Este es un trabajo elaborado desde la mirada museográfica al interior del Museo de Arte Miguel Urrutia (MAMU) del Banco de la República en Bogotá – Colombia, en donde en el año 2015, tuvo lugar la exposición de arte contemporáneo Nada está donde se cree… de la artista argentina Graciela Sacco (1956 – 2017), la cual se constituyó en el objeto de estudio de este trabajo para reflexionar sobre los retos espaciales que se presentaron durante el proceso fascinante de diseño, producción y montaje por lo cual se caracterizó esta exposición. Materializar todos sus componentes dentro del espacio para que el público pueda experimentar la exposición, es una labor que dentro del museo se encarga el área de museografía, o la arquitectura al servicio del arte. Se abordan y analizan principalmente cuatro temas espaciales de gran interés con sus respectivas complejidades y aprendizajes a través de la producción detallada de cuatro instalaciones artísticas presentadas en esta exposición y así mismo, se contextualiza la vigencia del legado de Sacco en la historiografía del arte latinoamericano a través del análisis de sus propuestas plásticas y conceptuales, heredadas en gran parte de la vanguardia argentina de finales de la década de los años sesenta. Abstract: This text is written from a museographic perspective inside Miguel Urrutia Museum of Art (MAMU) of the Bank of the Republic in Bogotá – Colombia. In this place in 2015, was the exhibition of contemporary art Nothing is where it seems... of the Argentine artist Graciela Sacco (1956 - 2017). This exhibition became the object of study to think about space challenges presented during the fascinating design, production and assembly process. The museography area (exhibition design) (architecture at the service of art), is responsible for materializing exhibition´s components within the space so thepublic can perceive it and experience it. Four spatial topics of great interest with their respective complexities and learnings are mainly addressed and analyzed through the detailed production of four artistic installations presented in this exhibition and likewise, the validity of Sacco's legacy in the historiography of Latin American art is contextualized through the analysis of her plastic and conceptual proposals, inherited in large part from the Argentine avant-garde of the late sixties.

The present investigation is a reconstruction of the theory of multiple modernities and an examination of the normative implications that can be drawn when reflecting upon the secular-religious relation within the context of modernity. The sociological innovation of Shmuel N. Eisenstadt and the philosophical insights of Jürgen Habermas are central to this enterprise, both because of the shared commitment to the study of modernity and for the potential contributions that comparative sociology could bring to normative discussions. They are the theoretical backbone of this thesis. The thesis explores specific contribution to the concept of rationality and reflexivity in Habermas from sociology and the problem or modernity. the first chapter constitutes a reconstruction of the theory of multiple modernities having as hermeneutical guidance the role of religion/tradition and the resulting conception of modernity which appears when the decoupling between secularization and modernity befalls. I ask: to what extent does Eisenstadt successfully explain this decoupling and what are the consequences of a civilizational comparative approach for the general narrative of modernity? In terms of literature, I will focus on his work after 2000 when the article Multiple Modernities was published in Daedalus. The second chapter carries the Eisenstadt´s thoughts to a normative ground the normative value of the multiple modernities vantage point can be initially aligned with the de-centralization of modernity from western European experiences, and the rejection of universalistic aspirations. I analyze the way he interprets the persistence and vitality of religion -and its consequences- in the context of Modernity and ask which are the normative implications of such post-secular societies for the general project of modernity.

Background: The effect of early surgery in elderly patients with hip fractures has been controversial during the last five decades due to equivocal evidence both in favour and against it. The objective of this thesis is to systematically assess all the available evidence on the effect(s) of early surgery compared with delayed surgery in elderly patients with hip fractures. Methods: Searches for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or prospective observational studies were conducted from inception to July 2017 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), and they were complemented with list of references searching, review of both clinical trials registers and archives of orthopaedic meetings. Two reviewers independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data and evaluated risk of bias; and a third reviewer resolved discrepancies. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated for dichotomous data, and mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) was calculated for continuous data. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: 39 studies were included with 51,857 participants (range of mean age: 74 to 93 years) comparing early versus delayed surgery. Three studies were RCTs and 36 were observational studies. The evidence from RCTs and observational studies showed that early surgery reduces risk of all-cause 3 mortality in elderly patients with a hip fracture (RR 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 0.83; I2 = 67%; number needed to treat for benefit (NNTB) 20; low quality of evidence). Observational studies showed reduced risk of all-cause mortality by early surgery at 6 (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.91; I2 = 56%; very low quality of evidence) and 12 months postoperative (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.87; I2 = 76%; very low quality of evidence), and when surgery is performed within the first 48 hours upon hospital admission (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.84; I2 = 65%; very low quality of evidence). Observational studies also showed a reduction of complications (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.73; I2 = 64%; very low quality of evidence) and length of hospital stay (MD -5.06, 95% CI -6.52 to -3.60; I2 = 87%; very low quality of evidence) by early surgery, but the evidence was uncertain for functionality (SMD 0.05, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.14; I2 = 0%; low quality of evidence) and pain (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.17; I2 = 0%; very low quality of evidence). RCTs showed that early surgery reduces length of stay (MD -6.73, 95% CI -12.92 to -0.54; I2 = 54%; very low quality of evidence) and improves functionality (SMD 0.32, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.59; I2 = 5%; low quality of evidence). Conclusions: Low-quality evidence showed that early surgery reduces all-cause mortality at 6 and 12 months post-surgery, especially when it is performed during the first 48 hours after hospital admission. There was very low-quality evidence of a reduction in complications including pneumonia and pressure sores, and low-quality evidence for a reduced risk of urinary tract infection for early compared with delayed surgery. Reductions in length of hospital stay and improvement of postoperative functionality with early surgery were also observed but with very low- and low-quality of evidence respectively. There was very low-quality evidence for no effect of early surgery on postoperative pain.

The Paris Agreement was a success in 2015, when the parties reached a common goal temperature and a timeline for the implementation of the local governmental actions. During the last years the implementation of the agreement has been slow, what might lead to question the goal timeline. Civil society uses other strategies in order to force governments to tackle climate change and respond to the citizens. Litigation has been one of the ways to force the implementation of public policies that will respond to the agreement. Two cases from different jurisdictions and legal systems exemplify how litigation has been used by the civil society as a response to the lack of action of the global leaders. The cases are Juliana v. U.S and Future Generation v. Ministry of Environment et. al. that use innovative ways to force governments to move forward on the implementation of measures to confront climate change.

El propósito del documento es explorar el rol de la sociedad civil respecto a la agenda de desarrollo sostenible de los BRICS. Particularmente, este estudio está centrado en los en el proceso de participación del grupo "Civil BRICS" establecido en el 2015 como un mecanismo formal de interlocución entre la sociedad civil y los gobiernos que conforman el bloque. La disertación parte del enfoque de "Redes Trasnacionales de Cabildeo", el cual se encarga de analizar las interacciones entre los actores de la sociedad civil en el nivel trasnacional, basadas en sus intereses y valores compartidos. De este modo, se exploran los elementos históricos y contextuales que han influenciado esta interacción, tal como lo es el proceso de conformación de los BRICS en el marco de un orden global cambiante, las características y trayectorias diferenciadas de la sociedad civil en esos países respecto a los asuntos de desarrollo sostenible, y el proceso de construcción de la plataforma "Civil BRICS". El análisis de los Civil BRICS desde la perspectiva de las Redes Trasnacionales de Cabildeo permite evidenciar las ideas, estrategias e intereses de los actores de la sociedad civil frente a los cuerpos de gobernanza global liderados por potencias emergentes. Como resultado, este documento sugiere que las organizaciones de la sociedad civil comparten narrativas y apuestas sobre la agenda de desarrollo sostenible de los BRICS a pesar de sus diferencias históricas y culturales, lo que a su vez refleja intereses y valores compartidos y les permite movilizarse a través de redes para influir en las decisiones de este bloque, poniendo nuevos temas en la agenda y buscando una redefinición del paradigma de desarrollo al interior de estos países.

The aim of this assignment is to explore some of the main debates regarding both socio-economic, cultural issues and its relation to education. In the first section, it will mainly draw ideas from Nancy Fraser, Iris young and Amartya Sen to explain not only how inequalities have taken place in society, but also how it appears to be an alternative paradigm of social justice. The assignment shows an overall understanding of how redistribution and recognition can have pressures and tensions but also the linking points between them through Fraser´s remedies for justice. It also will show how socio-cultural differences have become relevant in society and why those appear to be claims for justice. This analysis will provide a discussion of education and policy tensions and pressures within the social justice approach and social democracies in the Latin American context. The assignment will question the role of education in addressing inequalities based on a paradigm of recognition and redistribution as well as how the system has helped to homogenise and then marginalise groups of minorities. This social justice paradigm will be argued as a way to offer an alternative rationale about quality in education. This analysis will support the idea of a quality education redefinition to develop individuals and society´s capabilities through what they have reason to value (Tikly and Barrett, 2011). Hence, quality should have a place in schools´ communities to reflect upon the curricula as “praxis”, and, more precisely, as a “bridge between society and school” to address inequality (Sacristan, 2000 p.14).

The purpose of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between stakeholder orientation and innovation. By using patenting activity as a proxy of innovation, this study evaluates whether a higher orientation towards community, customers, employees, suppliers, and the natural environment, increases the number and quality of firms’ innovation. Relying on a rich dataset, which tracks patents and stakeholder orientation of 605 US companies over eleven years, the study tests the relationship between the orientation towards each of the considered stakeholders and the propensity to innovate. Results show that (1) a higher stakeholder orientation boosts both the number of patents and their radicalness and originality (2) customers, employees and the natural environment orientation have a positive impact on innovative activity. In general, the empirical outcome supports the view that by involving and balancing heterogeneous points of view, the company fosters its creativity.

Reintegration programs promote technical and vocational education and training (TVET) for ex-combatants, with the aim of helping them develop skills, assume new social roles, and gain community acceptance. This in-depth interview study with ex-combatants from Colombia participating in TVET examined the reasons and motivations they had for enrolling in technical education, and their perceptions of whether and how TVET contributed to their social reintegration, a critical factor in preventing further violence. Findings about ex-combatants’ reasons and motivations illustrated that through education, participants seek to be respected and recognized, set an example for their children, experience a moral transformation, and develop autonomy. These findings suggest that TVET’s assumptions that ex-combatants are only motivated by material factors such as money and employment are too reductionist. Further, findings about the role of education in the social reintegration of ex-combatants illustrated that some forms of TVET promoted psychosocial recovery, and built social support. Conversely, other types reinforced isolation and segregation. This study further found that TVET overlooked ex-combatants’ feelings of stigmatization and limitations to socializing imposed by violent contexts. These findings suggest the need to complement educational programs for economic development with approaches that develop social bonds and trust between ex-combatants and their communities. La educación vocacional y técnica (EVT) promovida por los programas de reintegración busca que los ex-combatientes desarrollen habilidades para el trabajo, asuman nuevos roles sociales y sean aceptados por las comunidades donde llegan. A través de entrevistas a profundidad con desmovilizados colombianos que participaron en programas de EVT, este estudio analizó las razones y motivaciones que tuvieron para ingresar a los programas y sus percepciones de si dichos programas contribuyeron a su reintegración social, considerada fundamental en la prevención de nuevos ciclos de violencia. Esta investigación encontró que los ex-combatientes estaban motivados a estudiar porque para ellos la educación ayudaba a que ganaran respeto y reconocimiento, convertirse en ejemplo para sus hijos, transformarse moralmente y desarrollar autonomía. Estos resultados muestran que las políticas y los programas en EVT que presuponen que los desmovilizados estudian solo para conseguir empleo y tener un salario son reduccionistas. Con respecto al rol de la educación en la reintegración social de los desmovilizados, esta investigación reveló que pasar por instituciones de EVT contribuye a la recuperación psicosocial y que algunos programas de EVT facilitan la construcción de redes de apoyo, mientras que otros refuerzan el aislamiento y la exclusión social. Este estudio también mostró las limitaciones que la EVT tiene para reintegrar socialmente a los excombatientes dadas las condiciones de violencia en las que viven y la estigmatización social que perciben. Estos resultados señalan la necesidad de complementar los programas educativos centrados en el desarrollo económico con programas que busquen desarrollar vínculos sociales y confianza entre los desmovilizados y las comunidades.

The hydrological cycle has been affected by the construction process in cities. Way back cities started as few houses in a huge green area that suddenly were connected by motorways and railway as a result, land cover turned into urban land. Simultaneously is necessary to supply essential services due to the population growth that leads to exploding water resources exorbitantly. For this reason land cover is not natural anymore, unable to perform infiltration phase in the water cycle which creates an imbalance. Nowadays, constructing drainage systems is not a recommended solution due to climate change since cities are facing unpredictable natural phenomena. The objective behind this investigation framed in the Urban-CLIMPLAN Project is to study how high imperviousness percentages in cities affect the water cycle and the adaptation measures that can be useful based on global warming. Cabrils stream is going to be the case of study located in Maresme region and it will be developed in three stages: firstly the literary review about Best Management Practices, Natural Based Solutions, Sustainable Urban Drainage System (classified by vegetation usage). Also, the review of general, climatic, geographic and hydrologic aspects of the region lay on cartographic data, flooding areas, digital terrain model, urban plans, threshold runoff and imperviousness porcentaje through Catalan Water Agency (ACA), Copernicus Land Monitoring Services and Cartographic and Geologic Institute of Catalunya. Therefore, to link up information and cartography data in order to get a better understanding of cities morphology involved in Cabrils stream and their flood risk in terms of classifying the stream by sections. In summary, toward to zoom in on two areas of the section to make specific recommendations about methodologies based on natural techniques to make resilient cities and highlight vegetation benefits in regards to urban climate. El ciclo natural del agua se ha visto afectado a medida que el ser humano ha avanzado en la construcción de ciudades; enlazando lo que una vez fueron pequeñas comunidades a través de autopistas y vías ferroviarias, es decir, ha transformado el espacio natural en urbano. Simultáneamente a causa del crecimiento poblacional se ha creado la necesidad de suplir los servicios básicos de la población lo que influencia la excesiva extracción de agua y otros recursos naturales; en el caso del primero, esta inversión en el paisaje desnaturaliza la capa vegetal que es esencial para la captación del recurso durante la fase de infiltración y produce un desequilibrio en el ciclo hidrológico, que el ser humano intenta regular construyendo salidas de drenaje, encauzamientos, cunetas, entre otros. Sin embargo, estas medidas pierden eficiencia frente a la ocurrencia de fenómenos naturales que son en un inicio predecibles, pero que cada vez más varían en su comportamiento. Es así como las ciudades se han vuelto vulnerables al riesgo de inundación, debido a las variaciones en la intensidad y frecuencia de las precipitaciones a causa del incremento de la temperatura en la tierra. El objetivo de esta investigación, que se enmarca en el proyecto Urban-CLIMPLAN, es estudiar cómo afecta la baja permeabilidad de las ciudades en el ciclo del agua y las medidas de adaptación que se pueden abordar desde la perspectiva del calentamiento global tomando como caso de estudio la riera de Cabrils que atraviesa los municipios de Vilassar de Mar y Cabrils en la comarca del Maresme. Esto se desarrollará en tres etapas: la primera, se hará una revisión literaria de las diferentes técnicas que conforman las metodologías conocidas como “Buenas Prácticas”, “Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza”, “Sustainable Urban Drainage System” entre otros, y así clasificarlas según el uso de vegetación, en paralelo se revisan los aspectos generales, climático, geográficos e hidrológicos de la comarca del Maresme de acuerdo a bases cartográficas de zonas inundables, DTM, mapa urbanístico, umbral de escorrentía y porcentaje de impermeabilidad del suelo de la comarca del Maresme a través de la Agencia Catalana del Agua, Copernicus Land Monitoring Services e Instituto Cartográfico y Geológico de Cataluña. Seguido a esto, la segunda etapa consiste en relacionar los datos y la cartografía de tal manera que permita conocer la morfología e inundabilidad alrededor de la riera de Cabrils y poder hacer una radiografía por tramos. Por último, detallar dos segmentos de los tramos para recomendar cómo emplear las técnicas basadas en la naturaleza para adaptar las ciudades a los cambios climáticos resaltando el beneficio extra que aporta la vegetación en relación con la calidad del clima urbano.

Researches have been addressed to assess the implementation of desalination plants worldwide, but almost none has used risk analysis to determine the site selection of a plant. Besides, none of those studies has been located in Colombia. Although Colombia is surrounded by two (2) oceans -the Atlantic and the Pacific-, it has one region that suffers issues of water scarcity. This region is called La Guajira. This paper proposes a methodology for making a site selection of a desalination plant in La Guajira, Colombia. The risk-based decision making is generated by a Bayesian Network, which is a graphical probabilistic method for risk modeling and inference. The Bayesian Network includes the main factors that affect the feasibility of a plant - environmental, social, technical and economic aspects- and generate a risk level for any specific area. The assessment is done for four possible zones in La Guajira helping with the selection of the most affordable place for implementing the desalination plant. This technique can be used for the risk analysis of other industry plants across other geographical places. Estudios han sido direccionados a evaluar la implementación de plantas de desalinización alrededor del mundo, pero casi ninguno ha usado análisis de riesgos para determinar la selección del sitio de las plantas. Además, ninguno de esos estudios ha sido localizado en Colombia. Aunque Colombia está rodeada por dos (2) océanos – el Atlántico y el Pacífico-, hay una región que sufre problemas de escasez de agua. Esta región es llamada la Guajira. Este documento propone una metodología para hacer una selección del sitio de una planta de desalinización en La Guajira, Colombia. La toma de decisiones basada en el riesgo es generada por una red Bayesiana, la cual es un método gráfico probabilístico para el modelado y la inferencia de riesgos. La red Bayesiana incluye los principales riesgos que afectan la viabilidad de la planta – aspectos ambientales, sociales, técnicos y económicos - y genera un nivel de riesgo para cada área específica. La evaluación se realiza para cuatro posibles zonas en La Guajira, ayudando con la selección del lugar más asequible para implementar la planta de desalinización. Esta técnica puede ser usada para el análisis de riesgos en otras plantas industriales en otros lugares geográficos.