El propósito de esta cartilla no es otro que enseñar y orientar al manipulador sobre la importancia y responsabilidad que tiene para asumir su papel dentro del Sistema HACCP, y, de esta ma11..era, lograr la conciencia necesaria para facilitar el proceso de gestión deh;istema de inocuidad. La cartilla, desarrollada en un lenguaje sencillo, ha sido concebida de manera práctica como guía y material de consulta en los temas relacionados con la in�����idad, las BPM, el compromiso y la implementación, paso a paso, del sistéma HACCP para ser desarrollado y puesto en práctica, siguiendo los lineamientos trazados por el Codex Alimentarius

El mercado global de lácteos tiene una característica que lo diferencia de cualquiera de los otros commodities y es su gran volatilidad. Este año ha sido un claro ejemplo de las fuertes fluctuaciones que tienen los precios en pocos meses. Esta característica inherente y determinante marca el gran desafío de la producción: la capacidad de reacción ante las eventualidades. El volumen de comercio internacional de lácteos seguirá incrementándose conforme aumente la población mundial y continúe el crecimiento de las economías emergentes. Lo mismo ocurrirá con la producción primaria y la industrialización, que necesariamente deben acompañar ese crecimiento de la demanda.

No olvidemos que cualquier tipo de Capacitación relacionada con la ganadería puede ser útil, pero los temas sobresalientes para la certificación de fincas. Para eso debemos pedir certificado de asistencia a todas las capacitaciones que recibamos, no importa por quienes sean dictadas, por COLANTA, laboratorios o agremiaciones ganaderas.

Esta publicación le brinda al productor, en un lenguaje natural de fácil entendimiento, algunos aspectos clave para el cultivo de pastos. Está enfocado en temáticas como el clima, el uso de suelo, las plagas y las enfermedades, con conocimientos actualizados con el fin de mejorar las prácticas en su actividad productiva.

Organic semiconductors are used in many fields of photonics. Displays fabricated using organic light emitting diodes (OLED) can be found in modern smartphones and tablets, whereas organic solar cells (OPV - organic photovoltaics) are emerging with demonstrated efficiencies above 10%. Organic photodetectors (OPD) are another very interesting domain, with ultrathin active layers (order of tens of nanometers) providing performance comparable to bulk inorganic devices. Thanks to a multitude of possible compounds, parameters such as response spectrum, cut-off wavelength etc. can be easily tuned. Because of very high absorption coefficient and low refractive index, issues such as crosstalk or reflection can be minimized. Another exciting feature is the low processing temperature and thus feasibility of using a flexible foil as substrate, leading to rollable or curved photodetector arrays.The performance of organic based photodetectors has grown considerably in the recent years in terms of high speed, high frequency response and detectivity so as to match the required custom specifications for practical applications such as imaging. However, further attention needs to go towards the understanding of the effects of scaling during miniaturization of these devices, while looking for the preservation and/or optimization of their opto-electrical properties. Therefore, in this thesis, emphasis is given on the photodetectors based on organic conjugated polymer materials for imaging applications. These organic photodetector devices normally suffer from a perimeter-to-area dark current density scaling, hence, special attention is on the understanding of this scaling effect as well as optimization of the fabrication process in order to get low leakage (dark) current, and therefore, large dynamic range of the OPDs. Photodetectors with different geometries and sizes from 0.08 cm2 down to 1.95E ?5 cm2 were fabricated, using two types of edge cover layer. Isolated islands of two different organic films were patterned with photolithography in order to study the dark current mechanisms. Electrical, optical and morphological properties were characterized for both patterned and non-patterned devices. The patterning process used to fabricate the isolated devices does not affect the optoelectrical and morphological characteristics of the photodetectors, and therefore their performance. Moreover, it does not induce or accelerate degradation of the organic films. The dark current density further decreases after full patterning is performed, while preserving all device characteristics. It is proposed to replace the semitransparent edge cover layer by the opaque, if thicker films can be achieved, as it might be possible to decrease the contribution of the perimeter leakage. Once the patterning process is performed, it is possible to implement these isolated devices as photodetectors arrays for imaging applications with an Ion/Ioff ratio of 6 orders of magnitude. It is proposed to perform a theoretical study of the dark current mechanism at the interface between the polymer and the metallic contact edges to model and simulate the perimeter recombination at reverse bias conditions. Moreover, further measurements such as electroluminescent and spectroscopy might aid to characterize the carrier transport in the OPDs. The project was aimed within the R&D department of large area electronics. Moreover, all the fabrication and characterization were performed in the facilities of IMEC.

Los fluidos generalmente se admistran para alcanzar uno o mas de los siguientes objetivos terapeuticos: l. Restaurar el volumen de fluidos corporales al normal . 2. Corregír el desbalance ácido basico . 3. Corregir el desbalance eledrolítico . 4. Proveer suplementación nutricional. La terapia racional de fluidos requiere algunos conocimientos fundamentales de la fisiología de los fluidos del cuerpo y una aprecidación de la fisiopatología de la enfermedad que causa el desorden del balance de fluidos. Es importante reconocer que la salud es el resultado de la función normal de las células del cuervo. La óptima fundón c.'t'Jular es p(>sible :-olamente cuando los fluidos dd cu1•rpo tienl?n un volumen normal. presión osmótica normal, balance ácido básico y t:omposición de electrolitos

Ante los interrogantes que tienen los productores ganaderos de lechería especializada de trópico alto del departamento de Nariño sobre cuáles son los volúmenes de agua requeridos para la producción de biomasa como pasturas o praderas, y en función de las condiciones agroclimáticas de la región cuál es el nivel o potencial para la producción de biomasa, la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria – AGROSAVIA, por medio del manual Gestión eficiente del recurso hídrico en predios ganaderos del trópico alto nariñense, propone alternativas y recomendaciones para resolver dichos interrogantes y mejorar la competitividad y sostenibilidad del sistema productivo.

A research was carried out with the purpose to find the symbolism and preferences of the use of the car in Bogota; since it is believed that one of the crucial factors for a more rational use of the car is linked with the symbolism-affective motives that the car represents. It was applied 44 semi-structured interviews to a sample of subjects between 18 and 60 years that live in different sectors of the city of Bogota and that are economically able to have a private car. The results suggest that there is a gap between public transport and car use; motivating car users to prefer its own car. Security, comfort and social status highlighted as the main points to analyse in order to promote alternative modes of transportation such as carpool and public bicycle.

Vectoring is a novel technology created to expand the capacity boundaries of Veryhigh- bit-rate DSL 2 (VDSL2) systems. It mitigates the reduction of data rate and reach in VDSL2 systems caused by the crosstalk interference that appears when multiple services share the telephone network’s infrastructure. However, the implementation of vectoring on real systems faces numerous challenges that limit its potential to enhance the data rate and reach of VDSL2 systems. Therefore, evaluating its performance in close-to-real scenarios considering different technological aspects has turned into an interesting field of research that also helps in the development of new and faster technologies. This thesis evaluates quantitatively the performance of vectoring on VDSL2 systems. It proposes the extension and parametrization of performance indicators to compare and measure the impact of six different aspects on vectoring systems: network topology, binder occupancy, background noise, channel estimation errors, complexity constraints, and precoding and canceling schemes. Their evaluation requires numerical results that are obtained through a simulation tool, which is designed and implemented as part of this thesis. The obtained results and the conducted analyses give concluding guidelines for the vectoring technology and can be taken into account by manufactures and service providers for the deployment of real systems. In addition, and as a result of the objective of providing an accurate evaluation that represents well the real systems’ performance, this thesis contributes with the statistical characterization of the Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT) in a 50-pair cable binder commonly used in Germany (DTAG-40) and constructs its stochastic model. The model and the results are verified through real systems measurements, reference documents of the Broadband Forum and existing literature. Thus, the simulation tool and the characterized channel model constitute a contribution for the evaluation of DSL systems that can be used in future works.

Abstract: The paper presents a theoretical critical revision of the four mainstream sustainability information encoding processes by arguing that they are insufficiently capable of intelligibly recording, classifying, and summarizing sustainability data for economic prosperity, environmental integrity and social equity decision making (i.e. sustainable development). Utilizing the postulates of General Systems Theory and systems proprieties the problem of information complexity presented by sustainability data is addressed. Resumen: El siguiente trabajo presenta una revisión teórico crítica de los cuatro procesos de codificación de información desde los cuales se reporta actualmente en sostenibilidad. El trabajo sostiene que cada uno de ellos es insuficientemente capaz de registrar, clasificar y resumir información de forma inteligible para la toma de decisiones sobre desarrollo sostenible, es decir, respecto a decisiones sobre prosperidad económica, integridad medioambiental y equidad social. La revisión crítica está basada en los postulados de la Teoría General de Sistemas y en las propiedades sistémicas que permiten abordar el problema de la complejidad en información que presenta la información en sostenibilidad.