Abstract: The extraction of natural resources has been one of the main sources of income and economic development in Colombia in the last twenty years. Such activity has been developed in a territory characterized by a pre-existing armed conflict that has lasted for more than five decades. This complex situation has accentuated violent struggles concerning the control and access to natural resources, which in turn has become the main source of income and a strategic priority for all Colombia´s armed groups, including the military and external actors such as international private security companies. By drawing on a historically situated dialectical analysis of structure-agency this research highlights the lacunas of scholarly treatment on the issue and addresses the question of to what extent resource extraction should be understood as a mean for economic development and mitigation of armed conflicto or whether it configures the production and reproduction of violence in Colombia. This study argues that the extraction of natural resources in a geographical territory characterized by a pre-existing armed conflict, specifically the Colombian case, contributes to the maintenance of the internal warfare. The argument will be illustrated by situating the contextual background of the case, examining the theories that explain the relationship between natural resource extraction and armed conflict, and presenting an analysis of historical structures and social action over time elucidating the role of natural resources in the production and reproduction of violence. Resumen: La extracción de recursos naturales ha sido una de las principales fuentes de ingresos y desarrollo económico en Colombia durante los últimos veinte años. El extractivismo se desarrolló en un territorio caracterizado por la existencia de un conflicto armado, que ha durado más de cinco décadas. Esta situación compleja ha acentuado las luchas violentas relacionadas con el control y acceso a los recursos naturales, que a su vez se ha convertido en la principal fuente de ingresos y una prioridad estratégica para todos los grupos armados de Colombia, incluidas las Fuerzas Armadas y actores externos como las empresas internacionales de seguridad privada. A través de un análisis dialéctico de estructura y agencia, esta investigación destaca los vacíos del tratamiento académico sobre el tema y aborda la pregunta de hasta qué punto la extracción de recursos debe entenderse como un medio para el desarrollo económico y la mitigación del conflicto armado o si configura la producción y reproducción de la violencia en Colombia. Este estudio argumenta que la extracción de recursos naturales en un territorio caracterizado por el conflicto armado contribuye al mantenimiento de la guerra interna. El argumento se ilustrará a través del caso del extractivismo en Colombia, examinando las teorías que explican la relación entre la extracción de recursos naturales y el conflicto armado, y presentando un análisis de las estructuras históricas y la acción colectiva social a lo largo del tiempo dilucidando el papel de la extracción de recursos naturales en la producción y reproducción de la violencia.

Esta investigación realiza la primera transcripción completa y anotada del manuscrito Physices Tractatus de Mateo Mimbela, además, ofrece la traducción y análisis del libro I y de la segunda pieza complementaria Brevis notitia de coelo et astris. Presenta un amplio estudio preliminar del entorno académico, histórico y sociocultural en el que se concibió la obra y un ensayo crítico sobre la función de la disputatio en las corporaciones del saber neogranadinas del período colonial (siglos XVII y XVIII). Logra una visión de conjunto de la obra que se conserva del maestro aragonés develando la necesidad de un análisis directo de estas fuentes primarias bajo presupuestos metodológicos y epistemológicos diferentes. Identifica, reseña y comenta un ingente número de autores escolásticos de los siglos XVI y XVII en el contexto del manuscrito y de las controversias inter-escolásticas que enfrentaban principalmente a los suarecianos-jesuitas contra las otras órdenes y sus doctrinas

Abstract: Through a fragmented and asynchronous narrative, this project analyzes three spaces inside the Bogotá house of the Colombian artist Feliza Bursztyn (1933-1982): her husband’s room or the archive, the garden and the studio. A pioneer of installation art, or environmental spaces in Latin America, Bursztyn worked with unconventional materials such as scrap metal, ragged fabrics, stainless steel and machine engines to create sculptures accompanied by sound, movement, lights and short films. She was an active member of Bogotá’s intellectual spheres, and was part of their discussions and thoughtful criticism on the Colombian social and political context from 1960 to 1980. After being persecuted and criminalized by the Colombian government Bursztyn left the country and died in Paris in 1982. Her presence in the art scene was brief and her importance in Latin American – not to mention global – art history is barely mentioned. Therefore, her work and her figure remain a quizzical and ungraspable object of study. This research will discuss spaces, people, animals and objects inside her house, an uninhabited place working as a private and complex archive through the contradictions and the unwritten layers of knowledge that vibrate within. Resumen: Este ensayo es una narración fragmentada y asincrónica. Contiene tres espacios dentro de la casa de la artista colombiana Feliza Bursztyn (1933-1982): el cuarto de su marido o el archivo, el jardín y el taller. Pionera de la instalación, o de los espacios ambientales en América Latina, Bursztyn trabajó con materiales no convencionales, como la chatarra, telas rasgadas, acero inoxidable y motores para crear esculturas acompañadas de sonido, movimiento, luces y cortometrajes. Fue miembro activo de las esferas intelectuales de Bogotá e hizo parte de las discusiones y críticas sobre el contexto social y político colombiano entre 1958 y 1981. Después de ser perseguida y criminalizada por el gobierno colombiano, Bursztyn abandonó el país y murió en París en 1982. Su presencia en la escena artística fue breve y su importancia en la historia del arte latinoamericano- por no decir mundial - apenas se menciona. Este texto analizará los espacios, personas, animales y cosas dentro de su casa, un lugar inhabitado que funciona como un archivo privado y complejo, con contradicciones y capas de conocimiento que no están escritas.

Operational and commercial optimization for monitoring and sensoring ions in water is a challenging task for the current scientific and industrial world. For resolving this issue sensor could help identify new viable water sources that can mitigate today's global water crisis. The current water crisis primarily correlates to the increasing water demand due to burgeoning population, accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The about six-fold increase in water consumption with a corresponding three-fold increase in global population was recorded in the past century Gude, 2015) This is a clear indicator of potential and adverse water stress conditions. A statistic predicts over 33 countries are liable to face acute water stress by 2040, which calls for rapid action for efficient crisis management. On the other hand, companies related to the food, water treatment, and pharmaceutical fields are facing technological challenges to ensure the purity of their water sources. Reuse of water in production processes can reduce costs allowing manufacturers to be competitive. One of the main issues for reusing the water is the lack of fast and reliable sensoring devices for the characterization of the water. Another is the long response time of conventional tests. This requires sensoring technologies that can eliminate these obstacles and that can identify a potential risk of reusing contaminated water. This research focuses on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI); a technique to identify and quantify ions in drinking water based on optical interferometric measurements. The refractive index identifies which component is present in an analyzed sample. The visibility term involves a concentration parameter that allows quantifying the component present. This two-term were simulated in a MATLAB algorithm based on a fitting method between the generated interferometric spectral signal from the MZ and a model based on theoretical MZI equations. The use of this fitting model can give valuable insights for further applications of water sensoring technologies such as an optofluidic chip, a promising technology for identification and quantification of ions in drinking water.

"The dissertation is an analytical review of the available literature on marine protected areas (MPAs) to propose some governance, and spatial management mechanisms in the Colombian CaribbeanAbstract: The family Culicidae contains approximately 3,500 species of mosquitoes distributed over a diverse range of habitats around the world. Mosquito identification has been traditionally conducted with morphological features; however, the development of molecular techniques, such as DNA-barcoding, provides opportunities for gaining higher resolution in species determination. Colombia, one of the world's megadiverse countries, has a highly diverse mosquito fauna and a high prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases. In order to provide relevant information about the diversity and taxonomy of mosquito species in Colombia, this research tests the usefulness of combining adult morphology and barcode sequences to identify and describe mosquito species collected over different gradients in the Departments of Antioquia and Caldas. A total of 22 different mosquito species from eight genera were identified. One of the species, Wyeomyia luteoventralis, is the first record for Colombia. A total of 77 barcode sequences were generated with 16 species submitted as new records for public databases. These sequences were compared with the identification systems of existing DNA barcode databases (BOLD and GenBank through BLAST), to evaluate performance to discriminate mosquito specimens. We also validated the usefulness of DNA barcodes across a greater geographical area by compiling 1,292 sequences of mosquito species listed for the Neotropics and using two tree-based methods (neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood). Both methodologies provided similar results by showing 105 of 133 total species of mosquitoes separated into distinct clusters. Additionally, to provide the most up-to-date list of mosquito species for Colombia, a systematic review was complied which includes 329 species from 28 genera. This work shows the importance of combining and integrating methodologies to accurately identify diversity of mosquitoes. Resumen: La familia Culicidae contiene aproximadamente 3.500 especies de mosquitos distribuidas en una amplia gama de hábitats en todo el mundo. Tradicionalmente, la identificación de mosquitos se ha llevado a cabo con características morfológicas; sin embargo, el desarrollo de técnicas moleculares, como los códigos de barras de ADN, brinda la oportunidad de obtener una mayor resolución en la determinación de especies. Colombia, uno de los países megadiversos del mundo, tiene una diversa fauna de mosquitos y una alta prevalencia de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos. Con el fin de proporcionar información relevante sobre la diversidad y taxonomía de las especies de mosquitos en Colombia, esta investigación prueba la utilidad de combinar la morfología adulta y las secuencias de códigos de barras para identificar y describir las especies de mosquitos recolectados en diferentes gradientes en los departamentos de Antioquia y Caldas. En total, se identificaron 22 especies diferentes de mosquitos de ocho géneros. Una de las especies, Wyeomyia luteoventralis, es el primer registro para Colombia. Se generaron un total de 77 secuencias de códigos de barras con 16 especies presentadas como nuevos registros para bases de datos públicas. Estas secuencias se compararon con los sistemas de identificación de las bases de datos de códigos de barras de ADN existentes (BOLD y GenBank a través de BLAST), para evaluar el rendimiento para discriminar especímenes de mosquitos. También validamos la utilidad de los códigos de barras de ADN en un área geográfica mayor al compilar 1.292 secuencias de especies de mosquitos reportadas para el neotrópico y el uso de dos métodos basados en árboles (NJ y ML). Ambas metodologías proporcionaron resultados similares al mostrar 105 de 133 especies de mosquitos separadas en grupos distintos. Además, para proporcionar la lista más actualizada de especies de mosquitos para Colombia, se cumplió una revisión sistemática que incluye 329 especies de 28 géneros. Este trabajo muestra la importancia de combinar e integrar metodologías para identificar con precisión la diversidad de mosquitos. Sea, particularly in the Seaflower MPA. The Seaflower MPA is facing several challenges regarding political issues of boundary disputes and also adverse impacts on the marine environment from the increase in shipping activities. This is largely due to the expansion of the Panama Canal and the possible Nicaragua Canal, which is increasing the maritime traffic of international shipping to almost double that of today. In addition, the increase in seabed activities is also a threat to the ecosystems within it. This research describes the Colombian framework of MPAs, and it also shows the issues that face the Seaflower MPA today. The aim is to propose and to recommend some governance and management measures based on the ecosystem-based approach to establish a transboundary agreement keeping the integrity of the MPA and giving regional relevance for the protection of the unique ecosystems. Furthermore, to address the issues of negative impacts from shipping, some protective measures have to be taken to protect the ecosystems and safe navigation guaranteeing long-term sustainable development. "

Abstract: There is no doubt that public transport systems generate productivity benefits for cities. The expansion of public transport networks is also thought to promote social inclusion, as it can generate greater access to formal employment opportunities for those who are informally employed. This phenomenon is theorized and studied under the postulates of the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH). Within the framework of the SMH, this paper analyses how geographic proximity to Transmilenio BRT stations affects the probability of being an informal worker in the city of Bogotá. The analysis shows that workers living close to stations have a lower probability of being informally employed. Moreover, this paper provides evidence of how proximity impacts differently high and low-skilled workers. This research contributes to the literature on SMH by providing empirical evidence from the perspective of informality in the developing world. Understanding the complex relationship between transport and informality can give greater focus to the development of future public policy. Resumen: No hay duda de que los sistemas de transporte público generan beneficios de productividad para las ciudades. También se considera que la expansión de las redes de transporte público promueve la inclusión social, ya que puede generar un mayor acceso a las oportunidades de empleo formal para quienes tienen se encuentran informalmente empleados. Este fenómeno es teorizado y estudiado bajo los postulados de la Hipótesis de Desajuste Espacial (SMH, por sus siglas en inglés). En el marco de la SMH, este trabajo analiza cómo la proximidad geográfica a las estaciones del sistema BRT Transmilenio afecta la probabilidad de ser un trabajador informal en la ciudad de Bogotá. El análisis muestra que los trabajadores que viven cerca de las estaciones tienen una menor probabilidad de encontrarse empleados de manera informal. Además, este documento proporciona evidencia de cómo la proximidad afecta a los trabajadores de alta y baja cualificación. Esta investigación contribuye a la literatura sobre SMH al proporcionar evidencia empírica desde la perspectiva de la informalidad en un contexto de país en desarrollo. Comprender la compleja relación entre el transporte y la informalidad puede dar mayor enfoque al desarrollo de las políticas públicas futuras.

Security and computer expertise of end users can be significant predictors of user behaviour and interactions in the security and privacy context. Standardized, externally valid instruments for measuring end-user security expertise are non-existent. To address this need, we developed a questionnaire to identify critical factors that constitute expertise in end-users. It combines skills and knowledge based questions. Using exploratory factor analysis on the results from 898 participants from a range of populations, we identified 12 questions within 4 factors that correspond to computing and security expertise. Ordered logistic regression models were applied to measure efficacy of proposed security and computing factors in predicting user comprehension of security concepts (phishing and certificates). We conclude with a framework for informing future user-centered security expertise research.

Routing anomalies, beyond simple leaks, are occurring on the order of tens of thousands a year. These may be accidents, but there is anecdotal evidence that indicates criminal intent. There are case studies that illustrate the use of these for national intelligence. Any given anomaly could be an accident, a crime, or an attack. Although it is impossible to directly observe the motivation of those who generate these anomalies, aggregate data about the sources of these anomalies is available. Here we leverage tools of macroeconomics to provide insights into the possible nature of these anomalies. We offer an empirical investigation using multiple linear regression and unsupervised learning to analyze data over a four-year period in order to better understand the nature of routing anomalies. If routing anomalies are a result of limited technical competence, then countries with low levels of education, few technology exports, and less expertise should be over-represented. If routing anomalies are leveraged by criminals for profit, then economic theories and analytical approaches from criminology should show statistical significance. Or, if routing anomalies are primarily used by national intelligence agencies to attack either internal dissidents or those outside their borders, then the presence of conflict and measures of quality of governance are possible indicators. We examine anomalies as likely due to incompetence, potential ecrime, or intelligence operations using macroeconomics by leveraging three theories from criminology and global measures of technology adoption. We found that exports of technology were not statistically significant, undermining the argument for incompetence. We also found support for the possibility that anomalies are driven by crime, specifically for the guardianship and relative deprivation theories of crime. In addition to these findings from regression analysis, clustering indicates that civil conflict and surveillance are associated with the disproportionate origination of routing anomalies. This supports the possibility of use of routing anomalies for national intelligence.

The Pseudomonas genus is a big problem mainly for the poultry food industry. The shelf life of chicken carcasses stored under refrigeration is limited by the appearance of undesirable odors and sliminess surface generated primarily by Gram negative bacteria. Due to the subsequent emergence of resistant bacteria, is necessary proving new alternatives as guaranty the microbiological quality of foods and human health. Bacteriophages or phages are viruses of bacteria that use resources of bacteria for their replication and killing bacteria “naturally”, showing them as a potential tool for bacteria biocontrol in food industry. In this study, 11 bacteriophages were isolated from the exudate product of defrost of chicken carcasses using as host strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25619) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525). This study also aimed at the purification, quantification and morphological and molecular characterization of phages (RFLP). Bacteriophage can be found in all types of environments, it was possible to perform isolation and purification and achieve concentrations of 1011 PFU/ml, which demonstrated a broad spectrum of action on different bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Bacteriophages were classified as belonging to the order of Caudovirales and families Podoviridae and Myoviridae. Bacteriophages showed similar morphology, but some showed different genetic profiles. Bacteriophagescan be found in the chicken carcasses and the fact that they are regulators of bacterial growth letting their use as antimicrobial agents to prevent spoilage bacteriaas P. fluorescens and pathogens as P. aeruginosaas evidenced in this study. So, bacteriophage with specificity for Pseudomonascan be an interesting instrument for promoting the expansion of the shelf life of chicken products due to their ability to infect this microorganism.

This clinical report discusses how Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP) can be used to support the psychological recovery of adults who suffer from mild depression. The first part offers a critical review of the literature related to depression, psychodynamic theory and its links with DMP. The second part shows a case study that unfolded whilst working one-to-one with a female client in the context of a mental health day centre. Except for holiday breaks and scheduled absences, client and therapist met once a week over a period of six months for a total of eight DMP sessions, with five more left until the end of the treatment. This academic paper is informed by the thought process that developed during this time, in which a therapeutic relationship was gradually built around the themes of loss, self-identity and the hope of moving forward. By approaching the body as a living metaphor, teeming with imagery and symbols, both therapist and client found useful tools on the journey of working through depression and integrating its difficult emotions through Dance Movement Psychotherapy.