morphologies and by generation of a comfortable outdoor microclimate, at different operational scales. The improvement of the well-being of the urban population could be achieved through a spatial approach based on principles of social inclusion, especially in the most deprived areas of the patch, characterized by illegal and informal settlements, known as “rooftop villages or sky-slums”. The main target, in the long term, will be to develop an “urban intelligence” that takes into account the mutual relation between demographic demand, site constraints and the potentialities and limitations of the architectural targets.

Colombia internal conflict between paramilitary armies and the central government is a topic that has been studied widely from different perspectives, including, but not limited to, studies on forced disappearance, internal displacement, the war on drugs, and the incidence of United States in Colombian internal warfare (Richani, 2013; Acemoglu et al., 2013; Aviléz, 2006; Dube & Naidu, 2015). By contrast, 2005 peace process between Colombian government and illegal paramilitary armies grouped under the umbrella organization named United Self-defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), has not been addressed with the same dedication. The objective of the present research is to analyze the 2005 Colombian peace-settlement through the scope of jus post bellum theory, aiming to see the possible deviations of the peace process from a just war theory moral perspective. According to jus post bellum theorist, a just peace-settlement can help to avoid repetition, while an unjust one can derive into new confrontation (Bell, 2013; Turner Johnson, 2012; Philpott, 2010). By achieving this goal this project intends to provide an ethical reflection on the course of action followed in Colombia to finish war with the self-defense armies, and to enrich Colombian debate about peace policy making in a time when the government is now negotiating a new peace settlement with FARC guerrilla.

The aim of this report is to demonstrate and explore how the vernacular architecture and crafts of the Andean region of Colombia could inspire the creation of an interior installation that is designed to convey a personal interpretation of the tensions associated with the current internal conflict in Colombia and a sincere aspiration for sustainable peace. To approach this hypothesis, the perspectives of experts in those matters were imperative and guided the further research of alternative secondary methods that included books, journals, and official publications. The main structure of the report attempts to address three principal chapters. The first chapter intends to recognise and highlight the importance of Guadua to the vernacular architecture and crafts associated with the Andean region of Colombia. The second chapter focuses on the investigation of the current trends and science behind narrative design and the infinite possibilities of storytelling in exhibitions and set design. Finally, the third chapter explores the current internal conflict between the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and Colombia’s National Government, which in theory is being tried to be resolved from the study of peace agreements and new possibilities for both parts achieving justice and repair.Findings obtained throughout the research and analytical process show that Guadua’s characteristics as a construction material represent a new insight in the scenario of a sustainable world. Furthermore, Colombia’s ongoing conflict, although it depends on many factors, should be acknowledged globally and has the potential to be tackled from a new artistic perspective, where an interior installation encodes a sincere aspiration for sustainable peace.

La compilación de imágenes y “dibujos” propuesta en este documento, corresponde a escenografías tanto de puestas en escena teatrales como las denominadas Re- creadas, desarrolladas bajo una reflexión sobre los bordes del espacio urbano de Barcelona, el valor de la vida pública entre los edificios, y su rol como una actividad social que determina el lenguaje y el carácter de una ciudad, de sus habitantes y por tanto de su cultura. La propuesta recoge veinte espacios urbanos que se han catalogado en cinco tipos de escenografías, todas ellas resultado de clasificar, inventariar, segregar, seleccionar, poner sobre la tela negra para recogerlas o abandonarlas en el camino, pasear, correr, caminar, vivir e imaginar, para darles sentido; por lo que existen algunas que se han omitido por resultar repetitivas, y seguramente existen muchas otras que no están aquí por desconocimiento. Todas están inspiradas por los lugares construidos en las puestas en escena teatrales, que a mi juicio ponen en valor el acontecimiento, el hecho de que alguien les use para un fin necesario o social, y sobre todo en el constructo arquitectónico de los escenarios construidos en un recinto cerrado, que muta y se relaciona directamente con la imagen y el lenguaje de la ciudad, por tanto con los espacios reales. Para representarlas se ha recurrido a la construcción de unas escenografías propias en «maquetas de papel» para quince casos, que han terminado por revelar aquellos elementos y condiciones arquitectónicas que tienen que ver con la direccionalidad, la proporción, la contención, la perspectiva, la reducción de la forma arquitectónica, la cantidad de gente que albergan, modificando la percepción del espacio de la ciudad si se reconoce como escenario. Por tanto se busca poner en evidencia como las fachadas, aquellas envolventes que a veces damos por sentadas, constituyen el screen o telón de fondo, el lenguaje y la identidad de un lugar. El catalogo ha pasado de las escenografías delimitables que se reconocen bajo un perímetro materialmente constitutivo, a otras menos concretas en términos de límites, pues sus bordes resultan efímeros, virtuales e intercambiables, reconociendo en cierto sentido la proyección de las ciudades contemporáneas. Por esta razón, en el último tipo escenografías re-creadas la representación ha sido otra, usando fotografías que buscan poner en evidencia los diferentes escenarios simultáneos que pueden tener un solo espacio urbano de Barcelona, y las fachadas virtuales que proyectan algunos objetos. Finalmente, las maquetas se han registrado en este documento con dos imágenes. Una que corresponde a la tira de papel extendida, poniendo en evidencia el despliegue necesario y continuo de la superficie que construye el espacio escenográfico, mostrando simultáneamente la planta y el alzado [en muchos de los casos con volumen] de las plazas, las calles, los parques o los las estructuras lineales y un tanto escultóricas de los cuales fueron objeto. La otra imagen alude a la acción de levantar y re-crear la escenografía, en donde se unen las piezas del puzle, adosándose y articulándose para dar pie a la imagen del escenario urbano.

Debido a la inadecuada conjunción de riqueza hídrica y desarrollo urbano, vivimos en constante tragedia, gastando enormes recursos en continuas reconstrucciones y en socorro a víctimas de inundaciones. Si bien las inundaciones urbanas son eventos a los que ningún país escapa, sus consecuencias pueden variar según las características de las ciudades y de las relaciones que tengan con sus corrientes de agua. Así, el presente documento, tras una revisión de estadísticas de desastres, de los conceptos básicos del riesgo y de la evaluación de las propuestas clásicas de la ingeniería, plantea algunas respuestas al porqué de este problema en Colombia y propone como solución una nueva forma de gestión de los ríos.

Abstract: O N. oleander é uma planta com ampla distribuição mundial, principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Esses arbustos são frequentemente usados como plantas ornamentais e possuem mais de 30 glicosídeos cardíacos, causadores do quadro clínico de intoxicação em caninos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações clínicas, eletrocardiográficas, bioquímicas, hematológicas e histológicas do rim e avaliar o efeito do uso da frutose 1,6 difosfato e da glicose como alternativas de tratamento em cães intoxicados com 0,25g/Kg de folhas frescas trituradas e adicionadas à ração em única dose. Foram utilizados 10 cães adultos, hígidos, sem raça definida, com 10 a 25Kg de peso, de 4 a 8 anos de idade. Foram distribuídos em dois grupos (Gl e Gll) com 5 animais cada. Para o Gl o tratamento consistiu na administração de uma solução a 10 % de glicose a 50mg/Kg via intravenosa (IV) e em seguida uma infusão continua a 10% de glicose IV por uma hora a 10ml/kg e Gll recebeu frutose 1,6 difosfato, IV a 50mg/Kg, e em seguida uma infusão a 10% da mesma solução, durante uma hora a 10ml/kg. Nenhum dos animais do experimento veio a óbito e todos apresentaram sinais após a intoxicação como: vômito, sialorréia, náuseas, apatia, conjuntiva ocular congesta, desidratação, dor abdominal, tremores, diarréia, inapetência e tenesmo. Observou-se elevação principalmente da GGTU, CK e CKMB. Pela análise do eletrocardiograma encontrou-se arritmias como: bradicardia sinusal, bloqueios atrioventriculares de segundo grau, taquicardia ventricular paroxística e complexos ventriculares prematuros. Na histopatologia não se encontrou alterações no rim. Não observou-se diferença significativa entre tratamentos e na parte clínica houve melhora para Gll observada no consumo de alimento. Conclui-se com o presente estudo que animais intoxicados com 0,25g/Kg de folhas verdes de N. oleander em única dose, causa sinais clínicos, alterações laboratoriais e mudanças no traçado do eletrocardiograma. E o uso da frutose 1,6 difosfato e da glicose tiveram um comportamento similar para as variáveis estudadas durante o tempo experimental. Resumen: N oleander es una planta con amplia distribución mundial, principalmente en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Estos arbustos son frecuentemente usados como plantas ornamentales y poseen mas de 30 glucósidos cardíacos causantes de cuadros clínicos de intoxicación en caninos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la alteraciones clínicas, electrocardiográficas, bioquímicas, hematológicas e histológicas con el fin de evaluar el efecto del uso de fructosa 1,6 difosfato y glucosa como alternativas de tratamiento para caninos intoxicados con 0,25g/kg de hojas frescas trituradas y adicionadas a la ración como única dosis. Fueron utilizados 10 caninos adultos, sin raza definida, con 10 a 25 kg de peso, de 4 a 8 años de edad. Fueron distribuidos en dos grupos (GI y GII) con 5 animales cada uno. Para el GI el tratamiento consistió en la administración de una solución al 10% de glucosa a 50 mg/kg vía intravenosa (IV) y enseguida una infusión continua al 10% de glucosa IV por una hora a 10 ml/kg y el GII recibió fructosa 1,6 difosfato, IV a 50 mg/kg y en seguida una infusión a 10% de la misma solución durante una hora a 10ml/kg. Ninguno de los animales del experimento murió y todos presentaron síntomas después de la intoxicación como: vomito, sialorrea, nauseas, apatía, congestión de la conjuntiva, deshidratación, dolor abdominal, tremor, diarrea, inapetencia y tenesmo. Observándose elevación principalmente de GGTU, CK y CKMB. El análisis electrocardiográfico encontró arritmias como: bradicardia sinusal, bloqueos atrioventriculares de segundo grado, taquicardia ventricular paroxística y complejos ventriculares prematuros. En histopatología no se encontró alteraciones en riñón, no observándose diferencia significativa entre tratamientos en la parte clínica hubo mejora para GII observándose no consumo de alimento. Concluyéndose con el presente estudio que animales intoxicados con 0,25g/kg de hojas verdes de N oleander en única dosis, causa signos clínicos, alteraciones de laboratorio y cambios en el trazado del electrocardiograma. El uso de fructosa 1,6 difosfato y de glucosa tuvieron un comportamiento similar para las variables estudiadas durante el tiempo experimental.

The Colombian Seaflower marine protected area (SMPA) is the largest MPA in the Caribbean. The economy of the main island, San Andres (SAI) relies on tourism. This study conducted 1793 surveys to capture information about tourists’ experience and the value they placed on SAI’s beaches. Tourists considered beaches as the main reason for choosing SAI as a destination and expressed that they would be willing to pay additional money, US$ 997,468 annually, on top of what they had already paid for their vacation to protect SAI’s beaches. The study also showed how beach erosion could negatively impact economically the tourism sector of SAI, reducing revenue by 66.6% (estimated at US$ 73 million annually). This research contributed to the first stage in the development of a payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme to protect SAI’s beaches. The importance of beaches for SAI and the potential loss of revenue due to beach erosion create an opportunity to incentivize the private sector to invest in natural infrastructure that maintains and protects beaches. This study also informs the potential application of valuation studies for the development of innovative financing instruments, such as PES, to achieve financial sustainability for the MPA network in Colombia.