Nueva Renault Duster ¡Turbo! Test drive. Suzuki Swift Hybrid: eficiencia pura. Industria. La marca alemana Opel está de regreso en Colombia. Tecnología, calidad y buen nombre, sus valores en el mercado. Lanzamiento. Nissan lanzó el nuevo March, su vehículo de entrada. Gana en equipamiento de seguridad y en deportividad.

El defensor del puesto. Por Daniel Samper Pizano. La novela pendiente. Por Daniel Coronell. Malo como Arturo Char. Por Daniel Samper Ospina. Santos y Uribe. Por Antpnio Caballero. Caminando por la décima. Beatríz Ordoñez.

The life limit of an aircraft is determined mainly by the combination of multiple factors; conditions in the daily operation, chronological age, number of flight hours and the number of flight cycles. Life limit is the total operational cycle/hours that an aircraft can fly guaranteeing its structural integrity without imposing a risk on neither the operation nor its occupants. Without any doubt, life limit can only be guaranteed by the manufacturer, if the operator has followed the standard maintenance procedures. Airworthiness of any airplane is kept, unless the aircraft is not compliant with the aviation authorities’ rules, maintenance programs or has exceeded its life limit. It is in the best interest of any aircraft operator to have a fleet that sustain the perfect balance between operational costs / life limit and it is in the best interest of the aircraft manufacturer to satisfy its customer’s needs. The intent of this study was to find the engineering support to increase the life limit of a PZL-106 Turbo Kruk model. Case study was based on APACSA company located in Ecuador, which has as a business model an aerial application. In 2002, they acquired 2 new PZL-106 Turbo Kruk. Such aircrafts are now due to reach its life limit. Aging analysis were conducted to determine the current deterioration level of the aircraft, which served as the bases to set the guidelines for future maintenance and operations practices. Overall, this investigation shows the effect of different types of operations in the maximum life of an agricultural aircraft like the Turbo Kruk, by understanding how much damage have occurred in these airplanes during the time of use and estimate a life limit extension. Resumen: La vida límite de una aeronave se encuentra principalmente determinada por la combinación de múltiples factores; condiciones en la operación diaria, longevidad, número de horas y ciclos de vuelo. La vida limite es el número de ciclos / hora operativos que una aeronave puede volar garantizando su integridad estructural sin imponer un riesgo a la operación ni a sus ocupantes. Sin duda alguna, la vida limite solo puede ser garantizada por el fabricante, siempre y cuando el operador haya seguido los procedimientos de mantenimiento estándares. La aeronavegabilidad de cualquier avión se mantiene, a menos que no cumpla con las reglas definidas por las autoridades de aviación, los programas de mantenimiento o haya excedido su vida limite. Desde el punto de vista del operador, lo más óptimo es contar con una flota que mantenga el equilibrio perfecto entre los costos operacionales y la vida limite, consecuentemente es en el mejor interés del fabricante satisfacer las necesidades de sus clientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue encontrar, por medio de métodos ingenieriles, el soporte para aumentar la vida límite de una aeronave PZL-106 Turbo Kruk. El estudio se basó en la empresa APACSA ubicada en Ecuador, que tiene como modelo de negocio la fumigación aérea. En 2002, adquirieron 2 nuevos PZL-106 Turbo Kruk. Dichas aeronaves se encuentran cerca de alcanzar su vida limite. Un análisis de degradación de la aeronave se realizó para determinar el nivel de deterioro actual, que servirá como base para establecer las pautas para el mantenimiento futuro y las prácticas de operación. En general, esta investigación muestra el efecto de diferentes tipos de operaciones en la vida máxima de un avión agrícola como el Turbo Kruk, al comprender cuánto daño ha ocurrido en estos aviones durante el tiempo de operación y estimar una extensión de vida limite.

Black rot of crucifers, (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) is the principal yield-limiting and destructive pathogen of cruciferous crop worldwide. In order to validate a bio-based control alternative for this disease, whey, lime sulfur, biofertilizer, Bordeaux mixture or raw milk were applied to kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants. The disease control was achieved by most of the tested products. Milk-based products (raw milk and whey) and biofertilizer reduced the severity by 44 and 56% in the field. Antioxidants, crude fibber, crude protein and lipid contents and kale yield were verified in the five treatments on the leaves with and without X. campestris pv. campestris inoculation. In the absence of the pathogen (non-inoculated), lime sulfur and Bordeaux mixture improved plant nutritional value compared to organic treatments, nevertheless milk-based products and biofertilizer improved the evaluated variables more than the control. However, on leaves inoculated with X. campestris pv. campestris raw milk increased antioxidant activity, crude protein and fiber contents, whereas biofertilizer increased kale yield, lipid and antioxidant contents. Milk-based products and biofertilizer were further evaluated in greenhouse trials to determinate the activity of defenserelated enzymes and lignin content. Biofertilizer treatment resulted in increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase, peroxidase activities and lignin content. Hence, the application of milk-based products and biofertilizer are promising to control black rot of crucifers and also improves food quality by boosting nutritional values and antioxidant activity.

This dissertation analyses the impact of the Education for Peace programme in Colombia, drawing on evidence from one case study school. Called ‘Lectures on Peace’, this initiative is part of the Colombian government’s strategy to overcome the internal conflict that took place in the nation for more than fifty years, and which ended in 2016 with a peace agreement between the government and the guerrilla group FARC (English: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). The data gathered in this case study comes from eleventh-grade students and teachers in a private school in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Students were questioned about their experiences and perceptions of the Lectures on Peace. The study attempted to understand the role of Education for Peace in the Colombian post-conflict era as well as the policy implementation regarding the Lectures on Peace and the impact on students’ future perspectives. The data was collected from questionnaires and interviews with both students and teachers, as well as documentary data from the Colombian government and the case study school. The findings from the qualitative data show that both the Colombian government and the case study school are seeking to enable students to move forward towards an active participation to peace by acquiring skills and values that lead them to promote a culture of peace. Quantitative data show that gender plays an important role in the perception that students can have of Education for Peace as well as its effect. The study highlights that the Education for Peace programme is having a significant impact in Colombia among all the parts involved in the process. The study also presents some challenges, especially those related to bring understanding of the conflict to individuals who have not directly experienced the terrible effects of the war. The empirical evidence in this study suggests that the lack of teacher training from the government is an important aspect that needs revision and substantial modifications. Likewise, a revision of the case study school operational plan is necessary to avoid the current lack of clarity for teachers in the way they have to operationalise the policy in practice. Resumen: Este trabajo analiza el impacto del programa de Educación para la Paz en Colombia, basándose en evidencia de una escuela secundaria. La iniciativa 'Cátedras de Paz' es parte de la estrategia del gobierno colombiano para superar el conflicto armado que afectó al país durante más de cincuenta años, y que terminó en 2016 con un acuerdo de paz entre el gobierno y las FARC. Los datos recopilados en este estudio de caso provienen de estudiantes y docentes de undécimo grado en un colegio de Bogotá, Colombia. El estudio intentó comprender el papel de la Educación para la Paz en el posconflicto colombiano, así como la implementación de políticas con respecto a las Cátedras de Paz y el impacto en las perspectivas futuras de los estudiantes. Los datos se obtuvieron de cuestionarios y entrevistas con estudiantes y maestros, así como de documentos del gobierno colombiano del colegio. Los hallazgos de los datos cualitativos muestran que tanto el gobierno colombiano como el colegio buscan fomentar una participación activa hacia la paz por parte de los estudiantes a través de la adquisición de habilidades y valores que los lleven a promover una cultura de paz. Los datos cuantitativos muestran que las perspectivas de género desempeñan un papel importante en la percepción que los estudiantes pueden tener de Educación para la Paz, así como su efecto. El estudio destaca que el programa Educación para la Paz está teniendo un impacto significativo en Colombia entre todas las partes involucradas en el proceso. El estudio también presenta algunos desafíos, especialmente aquellos relacionados con la comprensión del conflicto entre las personas que no han experimentado directamente los terribles efectos de la guerra. La evidencia empírica en este estudio sugiere que la falta de capacitación docente del gobierno es un aspecto importante que necesita revisión y modificaciones sustanciales. Así mismo, es necesaria una revisión del plan operativo del colegio para evitar la actual falta de claridad para los docentes en la forma en que aplican la política pública.

Global pharmaceutical companies (GPC) with significant representation in numerous countries, often face decision challenges to ensure strategic decisions are coherent with corporate and social values. While good pharmaceutical practice requires local standards to be considered or adopted to guide decision-making, an ethical posture further demands an assessment of external factors and potential company actions (beyond mere compliance) towards social benefit. Codes of ethics or mission statements have become mainstream across companies. However, there is no common standardized processes in place to carry out these important ethical deliberations. Based on a literature review of business ethics and pharmaceutical strategic management, this work analyzes ethical approaches in weighting decision options. The dilemma of whether or not there could be a standard application of ethical principles across different countries since they abide by different societal norms, is also considered. Herein, the discussion is inextricably linked to current pharmaceutical tactics for mature product development. Decision pathways supported by an ethical assessment and appraisal are analyzed using as an example a potential strategic switch from prescription to over the counter (Rx to OTC) status for a drug in different countries. Lastly, it is emphasized that this does not represent a moral judgement of current norms; the specific focus is on how the process could be improved for decision-making.

The focus of this this doctoral work is to study the intertextual relationship, in the narrative of the Colombian writer, Juan Gabriel Vásquez. In his narrative he explores and researches about the history of his country in order to inquire on the past and with it. He proposes new readings in relation to the official history, its uncertainties and the unveiling of secrets about some facts that defined the progress or regression of Colombia. Therefore, this research studies and analyzes this relationship from the transtextuality theory exposed by Gerard Genette to reflect deeply on the ideologies represented in the novels of this author, and the appearance of historical memory. As well as other types of narratives in which, own and others experiences appear, bringing unexpected elements to explore new studies. Juan Gabriel Vásquez weaves his novels from a combination of ideologies as politics, violence, the official history, and the cultural legacy, and the literary history of Colombia. He recreates meaningful events about Colombian history, supporting the scenic construction of the country, fragmented and separated into several periods of its development by the application of false ideas of growth and pacification, which have not occurred. The research contributes to the literary studies of the nation as well as to the Colombian writer, who is recognized in the literary international area little by little. Résumé: L’objet du présent travail doctoral porte sur la relation intertextuelle sous-jacente aux récits de l’écrivain colombien, Juan Gabriel Vásquez, qui s’informe et enquête sur l’histoire de son pays pour remonter le passé et, par-là, proposer de nouvelles lectures de l’histoire officielle, de ses incertitudes et de la révélation de secrets sur quelques-uns des faits qui ont marqué les avancées et les reculs de la Colombie. En conséquence, cette recherche étudie et analyse cette relation à partir de la transtextualité, catégorie théorique exposée par Gérard Genette, afin de raisonner en profondeur sur les idéologies représentées dans l’œuvre romanesque de cet auteur et sur l’affleurement de la mémoire historique, ainsi que sur d’autres récits autour desquels émergent des expériences propres et d’autrui, et même des éléments inattendus, susceptibles d’enclencher de nouvelles recherches. Juan Gabriel Vásquez ourdit ses romans à partir d’un amalgame d’idéologies comme la politique, la violence, l’histoire officielle, le legs culturel et l’histoire littéraire de la Colombie, ce avec quoi il recrée un devenir significatif et identitaire de l’histoire de la Colombie, contribuant ainsi à la construction scénique du pays, fragmentée et décomposée en plusieurs périodes de développement par l’application de fausses idées de croissance et de pacification qui n’ont jamais eu lieu. La recherche fournit un apport aux études littéraires de la Nation et sur l’écrivain colombien qui, peu à peu, est reconnu dans le domaine littéraire international. Resumen: El objeto de estudio del presente trabajo doctoral corresponde a la relación intertextual, inmersa en la narrativa del escritor colombiano, Juan Gabriel Vásquez, quien rastrea e investiga sobre la historia de su país para inquirir en el pasado y con ello, proponer nuevas lecturas en relación con la historia oficial, sus incertidumbres y el develamiento de secretos sobre algunos hechos que marcaron el progreso o retroceso de Colombia. Por tanto, esta investigación estudia y analiza dicha relación a partir de la transtextualidad, categoría teórica expuesta por Gérard Genette, con el fin de razonar a profundidad sobre las ideologías representadas en las novelas “oficiales” de este autor y el surgimiento de la memoria histórica, así como de otras narrativas en torno a las cuales emergen experiencias propias y ajenas, e incluso, elementos inesperados, susceptibles de originar nuevas investigaciones. Juan Gabriel Vásquez teje sus novelas a partir de una amalgama de ideologías como la política, la violencia, la historia oficial, el legado cultural y la historia literaria de Colombia, con lo cual recrea un devenir significativo e identitario de la historia colombiana, contribuyendo así, con la construcción escénica del país, fragmentada y descompuesta en varios de sus periodos de desarrollo por la aplicación de falsas ideas de crecimiento y pacificación, que no se ha dado. La investigación aporta enormemente a los estudios literarios de la nación y sobre el escritor colombiano, que poco a poco es reconocido en el ámbito literario internacional.

Historically urban design has been framed within time based paradigms based on conventional approaches to the city making process. These include major movements such as the rationalists and the empiricists, where the tension between abstraction and experienced learning processes was part of the discourse. Now, however, cities are facing multiple challenges based on megagrowth and rapid urbanisation - the ecological and spatial demands of hyper-modernity. One significant Japanese movement (Metabolism in the 1960s), started the exploration of how cities can be understood from a different perspective to traditional planning and design. Part of this new perspective was based on the idea that a city can be conceived as an evolutionary system based on ‘metabolic cycles?, i.e. able to grow and change through organic processes. Today through the evolution of computation and programming, ?parametric design thinking? has emerged as a powerful method to understand and drive urban growth and change in the 21st century. This research aims to explore the influence of parametric design as a new means to transform how cities can be conceived and shaped, and also as a method to avoid ‘the rational urbanisation and generic’ processes that major urban centres are facing through a new city making challenges. This design thesis posed the research question: Can parametric thinking transcend the conventions of mainstream urban design represented by ?transformative urban morphology? (Fraker 2007) to meet the challenge of hyper-modernity in cities of the 21st century? As part of the parametric approach, the design investigation was driven by two major inputs. The first was generated by the identification of important nodes (attractors), created by the conditions of the area and its possible relationship with the surrounded urban fabric. In this case, the first level of interaction was defined by the underground metro system; then by the definition of active frontages at street level; and then followed by the synergy of the pedestrian framework. The three basic levels of interaction generated the second input, a vertical relationship that can be expanded and continued as required. The generation of these elements allows major density to be controlled in the multiple nodes, managing the demand and supply of each different element in order to avoid the hyper-modern collisions currently seen in the densest parts of Tokyo. Taking the Yokohama waterfront as a case study, this project explored urban design from a parametric/transformative perspective. Parametric thinking was deployed in two different modes: design (form) exploration and the use of computational tools applicable to urban design and relative design processes. This process has led to an understanding of the city as a multilevel system, able to grow, responsive to complex direct and indirect forces. To control the over-production of elements in the city (hyper-modernity), parametric thinking can be applied by using live data tools to generate multiple design outcomes. This manipulation can be done through an evolutionary model that can purposefully address over-demand, at the same time can integrating and extending the dense points in the city. From an urban design perspective, it is important to recognise how this methodology can shape the urban fabric and the way that society consumes (understand) cities but also the influence of transformative architecture in urban design.

The purpose of the research is to identify how property attributes influence the income generated by properties listed in online marketplaces like Airbnb, aiming to explain what features are the most significant to provide income from a short-term lease strategy. Using a hedonic approach the study measures the effects of physical, locational, and reputation signals on the revenue generated by listing properties. The study uses a dataset of 6,028 properties in Medellin, Colombia as of 30 January 2019. The study provides evidence that intrinsic attributes, such as physical features and location, are the primary factor of influence on the Annual Revenue in a short-term lease strategy, with the type of accommodation the largest contributor to Income. Entire properties have a higher impact on the annual income in comparison with private rooms in shared properties, reflecting that the functionality as accommodation, like a hotel, are a valuable source to generate income in a short-term lease strategy. Apartments generate more income on average that houses, since they are usually located with the most desirable residential areas. Bedrooms, bathrooms and capacity are as expected, positively influencing the Annual Income. Location also influences Annual Income, being the proximity to the Night Life Cluster more relevant than the closeness to the Financial District Centre, reflecting that listing properties are more appreciated for tourist accommodation than as business accommodation. Quality and reputational signals, especially overall review, influences annual income, indicating the importance of reputation especially in first guests. Finally, the effects of competition in annual income are not significant. This analysis is useful for investors to identify the type of properties that generates higher revenues on Airbnb, and for hotels, competing with Airbnb properties, to understand what type private properties are more profitable in a short-term lease strategy. Resumen: El propósito de la investigación es identificar cómo los atributos de las propiedades influyen en el ingreso generado por estas en mercados en línea, como Airbnb, con el objetivo de explicar qué características son más significativas para la generación de ingresos en una estrategia de arrendamiento a corto plazo. Usando un método hedónico, el estudio mide los efectos de características físicas, ubicación, señales de reputación y competencia en los ingresos generados. El estudio utiliza una base de datos de 6,028 propiedades en Medellín, Colombia, al 30 de enero de 2019. El estudio proporciona evidencia de que los atributos intrínsecos, como son las características físicas y la ubicación, son el principal factor de influencia en los ingresos, siendo el tipo de alojamiento el mayor contribuyente. Los alojamientos completos tienen un mayor impacto en el ingreso anual en comparación con las habitaciones privadas, lo que refleja que la funcionalidad de alojamiento, tipo hotel, como fuente significativa en la generación ingresos. Los apartamentos generan más ingresos en promedio que las casas, ya que generalmente se ubican con las áreas residenciales más deseables. Un mayor número habitaciones, baños y capacidad influye positivamente en los ingresos anuales. La proximidad al mayor centro de vida nocturna es más relevante que la cercanía al distrito financiero, lo que refleja que las propiedades son más apreciadas para el alojamiento turístico que para el alojamiento de negocios. Las señales de calidad y reputación, especialmente la revisión general, influyen positivamente en los ingresos anuales, lo que indica la importancia de la reputación, especialmente en los clientes que utilizan por primera vez el servicio. Este análisis es útil para que los inversores identifiquen el tipo de propiedades que generan mayores ingresos en Airbnb, y para los hoteles que compiten con las propiedades en Airbnb, para comprender qué tipo de propiedades son más rentables en una estrategia de arrendamiento a corto plazo.

Automation is everywhere. It is an important part of our financial systems, social networks, and even the mechanisms we use to solve our legal disputes. While many professions associated with law have been identified as being safe from automation, this does not mean our industry is immune to technology. It means that, in the current state of technology, there are still vital jobs within the legal field for which machines need not apply. Every lawyer uses databases to review precedents, applicable laws, and rules of adjudicative processes. In a broad sense, as lawyers, we rely on artificial intelligence (AI) even when we ‘Google’ a relevant subject to research a case. Resumen:La automatizacion esta en todos lados. Es una parte importante de nuestros sistemas financieros, redes sociales e incluso mecanismos que usamos para resolver nuestras disputas legales. Mientras varias profesiones asociadas con el derecho se han venido identificando como libres de automatizacion, esto no significa que nuestra industria sea inmune a la tecnologia. Esto significa que, con los avances tecnologicos de la actualidad, existen campos esenciales en la practica del derecho, en los cuales aun no se necesita la utilizacion de maquinas. Todo abogado ha recurrido a las bases de datos para revisar precedentes, leyes aplicables y leyes aplicables a procesos ejecutivos. En un amplio sentido, como abogados confiamos en la inteligencia artificial (IA) incluso cuando “googleamos” un tema relevante en la investigacion de un caso.