La dispraxia verbal es un trastorno específico del lenguaje, que tiene como base una disfunción a nivel de la coordinación de los movimientos necesarios para la articulación de expresión oral como consecuencia de un déficit en la elaboración del plan fonológico en la selección y secuencia de fonemas para construir la forma sonora del lenguaje, unido a un déficit de la elaboración y ejecución del plan motor. La dispraxia verbal puede ser subdividida en dos grupos, relativos a la afectación o no de la comprensión del lenguaje. La correcta clasificación y orientación de la intervención de un niño con dispraxia verbal, requiere una precisa evaluación médica y psicopedagógica del niño. Para la evaluación del lenguaje es recomendable el uso de pruebas estandarizadas, permitiendo así poner de manifiesto los déficits respecto a la recepción y producción del lenguaje. La intervención en la dispraxia verbal exige un buen conocimiento acerca del funcionamiento del habla y del lenguaje y de los principios de aprendizaje motor y del desarrollo de la fonología, y requiere la aplicación de una combinación de acercamientos motrices, lingüísticos y cognitivos que permitan optimizar las habilidades de comunicación del niño. En la actualidad existen algunos acercamiento de intervención logopédica con los que se han tenido importantes mejorías en casos de dispraxia verbal, como lo son el PROMPT, el Programa de Dispraxia del Centro Nuffiel, y la Terapia Intensiva VEDiT. Para ejemplificar lo anterior, se presenta un caso clínico que ayuda a ilustrar la discusión teórica.

Resumo: Neste estudo analisam-se o câncer de colo uterino como problema social e as contribuições da enfermagem na realização de testes para detectá-lo precocemente. Metodologicamente se fundamenta na epidemiologia descritiva e na revisão sistemática. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de artigos. No primeiro, Câncer de colo do útero: um problema social mundial, é analisado o câncer de colo de útero como problema social. Estudo transversal, com dados populacionais coletados na base de dados Globocan-2008. Foram utilizados dados das Taxas de Incidência e das Taxas de Mortalidade por 100.000 mulheres e percentuais de risco acumulado de incidência e mortalidade antes dos 75 anos pela doença nas regiões desenvolvidas e em desenvolvimento do mundo. Na análise são aplicadas as classificações da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) de desenvolvimento dos países ou regiões com base em projeções sociais e demográficas e os níveis de classificação das Taxas de Incidência e de Mortalidade do International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). O segundo artigo, Câncer de colo do útero: mortalidade em Santa Catarina – Brasil, 2000 a 2009, foi desenvolvido com base nos dados dos óbitos de mulheres por câncer de colo do útero, inclusive os de porção não especificada, ocorridos em Santa Catarina no período de 2000 a 2009, obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) do Ministério da Saúde e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Observou-se que as taxas de mortalidade mais elevadas incidiram em mulheres a partir dos trinta anos e que o câncer de colo uterino ainda não foi controlado. No terceiro artigo, A enfermagem na detecção precoce do câncer de colo uterino: revisão sistemática, são analisadas as contribuições da Enfermagem para a título e resumo foram pré-selecionados 174, os quais foram lidos integralmente, resultando na seleção de 10 artigos. O pessoal de enfermagem atuou como participante em nove pesquisas e como pesquisador em três pesquisas. A maioria dos artigos foi classificada com o nível de evidência 3B segundo a classificação Oxford; somente um obteve nível 4. Há contribuição de Enfermagem na realização de exames para detecção precoce do câncer de colo uterino, apesar do nível de evidência com que foram classificados os artigos. Conclui-se que o impacto da doença nas mulheres, nas suas famílias e nas sociedades demanda modificações no quadro das iniquidades sociais com adoção de estratégias intersetoriais que também facilitem o acesso aos serviços de saúde. O cuidado de enfermagem é uma estratégia para atender a responsabilidade social com as mulheres, as famílias e as sociedades e contribuir na detecção precoce da doença, favorecendo a qualidade de vida de milhares de mulheres. Resumen: En este estudio se analizan el cáncer de cuello uterino como problema social y las contribuciones de la enfermería en la realización de pruebas para detectarlo precozmente. Metodológicamente se fundamenta en la epidemiologia descriptiva y en la revisión sistemática. Los resultados son presentados en la forma de artículos. En el primer, El cáncer de cuello de útero: un problema social mundial, es analizado el cáncer de cuello de útero como problema social. Estudio transversal, con datos poblacionales recolectados en la base de datos Globocan-2008. Fueron utilizados datos de las Tasas de Incidencia y de las Tasas de Mortalidad por 100.000 mujeres y porcentajes de riesgo acumulado de incidencia y mortalidad antes de los 75 años por cáncer de cuello uterino en las regiones desarrolladas y en desarrollo. En el análisis son aplicadas las clasificaciones de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) de desarrollo de los países o regiones con base en proyecciones sociales y demográficas y los niveles de clasificación de las Tasas de Incidencia y de Mortalidad de la International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). El segundo artículo, Cáncer de cuello de útero: mortalidad en Santa Catarina – Brasil, 2000 a 2009, fue desarrollado con base en los datos de las muertes de mujeres por cáncer de cuello de útero, inclusive los de porción no específica, ocurridos en Santa Catarina en el período de 2000 a 2009, obtenidos en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) del Ministerio de Salud y del Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). Se observó que las tasas de mortalidad elevadas incidieron en mujeres a partir de los treinta años y que el cáncer de cuello uterino todavía no fue controlado. En el tercer artículo, Contribuciones de la enfermería en la detección precoz del cáncer de cuello de útero: revisión sistemática, son analizadas las contribuciones de la enfermería para la detección precoz de esa neoplasia. Revisión sistemática con artículos recuperados en el año de 2010 en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINHAHL y LILACS. De los 3091 artículos identificados, después de la lectura del título y resumen fueron preseleccionados 174, los cuales fueron leídos integralmente, resultando en la selección de 10 artículos. El personal de enfermería actuó como participante en nueve investigaciones y como investigador en tres investigaciones. El nivel de evidencia 3B, en la clasificación Oxford, ocurrió en la mayoría de los artículos; solamente uno obtuvo nivel 4. Hay contribuciones de enfermería en la realización de exámenes para detección precoz del cáncer de cuello uterino, a pesar del nivel de evidencia en el que fueron clasificados los artículos. Se concluye que el impacto de la enfermedad en las mujeres, en las familias y en las sociedades demanda modificaciones en el cuadro de las inequidades sociales con adopción de estrategias intersectoriales que también faciliten el acceso a los servicios de salud. El cuidado de enfermería es una estrategia para atender la responsabilidad social con las mujeres, las familias y las sociedades y contribuir en la detección precoz de la enfermad, favoreciendo la calidad de vida de millares de mujeres. Abstract: In this study cervix cancer is analyzed as a social problem and the contribution of nursing in applying screening tests for the early detection of cervical cancer. Methodology is based on descriptive epidemiology and a systematic review. The results were presented like articles. In the first article, Cervical cancer: a social problem, and analyzing cervical cancer as a social problem. Cross sectional Study, with population data collected using the Globocan-2008 databases. Data from incidence and mortality rates per 100.000 women, and accumulated risk rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality before the age of 75 in developed and developing regions of the world were used. In the analysis, the United Nations Organization classifications of countries or regions development based on social and demographic projections and the levels of classification of the incidence and mortality rates of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) are applied. The second article, Cervical Cancer: Mortality in Santa Catarina – Brazil, 2000 to 2009, obtained from the Information Mortality System (SIM) of the Ministry of Health and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). It was observed that the Mortality rate was higher in women in their early thirties and in whom the cervical cancer was not yet controlled. In the third article, Contributions of Nursing in the early detection of cervical cancer: systematic review. The contributions of nursing for the early detection of the disease were analyzed. Systematic review with articles recovered in the year of 2010 from MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL and LILACS databases. After reading the titles and abstracts of the articles, from 3091 identified, 174 were pre-selected and read exhaustively resulting in the selection of 10 articles. The nursing staff participated in nine of the researches and in three of them they participated as researchers. Most of the articles had a level of evidence 3B, in the Oxford classification; only one of them had a level 4. There are also nursing contributions in the application of tests for the early detection of cervical cancer despite the level of evidence in which the articles were classified. It is concluded that the impact of the disease in women, their families and the society demand modifications in the role of social inequities with the adoption of inter-sector strategies that also facilitate the access to health services. Nursing care is a strategy to attend the social responsibility with women, their families and the society and contribute in the early detection of diseases, favoring the quality of life of millions of women.

Modern data acquisition techniques such as Global positioning system (GPS), Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and mobile phones have resulted in the collection of huge amounts of data in the form of trajectories during the past years. Popularity of these technologies and ubiquity of mobile devices seem to indicate that the amount of spatio-temporal data will increase at accelerated rates in the future. Many previous studies have focused on efficient techniques to store and query trajectory databases. Early approaches to recovering information from this kind of data include single predicate range and nearest neighbour queries. However, they are unable to capture collective behaviour and correlations among moving objects. Recently, a new interest for querying patterns capturing ‘group’ or ‘common’ behaviours have emerged. An example of this type of pattern are moving flocks. These are defined as groups of moving objects that move together (within a predefined distance to each other) for a certain continuous period of time. Current algorithms to discover moving flock patterns report problems in scalability and the way the discovered patterns are reported. The field of frequent pattern mining has faced similar problems during the past decade, and has sought to provided efficient and scalable techniques which successfully deal with those issues. This research proposes a framework which integrates techniques for clustering, pattern mining detection, postprocessing and visualization in order to discover and analyse moving flock patterns in large trajectory datasets. The proposed framework was tested and compared with a current method (BFE algorithm). Synthetic datasets simulating trajectories generated by large number of moving objects were used to test the scalability of the framework. Real datasets from different contexts and characteristics were used to assess the performance and analyse the discovered patterns. The framework shows to be efficient, scalable and modular. This research shows that moving flock patterns can be generalized as frequent patterns and state-of-the-art algorithms for frequent pattern mining can be used to detect the moving flock patterns. This research develops preliminary visualization of the most relevant findings. Appropriate interpretation of the results demands further analysis in order to display the most relevant information.

The use of evidence based software engineering (EBSE) and the use of systematic literature reviews (SLRs) in software engineering has been growing in the last years. In 2004 Juristo et. al. analyzed the maturity level of the knowledge about testing techniques by examining the previous 25 years (1978-2004) of Testing Technique Experiments. We believe it is time to update the state of the art in testing technique experiments by using a SLR. Objective: To analyzed the maturity level of the knowledge about testing techniques by examining testing technique experiments between years 2000 and 2013. This work tries to complement the previous analysis of Juristo et. al. in 2004 where they analyzed the maturity level of the knowledge about testing techniques by examining the previous 25 years (1978-2004). Method: We undertook a systematic review of papers testing techniques experiments carried out between years 2000 and 2013. Studies were classified with respect to the testing technique family and grouped by their affinity as regards the techniques studied. Results: In the search and selection process we identified 22 relevant papers reporting 26 testing techniques published in Software Engineering conferences and journals between 2000 and mid-2013, after data extraction we reduce this to a list of 16 primary studies belong to four families. Based on this primary studies we extracted and analyzed the necessary information to compare them between each other’s in order to generate our appreciations.

Tale of Talesis a visual poem. The non- conventional narrative and the inherent poetry in it, reaches an emotional depth that made me wonder about the close relationship between poetry and animation - and how this union affects the reader and the audience. This dissertation is about Yuri Norstein and his point of view of poetry and animation, understanding his opinions through an interview that I did with him. During this interview I learned more about his perspective of poetry in his animation, Tale of Tales.

Green technology developments bring public managers to the table with entrepreneurs who want to promote new technologies and share regard for the public good. The introduction of green technologies to the general public evidences that the challenge of technological change spans to a sphere of social interactions that operate in the breakthrough. This phase is best characterized as an inter-organizational process and my research explores the patterns that emerge through it. My research focuses on the development of a solar energy venture, the Solar-to-market initiative based in Massachusetts. By treating the creation of this venture as a dynamic system, I will highlight the role of public-private and third sector partnerships in shaping policies and technology innovation. The core question of the research is addressed by mapping out the networks that emerge throughout the process from project design to implementation. I urge public managers and entrepreneurs to consider the following aspects when managing green technological environmental ventures: (1) Design a framework for setting goals, policies, responsibilities and negotiation terms during the technological development and implementation phase, from design to commercialization. (2) Because of the complexity involved in green technological innovation, organizations demand a high degree of interdependence to share knowledge, complementary operational capabilities and joint action; thus creating the mechanisms to maintain these interactions is crucial. (3) A shift from traditional energy systems requires a change of social structures and institutional settings that demand the participation of the various stakeholders to co-produce and adopt the technological developments. (4) The societal change that technology demands, can be reached by mobilizing civic groups and social structures without threatening public institutions. (5) Green technological environmental ventures can be managed through an experimental and learning-oriented approach that enables a strategic niche management. Learning from small systems provides basis for policy innovations that are necessary for paving the way to sustainability as practices, such as energy consumption demand not incremental changes but a system transformation. In brief, I consider that a system of adaptive technology developments based on smaller operating parts within larger systems, which have acquired valuable knowledge and experience while working cooperatively, can contribute to a more equal and sustainable development.

Objective: Provide an instrument in Spanish for measuring and studying physicians’ career satisfaction in Andalusia, Spain. Method: It followed two general stages: An instrument adaptation and descriptive cross-sectional study. Factor analysis was performed with 16-item scale. Construct validity was verified through a correlation between the summed 16-items scale and the global item, and internal consistency reliability was estimated with a Cronbach’s alpha. Finally, physicians’ career satisfaction was measured and characteristics related to a higher level of satisfaction were explored through a multivariate logistic regression. Results: An instrument adaption into Spanish was developed. Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument was 0.92. The rate response was 40%. Mean career satisfaction was 4.36(SD=0.76) out of a possible score of 6. Multivariate logistic regression showed that physicians who reported having received non-economic incentives during last year have a level of career satisfaction 3.11(IC=1.19–8.13) times higher than those that have not received, and also that foreign physicians have a level of career satisfaction 7.81(IC=1.40–43.48) times higher than Spanish ones, controlling by personal, professional, work, and incentives factors. Conclusions: This study performed the adaptation and validation of an instrument which measures physicians’ career satisfaction in Andalusia, Spain. The methodology to translate and adapt the instrument was successful, making the method replicable in other languages and countries. The instrument demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency reliability and construct validity. It was found that foreign physicians have eight times higher career satisfaction, and physicians that referred having received non-economic incentives during the last year have three times higher career satisfaction.

En la presente investigación se aplicó un programa de intervención psicológica para la adecuación de la imagen corporal a 26 patinadores artísticos pertenecientes a la Federación Colombiana de Patinaje, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 a 29 años, con un promedio de edad deportiva de 15 años. Las observaciones a entrenamientos y competencias, encuestas realizadas a 10 jueces y 26 entrenadores de la Federación Colombiana de Patinaje, demostraron que estos deportistas, presentaban una excesiva preocupación por su apariencia física, que afectaba su actuación en competencia. Se emplearon para la etapa diagnóstica, las siguientes pruebas psicométricas: el (CIMEC), Cuestionario de influencia de los modelos estéticos corporales, el (CIMPASVIC), Cuestionario de influencia de las modalidades del Patinaje Artístico sobre la valoración de la imagen corporal, el Cuestionario de percepción de causas del éxito deportivo, y la Técnica de autorretrato. Estas pruebas se volvieron a emplear tras la aplicación del programa de intervención, que a su vez estuvo conformado por técnicas de autorregulación, respiración, relajación, autosugestión, automandatos, visualización, literatura de superación y conferencias informativas. Mediante el procesamiento estadístico, de los datos obtenidos tras la aplicación de los diferentes métodos, se pudo comprobar que el programa tuvo una incidencia positiva sobre la valoración de la imagen corporal de los patinadores estudiados, reflejándose esta sobre su actuación competitiva.

The aim of this study was to identify differences in brain activation between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients and typically developing pre-adolescents and adolescents while performing a working memory task. Within this important cognitive domain, visuo-spatial working memory was specifically selected for study, being a fundamental cognitive impairment in the disorder. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity in children and adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age while they performed a visuo-spatial working memory task. During performance of the task the ADHD group showed lower activation than the typically developing children in 4 specific brain regions. Between-group differences in activation were observed in the right and left superior frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, and cuneus. The results of the present study support the hypothesis of mainly cortical dysfunctions in ADHD.

Resumen: En este documento se estudia en prospectiva el posible comportamiento futuro de las emisiones provenientes de las fuentes móviles en el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey y los diferentes mecanismos para su mitigación. Para esto se estimó una línea base a 2012 de las emisiones generadas teniendo en cuenta el tipo de vehículo, el año de fabricación, y el tipo de combustible. Se construyó un modelo dinámico hacia el 2030 que permitió ver el comportamiento de dichas emisiones a partir de la relación entre variables ambientales, económicas y demográficas tales como cantidad de vehículos, consumo de combustibles, ingreso per cápita, población, número de personas movilizadas, entre otras. Posteriormente se evaluaron 4 escenarios con posibles políticas a seguir hacia el 2030 para buscar reducir las emisiones de contaminantes criterio y de gases de efecto invernadero. Entre estas se incluye la renovación del parque automotor, la implementación de un transporte público integrado, la ampliación de las líneas del metro, incentivos por uso de transporte público, la reducción de número de vehículos, entre otras buscando mejorar la movilidad en el AMM y a la ves reducir las emisiones del transporte. En el desarrollo de los escenarios se consideraron criterios ambientales, económicos y sociales. La línea base muestra que aunque la tecnología tiene un beneficio inicial en la reducción de emisiones, a lo largo del tiempo el aumento de vehículos termina por incrementar las emisiones. Los escenarios para diferentes estrategias que se pudieran seguir, muestran que la opción más viable es el uso del transporte público para sustituir el uso del automóvil particular. Abstract: This paper studied prospectively the possible future behavior of emissions from mobile sources in the metropolitan area of Monterrey and the various mechanisms for mitigation. For this, a baseline to 2012 emissions generated taking into account the type of vehicle, year of manufacture and the type of fuel was estimated. A dynamic model by 2030 that allowed see the behavior of these emissions from the relationship between environmental , economic and demographic variables such as number of vehicles , fuel consumption, per capita income, population, number of mobilized people was constructed between other. Subsequently 4 stages with policy options to 2030 to seek to reduce emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases were evaluated. These include the renewal of the fleet , the implementation of an integrated public transport, the extension of subway lines , incentives for use of public transport , reducing the number of vehicles , including seeking to improve mobility in the metropolitan area of Monterrey is already included you see reduce transport emissions. In developing scenarios environmental, economic and social criteria were considered. The baseline shows that although the technology has an initial benefit in reducing emissions during the time the vehicle finishes increased by increasing emissions. Scenarios for different strategies that could be followed, show that the most viable option is the use of public transport to replace the use of private cars.