Abstract: Accurately assessing groundwater storage changes in Niger is critical for long-term water resource management but is difficult due to sparse field data. We present a study of groundwater storage changes and recharge in Southern Niger, computed using data from NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. We compute a groundwater storage anomaly estimate by subtracting the surface water anomaly provided by the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model from the GRACE total water storage anomaly. We use a statistical model to fill gaps in the GRACE data. We analyze the time period from 2002 to 2021, which corresponds to the life span of the GRACE mission, and show that there is little change in groundwater storage from 2002–2010, but a steep rise in storage from 2010–2021, which can partially be explained by a period of increased precipitation. We use the Water Table Fluctuation method to estimate recharge rates over this period and compare these values with previous estimates. We show that for the time range analyzed, groundwater resources in Niger are not being overutilized and could be further developed for beneficial use. Our estimated recharge rates compare favorably to previous estimates and provide managers with the data required to understand how much additional water could be extracted in a sustainable manner.

Abstract: Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is a treatment in the advanced stage of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite close follow-up, multiple evaluations, and several months of timeconsuming programming sessions, the clinical response may not be optimal in some cases. Imageguided programming (I-GP) could help optimize programming sessions with better clinical outcomes. Objective: To evaluate clinical and quality of life (QoL) outcomes with I-GP in PD patients with DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and suboptimal clinical improvement and refractory symptoms to conventional clinical programming. Methods: A prospective study in 16 patients with a diagnosis of PD with STN-DBS and remaining adverse effects or symptoms despite a clinical programming adjustment. We simulate potentially effective stimulation based on volume tissue activated (VTA) using commercially available software tools. Clinical outcomes were assessed with motor and quality of life scales. Results: The most frequent suboptimal symptom was gait disorder 33.3% (n=9), residual motor symptoms 25.9%(n=7), and speech 25.9%(n=7). Statistically significant results (p=0.001) were found after I-GP with change in the global Deep Brain Stimulation – Impairment score (41%), The 8- item version of the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (47%), EuroQol visual analogue scale (62%), and motor scale (24%). Conclusions: In suboptimal cases of patients with PD and STN-DBS, especially with ongoing and residual motor symptoms, I-GP could be useful to optimize the programming of DBS and improve patients' QoL.

Resumen: A partir de un estudio empírico se pretende comprobar que, en contraposición a lo que usualmente se considera, la filosofía tiene un enorme potencial de impacto económico. En ese orden de ideas, el capítulo muestra un estudio llevado a cabo con 104,212 estudiantes de programas de licenciatura que presentaron el examen Saber Pro entre 2016-2019 (de los cuales, 2034 pertenecían a una Licenciatura en Filosofía), a fin de establecer si el componente filosófico incide en el desempeño de las pruebas Saber Pro. El estudio utiliza una metodología cuantitativa de carácter cuasiexperimental en la cual se ejecutan análisis de regresión multinivel anidados en taxonomías de modelos. Los resultados muestran que la filosofía incide positivamente en lectura crítica, escritura y competencias ciudadanas, aunque negativamente en razonamiento cuantitativo. El trabajo concluye mostrando la necesidad de abrir más programas de Licenciatura en Filosofía —especialmente en las regiones que carecen de estos— para así mejorar la calidad educativa a nivel nacional.

Abstract: A broad number of studies have used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to track spatial representations such as position from human brain activity. While decoding spatial features has provided important insights on how working memory tracks representations, some studies have demonstrated that decoding spatial features can also be influenced by eye movements and spatial attention. This implies that EEG signals can be biased by the oculomotor system (e.g., is MVPA detecting neural representations or different eye-movement patterns?). Thus, decoding elements that are not defined by spatial factors and/or eye movements, like colour, can be an important proof-ofprinciple that neural representation can be decoded from electroencephalography (EEG). Even though few studies have decoded colour from EEG, it is still unclear whether using different features from EEG signals (e.g., Oscillations and ERPs) may carry different representations (e.g., position vs colour), and if different pre-processing methods and machine learning techniques may improve accuracy levels. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to determine whether colour and position can be decoded separately from various features of human electroencephalography (EEG) using different machine learning methods. Resumen: Varias investigaciones han utilizado el análisis de patrones multivariados (MVPA) para rastrear representaciones espaciales desde la memoria de trabajo humana como la posición de un objeto. Si bien la decodificación de características espaciales ha brindado información importante sobre cómo la memoria de trabajo rastrea representaciones visuales, algunos estudios han demostrado que la decodificación de características espaciales también puede verse influenciada por los movimientos oculares y la atención espacial. Esto implica que las señales de EEG pueden estar sesgadas por el sistema oculomotor (p. ej., ¿MVPA detecta representaciones neuronales o diferentes patrones del movimiento ocular?). Por lo tanto, la decodificación de elementos que no están definidos por factores espaciales y/o movimientos oculares, como el color, puede ser una importante prueba de que la representación neuronal se puede decodificar a partir de la electroencefalografía (EEG). Aunque algunos cuantos estudios han decodificado el color usando EEG, todavía no está claro si el uso de diferentes características de las señales de EEG (p. ej., oscilaciones y ERP) puede tener diferentes representaciones (p. ej., posición frente a color), y si los diferentes métodos de preprocesamiento y aprendizaje automático pueden mejorar los niveles de precisión. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este proyecto es determinar si el color y la posición se pueden decodificar utilizando varias características de la electroencefalografía humana (EEG) y diferentes métodos de machine learning.

Resumen: Informed by broad social assumptions, transport planning has traditionally obliged to the travel needs of the average (Levy, 2013b). In this process, children’s imaginaries and aspirations have been overlooked and dominated by an adult world were mobility is regarded as going efficiently from A to B. Challenging this view, this research considers children’s mobility as a practice that involves walking, playing and socialising, and the means by which children ‘perceive, feel and act in the world’ (Lester and Russell, 2010). Thus, it recognises children’s everyday pedestrian practices, and greater independence significantly contributes to their wellbeing and participation in urban life. Given the lack of attention to children’s independent mobility and play in the global south, this study analyses their impressions in a low-income neighbourhood in Cali, Colombia. Through a socio-ecological framework that incorporates the concepts of attachment and affordance, the study explores independent license, walking perceptions and experiences, community ties and sociability. Findings suggest that in this context, independence is the result of constant negotiations between children, parents and household dynamics. Unlike many cities in the global north, while children have high levels of independence for essential journeys, their freedom to roam, play and socialise is more restricted. While road safety has an important role in their perceptions, the changing circumstances in the social environment with high levels of crime and violence are crucial determinants in their participation in the neighbourhood in terms of play and social engagement. Policies should promote greater freedom and playability through strategies that facilitate rich social and physical affordances with a focus on community participation and the reivindication of the street as a meeting place. Resumen: Informada por amplios supuestos sociales, la planificación del transporte tradicionalmente ha atendido las necesidades de viaje de las personas promedio (Levy, 2013b). En este proceso, los imaginarios y aspiraciones de los niños han sido ignorados y dominados por un mundo adulto donde se considera a la movilidad como ir eficientemente de A a B. Retando esta visión, esta investigación considera la movilidad de los niños como una práctica que implica caminar, jugar y socializar, y el medio por el cual los niños 'perciben, sienten y actúan en el mundo' (Lester y Russell, 2010). Por lo tanto, reconoce que las prácticas peatonales cotidianas de los niños son importantes y una mayor independencia puede contribuir significativamente a su bienestar y participación en la vida urbana y comunitaria. Dada la falta de atención a la movilidad y el juego autónomo de los niños en el sur global, este estudio analiza sus experiencias en el Distrito de Aguablanca, Cali, Colombia. A través de un marco socioecológico que incorpora los conceptos de apego y potencialidad, el estudio explora la licencia independiente, las percepciones y experiencias al caminar, los lazos comunitarios y la sociabilidad. Los hallazgos sugieren que, en este contexto, la independencia resulta de negociaciones constantes entre los jóvenes, los cuidadores y las dinámicas del hogar. En este sentido, a diferencia de muchas ciudades del norte global, mientras que los niños tienen altos niveles de independencia para viajes esenciales, su libertad para deambular, jugar y socializar está restringida. Si bien la seguridad vial tiene un papel importante en sus percepciones, las circunstancias cambiantes en el entorno social en términos de altos niveles de delincuencia y violencia determinan su participación en el barrio en relación al juego y la interacción social. Las políticas deben promover una mayor libertad y oportunidades para el juego, a través de estrategias que faciliten ricas potencialidades sociales y físicas con un enfoque en la participación comunitaria y la apropiación de la calle como lugar de encuentro.

Abstract: The subject of State capacity is a commonplace object of study in the social sciences which in the last few years has garnered more attention from the fields of social research and economics. As state capacity has a close relationship with development the question of how state capacity affects the development of a territory merits our attention. The present work therefore focuses on Colombia’s Regions, specifically using as a unit of analysis the 32 departments into which they are divided. Data on Colombia’s municipalities from the CEDE have been used to construct 4 indexes: Fiscal, Violence, Bureaucratic, and Operational. To create the indexes several variables have been selected and constructed with recourse to the Principal Component Analysis. However, as GDP data are unavailable at the municipal level, Night Time Lights (NTL) data are used as a proxy for economic development. Using a regression model showing the extent to which state capacity indices correlate with economic development as measured by NTL, while conducting robustness checks so as to confirm the expected results, we conclude that where state capacity is greater, then more development is expected.

Abstract: Open Data is defined as digital data that is made available with the technical and legal characteristics necessary to be freely used, reused, and redistributed by anyone, anytime and anywhere. Examples of Open Data can be data on mobility or pollution, which an increasing number of cities are making available to citizens. In education, the novel field of Open Data has the potential of empowering a young generation with digital skills and critical thinking through work with real-life Open Data. However, the scarcity of methods and tools for skills development and insertion into educational designs reduces the possibility of achieving this potential. This study is part of the project ODECO, aimed at addressing challenges in the creation of Open Data ecosystems in several contexts, such as education. A systematic mapping review was conducted to uncover the research connections between Open Data education and educational games. Twenty-eight studies were identified and analysed through iterative searching and including keywords related to Gamification, Open Data and Education. In doing this, relevant themes and novel approaches in the current literature were found. This paper discusses how the fields of Open Data education and educational games methodologically and theoretically contribute to outline a game-based approach for Open Data in education. An Open Data Gamified Education Framework leads to authentic learning experiences for real-world problem solving in relation to eight actions: connecting classroom activities to real facts, empowering students to act with Open Data, supporting technical Open Data skills in the classroom, building literacy and developing skills, enhancing civic participation, creating more realistic and appealing narratives, extending teaching outside the classroom by collecting data in real time and local settings, and increasing engagement and motivation. Resumen: Los Datos Abiertos se definen como datos puestos a disposición con las características técnicas y legales necesarias para ser utilizados, reutilizados y redistribuidos libremente por cualquier persona, en cualquier momento y lugar. En educación, el campo de Datos Abiertos tiene el potencial de empoderar a una generación con habilidades digitales y pensamiento crítico a través del trabajo con Datos Abiertos de la vida real. Sin embargo, la escasez de métodos y herramientas para el desarrollo de competencias y su inserción en los diseños educativos reduce la posibilidad de alcanzar este potencial. Este estudio es parte del proyecto ODECO, cuyo objetivo es abordar los desafíos en la creación de ecosistemas de Datos Abiertos en varios contextos, como la educación. Se realizó una revisión sistemática para descubrir las conexiones de investigación entre la educación de datos abiertos y los juegos educativos. Veintiocho estudios fueron identificados y analizados mediante búsqueda iterativa e incluyendo palabras clave relacionadas con Gamificación, Datos Abiertos y Educación. Por lo cual se encontraron temas relevantes y enfoques novedosos en la literatura actual. Este artículo analiza cómo los campos de Datos Abiertos en educación y los juegos educativos contribuyen metodológica y teóricamente a delinear un enfoque basado en juegos para los Datos Abiertos en educación. Un Marco de Educación Gamificada de Datos Abiertos conduce a experiencias de aprendizaje auténticas para la resolución de problemas del mundo real en relación con ocho acciones: conectando las actividades del aula con hechos reales, capacitando a los estudiantes para actuar con Datos Abiertos, apoyando las habilidades técnicas de Datos Abiertos en el aula, construyendo alfabetización y desarrollando habilidades, mejorando la participación cívica, creando narrativas más realistas y atractivas, extendiendo la enseñanza fuera del aula mediante la recopilación de datos en tiempo real y en entornos locales, y aumentando el compromiso y la motivación.

Abstract: The Pulp Fruit Imports and commercialization from Colombia to Spain Business Plan is a project that aims to support the solution of 3 main challenges in Colombia (Organic food waste, Ex-warriors from peace accords signature returning to society trough farming opportunities and life quality improvement to current farmers) while needs from Spanish consumers are satisfied. This last ones, after the pandemic, increased their awareness of consuming responsibly, which means protect their health and the environment at the same time the want enjoy a convenient and natural drink to join their meals and that allows them to continue with their life rhythm. For that reason, Amazonas Eco offers a range of exotic fruits that are transformed into pulp fruit through a local strategic partner with Bio certifications, then transported to Spain to be sold through the customer's preferred channels. This business plan includes a bibliographical study that uses Colombian and Spanish available data from different authorities combined with a filed work survey conducted to Spanish consumers that was used afterwards to develop case of study of Marketing Analysis using Statistical tools such as Multiple regression and Conjoint Analysis. These both supported to define main market trends, STEEP and Porter Analysis and marketing strategy (Segmentation, Price, Placement and Promotion). Furthermore interviews were done to a current exported and producer of pulp fruit from Colombia and to and Spanish expert profesor in logistics, these last interviews supported to define business model, Operational model and Financial forecasts. The principal market trends are explained into 3 main categories: 1. Sourcing: Exports from Colombia to the EU in organic food grew from 2019 to 2020 by 35% (European Commission) meaning almost 28.000 additional tons per year. 2. Consumption: the imports of Spain for the frozen fruit market have an average annual growth between 2012 and 2016 of 7,5% jumping from 219.000 MUSD to 291.000 MUSD in those years. (Zambrano Achi and Pozo Burgos). 3. SOM: Initially Amazonas Eco will focus in Cataluña, therefore the market size is given by the population size and the average price and consumption of nectars and fresh juices and soft drinks. Combined the total expected market size would be 75 MEUR (“Últimos datos de consumo alimentario”). After defining a reachable scope in a SOM and Colombia's production capacity the company expects sales of 100 tons/year with an income of 1.2 MEUR. The Operational model is build under 3 main pillars: Farmers, Pulp fruit producer in Colombia, then imports to Spain followed by storage in a warehouse and distributed through a third part logistics service provider reaching Organic markets (preferred channel of main segment) and consumers. Financial model is done by identifying needed assets and operational expenses using marketing analysis to defined expected sales and required inventory. With this financial statements are build for 3 years followed by Net present Value exercise and break even point. This company will request 390,000 EUR of equity. According to the assumptions the NPV of the project is positive therefore, it is decided to go forward with it. The IRR is 15% meaning that NPV will be negative when the cost of capital is higher than this. Break Even point is reachable at 75.500 kg in one year keeping the cost structure. Statement of financial positioning, comprehensive income statement and cash flow statement are built under a conservative model with the assumptions given above where an organic growth is expected for this business holding positive income and cash flow since year 1.

Abstract: The food-energy-water (FEW) nexus approach has emerged as an alternative for managing these resources more efficiently. Work from studies conducted in the FEW nexus in Latin America is scarce in the scholarly literature. This study aims to develop a framework for water management at the FEW Nexus, with a focus on Colombia. The study focuses on a typical mixed land-use watershed in the Andean region with specific objectives being to: (1) characterize the watershed with respect to land use, climate, water resources, and other factors pertinent to the nexus; (2) explore the relationship between factors in the FEW nexus that may affect water management in terms of quality and availability; and (3) propose a methodology for conducting a FEW Nexus analysis for watersheds located in the Andean region. The results indicate that the Pereira/Dosquebradas urban area has a significant impact on the FEW nexus components in the Otun River Watershed (ORW). Subsequently, an urban FEW nexus framework is proposed for its implementation at the watershed.

Abstract: This study shows that parental beliefs, management and practices are not the only considerations. Societal influences determine parental language practices and management, which in turn delimits their children’s linguistic development. The decision that parents take perpetuate children’s linguistic development, however, in reality societal influences are determining parental language practices and management. The external and internal relationships permeate parents’ language decisions whereby subtle intergenerational heritage language loss takes place. Therefore, the struggle in maintaining their heritage language in the home domain has become a challenge for the parents. This study uncovers plentiful evidence that the language experiences of the three Latino-English families are challenging. Families consistently stated that it is an intensive responsibility raising their children bilingually in New Zealand. Despite there being a high awareness of the value of Spanish as an international language, and a number of cultural events where Latino-hispanic culture is evident, there is relatively insufficient peripheral support. It is evident in this study that in order to support families in their attempt to raise their children as bilingual there should be an integrated and encompassed socio-educational support. Otherwise, as it was found in this research, external influences will continue affecting migrant children's heritage language learning. Overall, the following list summarizes the challenges that families face in the attempt to raise their children as bilinguals. Only one parent speaks the language. As it was embedded in this research that the macro, meso and micro level influences the family language practices. For the macro: Lack of governmental support and a solid language policy for minority languages in New Zealand. Meso: Societal challenges/influences, lack of community support, lack of school language integration, lack of cultural and language appreciation at school. Micro: Lack of time to teach/translate the language to their spouses. Lack of commitment to speak the language from both parents, due to the lack of school and community language integration there is child's resistant attitudes to learn the language.