Abstract:In this paper we introduce a c-derivation δc, Δc-rings and some basic properties. Finally, we prove that the radical of a Δc-ideal is also a Δc-ideal.Resumen:En este artículo introducimos una c-derivación δc, Δc-anillos y algunas propiedades básicas. Finalmente, como resultado general se demuestra que el radical de un Δc-ideal es también un Δc-ideal.

Abstract:In many developing countries motorcycles are used not only for personal travel (commuting, leisure, etc.) but also to deliver documents and small commodities (e.g., food) or to provide taxi services. Incomes of these commercial motorcyclists are generally based on the number of services they are able to provide within a given amount of time. Some have suggested that this incentive might induce commercial motorcyclists to engage in risky behaviors – that is they might be more likely to drive fast and break traffic laws in order to maximize income. To empirically test for differences between commercial and non-commercial motorcyclists, I estimated a logistic regression model using data from a survey conducted in Bogota and Barranquilla, Colombia. My results support the hypothesis that motorcycles used for commercial activities and whose income is generally based on the number of services they are able to provide are at a higher risk of being involved in a crash. The probability of being involved in a crash is higher when using motorcycles for taxi services than when using motorcycles for non-commercial purposes or for commercial activities other than courier or taxi services (after controlling for exposure, demographic characterizes, vehicle features, and other possible explanatory variables, though this finding may be affected by a possible reporting bias by those providing (illegal) taxi services). By contrast, motorcyclists who provide courier services have neither a higher nor lower probability of being involved in a crash compared to those riding motorcycles for non-commercial purposes or for commercial activities other than courier or taxi services. Other variables associated with crash occurrence include age, owning the motorcycle, and riding in Bogota. While I see evidence that the financial incentives of being paid per job motivate risky driving behaviors among commercial motorcyclists, better data and further research are needed to fully understand the causes of differential crash risks among types of motorcyclists.Resumen:En muchos países en desarrollo, las motocicletas se usan no solo para viajes personales (viajes diarios, tiempo libre, etc.) sino también como herramienta de trabajo para realizar reparto de documentos y paquetes pequeños (por ejemplo, alimentos) o para proporcionar servicios de transporte de pasajeros. Los ingresos de estos motociclistas generalmente se basan en la cantidad de servicios que pueden proporcionar dentro de un período de tiempo determinado. Algunos han sugerido que este incentivo puede inducir a los motociclistas comerciales a involucrarse en conductas de riesgo, es decir, que es más probable que conduzcan más rápido y que no cumplan las leyes de tránsito para maximizar sus ingresos. Para evaluar empíricamente las diferencias entre los motociclistas comerciales y no comerciales, estimé un modelo de regresión logística utilizando los datos de una encuesta realizada en Bogotá y Barranquilla, Colombia. Mis resultados respaldan la hipótesis de que las motocicletas utilizadas para actividades comerciales y cuyos ingresos generalmente se basan en la cantidad de servicios que pueden proporcionar corren un mayor riesgo de verse involucrados en un choque. La probabilidad de verse involucrado en un choque es mayor cuando se usan motocicletas para servicios de taxi que cuando se usan para fines no comerciales o para actividades comerciales que no sean de mensajería o taxi (después de controlar por exposición, características demográficas, características del vehículo y otros posibles variables explicativas, aunque este hallazgo puede verse afectado por un posible sesgo de información por parte de quienes prestan servicios de taxi (ilegales). Por el contrario, los motociclistas que prestan servicios de mensajería no tienen una probabilidad mayor o menor de verse involucrados en un choque en comparación con aquellos que conducen motocicletas con fines no comerciales o para actividades comerciales que no sean los servicios de mensajería o taxi. Otras variables asociadas con la ocurrencia del choque incluyen la edad, poseer la motocicleta y andar en Bogotá. Aunque la evidencia sugiere que los incentivos económicos derivados de la actividad motivan conductas de conducción arriesgadas entre los motociclistas comerciales, es necesario investigar en mayor profundidad las causas de los riesgos de choque diferencial entre los tipos de motociclistas.

Due to the continue trend of technology for circuit scaling; optimal sizes for transistors and cables are needed, this scaling comes along with power increase and undesired cross talk effects between the wires which might affect the signal itself. A trade-off curve between power, area and delay is required so that a tuned solution for a specific problem might be found. Here, an approach based on the dominant time constant optimization technique for modelling of the delay is investigated for an initial square topology with uniform wire and repeater sizing based on convex optimization and Linear Matrix Inequalities. Results with optimal buffer insertion across the bus are also investigated. 

This thesis proposes a novel window aggregate sharing approach for out-of-order stream processing. We combined together the best of two worlds: the Google dataflow model for out-of-order stream processing and the Cutty aggregate sharing strategy. To our knowledge, our solution is the only aggregate sharing strategy for out-of-order stream processing that supports sliding, tumbling and session windows.Based on the experiments with the real world dataset DEBS12 [28] and a 3% out-of-order level, our solution has 1.24 higher throughput than the current implementation in Flink. Moreover, we show that the throughput of our solution becomes higher, as the out-of-order level increases.

The great paradox of the current post-agreement transition might be its implications for the country's environment. The success or failure of addressing environmental considerations during the Agreement implementation could lead either to peacebuilding opportunities based on sustainable development, or to the country’s natural heritage destruction. The research argues that the Amazon natural heritage would be destroyed unless significant environmental considerations are merged with the established socio-economic priorities during the post-agreement. Attaining sustainable territorial development based on robust communities’ engagement, stable state presence and a better land management model is pressing. Although the peacebuilding path, as well as the sustainable territorial development, requires incremental structural changes at a national level, it is suggested that the Development Programmes with a Territorial-Based Approach (PDETs), as mechanisms of the Final Agreement’s implementation, could lead to a potential environmental peace in some of the Amazon’s prioritized municipalities. The overall aim of the research is to enhance the understanding of the relationship between the Colombian territories, post-agreement and deforestation, in order to determine to what extent the Colombian Amazon forest coverage could change during the post-agreement period. In doing so, the research establishes exploratory trends of the deforestation and armed conflict relationship, describes the main characteristics of the post-agreement environmental paradox and explores the case of the PDETs.

Contrary to the conventional orthodoxy of the World Bank, lack of formalized or secured property rights is not the main reason why titles do not become loans in Colombia. My research shows that the institutional barriers that prevent poor people from leveraging their assets are rooted in the Colombian constitution, and in the lack of private financial institutions willing to lend to the poor. Low and middle income populations cannot use their houses as collateral to obtain loans aimed to finance business because the Colombian constitution mandates families to secure a share of their assets as Family Wealth. As a result, families have to protect their estate from being impounded by lenders. When the law allows the use of the house as collateral— for financing the purchase, improvement or enlargement of housing — there are few formal financial institutions lending to the poor. Despite of the importance of this for land-titling programs, it passed unnoticed by the World Bank, who approved a US$100 million loan for the Bogotá Urban Service Project in 2003. This thesis reveals the assumptions made by the Bank regarding the importance of property formalization as a mechanism to create massive equity out of the improved real estate in the informal sector. It contrasts the Bank’s assumptions with the actual process of upgrading in Bogotá. Leveraging poor people’s assets would be critical to the well-functioning of upgrading program, but these policies should rely on a mechanism other than the willingness of formal institutions to lend to the poor.

In Latin America, Duty of Memory, or Deber de memoria, forms part of Transitional Justice measures that strive to symbolically address mass historical violations through the public recognition of victims and the incorporation of their stories of pain, exclusion, and repression into their national narratives. Within this context, Argentina and Colombia are two examples of the complexities inherent in attempting to restore the social networks. Scarred by a past military dictatorship (1976-1983) and a continuing internal armed conflict (1946-), both nations have applied Transitional Justice Systems and Duty of Memory as state policy. However, even when the two countries share the same framework, the political dynamics of each country and the ways their civil societies conceive of justice, vary considerably. Argentina is closer to a Retributive Justice model in which individual criminal accountability for the past is prioritized of over other forms of symbolic reparation. Colombia frames its past and present through Restorative Justice, defining violations as collective wrongdoings and basing reparation on dialogue, negotiation, and restoration of the bonds of trust. These two distinct viewpoints can be contrasted through the analysis of the material aspect of Duty of Memory, that is, the Memorial Museums and Trauma Sites that have emerged as spaces of reflection and commemoration in both countries. This study takes one memorial museum and one trauma site as embodiments of two outlooks on Duty of Memory. The memorial museum is the Museum House of Memory in Medellín, Colombia. The Trauma Site chosen is the Space of Memory and Human Rights of Argentina located in the Navy-Petty Officers School of Mechanics (ESMA), one of Buenos Aires’ former Secret Detention Centers. The goal of this thesis is to explore how the architectural, spatial, aesthetic, and educational practices of these two sites are influenced by the state obligations required by Duty of Memory but also establish a two-way relationship with this framework, defining its content.En América Latina, Deber de Memoria es un concepto incluido dentro del esquema de Justicia Transicional que aborda violaciones históricas a los derechos humanos a partir del reconocimiento de las víctimas y la incorporación de sus historias de dolor, exclusión y represión en la narrativa nacional. En este contexto particular, Argentina y Colombia resaltan como dos naciones que han ratificado el sistema de Justicia Transicional y Deber de Memoria como política estatal en las últimas décadas. Esto se ha hecho con miras a restaurar el tejido social afectado por una dictadura militar (1976-1983) y un conflicto armado interno (1946-). Sin embargo, aun cuando existe un marco compartido, las dinámicas políticas y la manera en que la sociedad civil concibe la justicia y la reparación, varían considerablemente. Argentina se acerca más a un modelo de Justicia Retributiva en donde la justicia penal individual por las violaciones prevalece sobre otras formas de reparación simbólica. En contraste, Colombia enmarca su pasado, y presente, a través de la Justicia Restaurativa. Esto significa que el Estado define las violaciones como una infracción colectiva, buscando reparar mediante el restablecimiento de los vínculos de confianza, la negociación y el diálogo. La diferencia de estos dos acercamientos se hace tangible en el análisis del aspecto material del Deber de Memoria. Es decir, en los museos memoriales y los sitios de trauma que han surgido como espacios de conmemoración y reflexión en ambas naciones. La siguiente investigación toma un museo memorial, el Museo Casa de la Memoria de Medellín, y un sitio de trauma, el Espacio Memoria y Derechos Humanos de Buenos Aires, como puntos de partida para observar las diferencias entre los dos modelos. Esto se hace a partir de un análisis textual y visual de las prácticas arquitectónicas, espaciales, estéticas y educativas de dichos lugares. Los dos ejemplos demuestran que los museos memoriales y sitios de trauma no sólo responden a las obligaciones estatales del Deber de Memoria sino, estableciendo una relación recíproca con este modelo, definen también su contenido.

Today, firms are essential to the development and protection of Human Rights, and are expected to act as necessary partners to governments and international organizations in their promotion and respect. Nevertheless, corporations are not legally compelled to act under guidelines of the United Nations (UN) HR framework. This in turn, alongside globalization, has created a governance gap in enabling a permissive environment for wrongful acts by companies without proper sanctioning or reparation.The main objectives of the Business and HR predicament lie in tackling these deficiencies in the global order. Although CSR policies are supposedly adopted in a voluntary manner, the reality is private businesses are in the centre of a “System of CSR Promotion and Advocacy”, determined by a number of drivers, pressures and incentives, shaped by diverse sources and actors.Hence, the business case for CSR differs between developed countries and emerging economies. The drivers of CSR engagement are one of the key elements that differentiate emerging economies from the developing world. Given that literature on business and HR has focused mostly on finding ways to strengthen regulatory schemes in the developed world, this research aims to shed light on why indigenous third world country corporations uptake CSR policies in a voluntary manner.

Abstract:The world has overlapped pressures in favour and against the use of fossil fuels to generate electricity and other purposes. Most scaremongers demand to leave all hydrocarbons below the ground and utilise renewable energy sources. This paper is aimed at providing an economic approach to demonstrate why natural gas may serve as a “bridge"" fuel in the transition to cleaner energy sources, but corresponding incentives must be in place; otherwise, the current panorama might not change in the foreseeable future. The “bridge” concept will be explained in detail as well as the reasons why renewable energy might be far away for some economies and from a cost-effective point of view when compared to natural gas. Consequently, the latter may remain the most efficient fuel for a while given all circumstances.Resumen: El mundo ha superpuesto presiones a favor y en contra del uso de combustibles fósiles para generar electricidad y otros fines. La mayoría de los alarmistas exigen dejar todos los hidrocarburos bajo tierra y utilizar fuentes de energía renovables. Este documento tiene como objetivo proporcionar un enfoque económico para demostrar por qué el gas natural puede servir como combustible ""puente"" en la transición hacia fuentes de energía más limpias, pero deben existir los incentivos correspondientes, de lo contrario, el panorama actual podría no cambiar en el futuro previsible El concepto de ""puente"" será explicado en detalle, así como las razones por las cuales la energía renovable podría estar muy lejos para algunas economías y desde un punto de vista de rentabilidad cuando se compara con el gas natural. En consecuencia, este último puede seguir siendo el combustible más eficiente por un tiempo dadas todas las circunstancias.

Security and computer expertise of end users can be significant predictors of user behaviour and interactions in the security and privacy context. Standardized, externally valid instruments for measuring end-user security expertise are non-existent. To address this need, we developed a questionnaire to identify critical factors that constitute expertise in end-users. It combines skills and knowledge based questions. Using exploratory factor analysis on the results from 898 participants from a range of populations, we identified 12 questions within 4 factors that correspond to computing and security expertise. Ordered logistic regression models were applied to measure efficacy of proposed security and computing factors in predicting user comprehension of security concepts (phishing and certificates). We conclude with a framework for informing future user-centered security expertise research.