Tree planting and natural regeneration are the main approaches to achieve global forest restoration targets, affecting multiple hydrological processes, such as infiltration of rainfall. Our understanding of the effect of land use history and vegetation on the recovery of water infiltration and soil attributes in both restoration strategies is limited. Therefore, we investigated the recovery of top-soil saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks), soil physical and hydraulic properties in five land use types: (i) a secondary old-growth forest; (ii) a forest established through assisted passive restoration 11 years ago; (iii) an actively restored forest, with a more intensive land use history and 11 years of age; (iv) a pasture with low-intensity use; and (v) a pasture with high-intensity use, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For these land use types, we determined the historical land use patterns and conducted soil sampling, using the Beerkan method to determine Ks values in the field. We also measured tree basal area, canopy cover, vegetation height, tree density and species richness in forest covers. The Ks decreased when land use was more intense prior to forest restoration actions. Our results indicate that land use legacy is a crucial factor to explain the current difference in soil and vegetation attributes among study sites.

This work analyses the repertoire for solo cello and cello with electronic media from 2000 to 2015 by Colombian composers, focusing on timbre as the main musical element explored. Nevertheless, a historical view on the European and non-European repertoire is included. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part includes chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chapter 1 classifies the cello playing techniques used in the most well-known pieces and studies the solo cello from the 17th century onwards, emphasising so-called extended playing techniques. Such classification serves as a tool for the further musical analyses in this work and as a foundation for the methodological framework in chapter 2, which discusses the notions of timbral modulation, timbral polyphony, and timbral re-signification. Chapter 3 discusses a new timbral development in the solo cello and cello with electronic media repertoire in the 20th and 21st century. This chapter surveys the crucial historical facts that generated a paradigm shift in the cello repertoire. This includes the emergence of different musical tendencies and the work of pioneer composers and performers. The second part of this study includes chapters 4 and 5, where the solo cello and cello with electronics repertoire from 2000 to 2015 by Colombian composers is analysed. The pieces involved emphasise a new timbral development within the repertoire. To summarise, this thesis emphasises how timbre was one of the elements that bifurcated the cello repertoire in the 20th and 21st century. Furthermore, this study describes how progressive composers and performers have deeply expanded playing techniques and the timbre of the instrument, and the exploration and combination of the medium with apparatus, artefacts, and new instruments into new ways of making music.

LGBTQ issues have been mainstreamed in media and academic literature, especially in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, where homosexuality has been said to be criminalized through the commonly known “sodomy laws”. This has fueled an international social movement, led by Western human rights organizations, with cultural, political and economic goals seeking to advance LGBTQ rights globally. However, research on these issues in Sri Lanka re-mains limited. This study seeks to overcome this gap by exploring the LGBTQ movement in its capital, Colombo, conducting a series of interviews to LGBTQ leaders, activists and active members of the community. The study uses social movement theory (with the concepts of grievances, collective identity and strategy) and postcolonial theory. Hence, the following research question is answered: How is the politics of the LGBTQ movement expressed in postcolonial Sri Lanka? Findings indicate that the movement’s grievances are connected to the country’s colonial history, as well as to the human rights discourse. Additionally, collective ‘identity’, a complex concept in Sri Lanka, was found to be “hybrid” among activists, and was contested by activists themselves. Lastly, it was found that there is an insinuation of concern in terms of mimicry in the strategies and a suggestion to decolonize from Western models of activism. Los temas LGBTQ han sido ampliamente debatidos en los medios de comunicación y en la literatura académica, especialmente en los países de la Mancomunidad de Naciones, donde la homosexualidad es criminalizada a través de las “leyes de sodomía”. Esto ha alimentado un movimiento social internacional, liderado por organizaciones occidentales de derechos humanos con propósitos culturales, políticos y económicos que busca promover derechos para personas LGBTQ a nivel global. Sin embargo, la investigación académica sobre estos temas en Sri Lanka es limitada. Este estudio busca llenar este vacío explorando el movimiento LGBTQ en la capital del país, Colombo, por medio de entrevistas a líderes, activistas y miembros activos de la comunidad LGBTQ. El estudio usa conceptos de la teoría de movimientos sociales (agravios, identidad colectiva y estrategia) y de la teoría postcolonial. Así, se responde la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cómo se expresan las dinámicas políticas internas del movimiento LGBTQ en Sri Lanka postcolonial? Los resultados indican que los agravios del movimiento están conectados con la historia colonial del país, así como el discurso de derechos humanos. Adicionalmente, la ‘identidad’ colectiva, un complejo concepto en Sri Lanka, fue identificada como “híbrida” entre los activistas y se configuró como un concepto controvertido entre los mismos activistas del movimiento. Finalmente, se encontró que hay una preocupación en términos de la imitación en las estrategias utilizadas por el movimiento, así como una insinuación para descolonizarlo de los modelos occidentales de activismo. El autor de esta tesis fue nominado al Hydén Award de Lund University, otorgado a las mejores tesis de pregrado y maestría en asuntos socioeconómicos y políticos en países de ingresos bajos y medios.

A monitoring was performed around water bodies associated to the El Quimbo Dam that is located on the Magdalena river, at the south of Huila Department, Colombia. This monitoring study was part of the Ecological Restoration Project of Tropical Dry Forest that is being executed by the Fundación Natura and Enel-Emgesa, which are joining efforts to restore ecosystems that have been affected by the construction of El Quimbo Dam. The construction of El Quimbo Dam began in February, 2011 and the dam was opened in 2015. It is suggested that construction of dams has caused upstream/downstream environmental impacts along river continuums, for example, along the Magdalena-Cauca basin. The Fundación Natura and Enel-Emgesa have been taking measures to mitigate the environmental impacts of El Quimbo Dam´s construction. One of these measures has been the reforestation of 40 km 2 of vegetation, to compensate the loss of 30 km 2 of vegetation that was cut down to construct the dam. The reforestation, performed by people from the Fundación Natura and Enel-Emgesa, is being developed in three specific zones around El Quimbo Dam. In 2016, the Fundación Natura performed previous studies of biotic and abiotic characterization of water reservoirs located in these three specific zones. Afterwards, in 2017, researchers from the Universidad Surcolombiana and Enel-Emgesa performed water quality studies on water bodies located in the high basin of Magdalena River. The present internship aimed at supplementing those studies executed in 2016 and 2017. During the present internship, biotic and abiotic aspects were analysed in 16 new water bodies to answer the following questions: -Are there differences in animal diversity among the 16 water bodies studied? -Is there similarity in the vegetation composition among the 16 water bodies? -Are there differences in abiotic conditions among the water bodies monitored? The 16 water bodies comprised 3 lakes and 13 streams. For all these water bodies, a field form was used, which consisted in a table organized in 8 columns. Each column contained data of depth, degree of shading, color of water, substrate, vegetation, fauna, water discharge (in the streams) and wind presence (in the lakes). A Shannon index was calculated to measure the fauna diversity along the 16 water bodies located around El Quimbo Dam. For vegetation, the number of trees was counted among the water bodies to find the richest ones in numbers of tree species. Analyses of similarity in composition of tree species were performed between pairs of water bodies as a well as a likely estimation of the most abundant tree species.Finally, environmental impacts of human activities were related to the animal diversity and abiotic aspects observed in the water bodies.

The study set out to shed light on the key drivers and barriers that influence leaders deciding whether or not to invest in legal tech. Understanding these factors is a starting point to reduce the uncertainty that surrounds the future of the law industry. Accordingly, the fundamental question in the study asks what are the main drivers and barriers that influence the decision-making process to allocate resources on legal tech. The following sub-questions are discussed through the dissertation to find a reasonable answer: - What is legal tech, and why is it relevant? - How do the barriers/drivers found in the research influence the innovation-decision process? La tesis busca indagar acerca de las motivaciones y barreras clave que influencian a los altos gerentes de las firmas de abogados al momento de tomar la decisión de invertir en legal tech. Entender estos factores es un punto inicial para reducir la incertidumbre que rodea el futuro de la industria del derecho. De acuerdo con lo anterior, la pregunta central que hace el estudio es cuáles son las causas que influyen el proceso de toma de decisión para destinar recursos en legal tech. Adicionalmente y con el propósito de encontrar una respuesta a la inquietud planteada, la investigación aborda las siguientes sub-preguntas: - Qué es legal tech, y por qué es relevante? - Cómo influencian los motivos y las barreras encontrados en la investigación, el proceso de decisión de innovación.

New World bats represent over one third of global bat species and encompass the widest adaptive radiation among bats. Modern bat diversity in the Americas resulted from a mixture of migrations and colonisations of different taxa throughout the Cenozoic. Traditionally, these taxa are conceived as either South or North American, based on the location of their centres of diversification. To better understand the spatial and temporal processes behind modern biogeographic patterns of New World bat fauna, we investigated phylogenetic diversity (PD) and endemism (PE) for 325 American bat species using distribution maps and a species-level phylogenetic supertree of bats. Randomisation tests were used to evaluate the statistical significance of our results, and to derive a categorical analysis of neo- and palaeo-endemism (CANAPE) to decon- struct significant endemism into its different components. PD and PE showed differ- ent patterns than those previously reported for New World bats based on traditional measures of diversity. We found multiple centres of significant endemism across the New World for most bat families, extending the hypothesis of dual centres of diversi- fication, previously proposed for Emballonuridae, Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae, to Molossidae and Vespertilionidae. Our results indicate that Central America and southern North America played important roles in the diversification of New World bats, as did the Andes in the diversification of Vespertilionidae in South America.

Abstract Can we assess currencies of distributive justice based on whether they are sustainable or not? I believe the answer to this question is yes. In this thesis I discuss that it is possible and necessary to assess whether different currencies of distributive justice are sustainable. Sustainability as a desideratum of a theory of distributive justice can sometimes help decide what currency we should accept. I will also argue this applies to the case of two widely discussed currency approaches of distributive justice: primary goods, discussed by John Rawls, and capabilities, discussed by Amartya Sen. I will conclude that, when sustainability is considered, capabilities are a better currency of distributive justice. Resumen ¿Podemos evaluar distintos bienes de la justicia con relación a si estos son o no sostenibles? Creo firmemente que la respuesta a esta pregunta es sí. En esta tesis discuto que es posible y necesario evaluar si distintos bienes de la justicia distributiva son sostenibles. La sostenibilidad como desiderata de una teoría de la justicia distributiva puede en algunas ocasiones ayudarnos a decidir cuáles bienes debemos aceptar. Argumentaré que esto aplica para el caso de dos tipos de bienes de la justicia distributiva: los bienes primarios, de John Rawls, y las capacidades, de Amartya Sen. Concluiré afirmando que, cuando se considera la sostenibilidad, las capacidades son un bien superior de la justicia.

Colombia is known for its cultural richness and diversity reflected through the work of different performing art disciplines and expressions. There’s a solid presence and active work from cultural leaders, companies and independent groups, but their plays and productions usually have a short-term cycle performance or not enough venues for local staging. In hopes of responding to the present challenges, the objective is to export Colombian artistic groups to participate in Italian Festivals. This is a solution that provides sustainability, continuity and international reach for Colombia's performing arts offer.The work identifies Colombia’s context in its cultural offer and policies and further presents the development of an Artistic Export Plan that selects five Colombian groups for five different Italian festivals. The application work results in a document named Informative Kit that strategically presents each group for an international venue. An alliance plan is also contemplated as funding collaborations that may later cover travel expenses for the groups. This project connects different types of experiences representing the deep and functioning links between many cultural industries around the world.

Amidst the peace deals with the FARC-EP in 2016 and the accession process to the OECD beginning in 2013, the future of Colombia’s success is at a crossroads. This paper explores and describes the dynamics of the violent actors in the conflict during the 1996-2016 period, the role of the extractive economy and their effects on the Colombian human capital.Con la firma del acuerdo de terminación del conflicto con las FARC-EP en 2016 y el proceso de acceso a la OECD iniciado en 2013, el futuro de Colombia está en juego. Esta disertación pretende explorar y describir las dinámicas de los distintos actores violentos en el conflicto armado para el periodo 1996-2016, el papel de la economía extractiva y sus efectos en el capital humano colombiano. Entre les accords de paix avec les FARC-EP en 2016, et le processus d'accession à l'OCDE commencé en 2013, le futur de la réussite colombienne est à un tournant. Cet article explore et décrit les dynamiques des acteurs de la violence du conflit ayant eu lieu dans la période 1996-2016, ainsi que le rôle de l'économie extractive et leurs effets sur le capital humain colombienne.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar el efecto diferenciado de la crianza en el ascenso educativo de mujeres y hombres profesionales con hijos. Se planteó como hipótesis que las mujeres profesionales que son madres relegan el desarrollo de estudios de postgrado debido a las actividades asociadas al rol de género asignado a la maternidad. Para su comprobación, a partir de datos de la Encuesta Multipropósito de Bogotá (EMB) 2014, se realizaron modelos de regresión logística binarios simples con los factores explicativos asociados al cuidado de los hijos, al estado civil y a las condiciones económicas. Esto permitió realizar un modelo final que integrara las variables significativas. Los resultados evidenciaron una mayor probabilidad de no realización de postgrados en las mujeres que tienen menor número de hijos, que destinan mayor tiempo al cuidado y al trabajo y que tienen parejas que trabajan, parejas con nivel educativo igual o inferior a universitario y que destinan tiempo al cuidado de los hijos. En los hombres las variables más relevantes fueron la menor destinación de tiempo al cuidado de los hijos, el trabajar y tener mayor intensidad horaria en esta actividad, el tener ingresos medios y el mayor nivel de ingresos de la pareja. Los resultados sugieren que persiste la brecha de género relacionada a la crianza de los hijos, la cual refuerza la mayor participación femenina en estas actividades, asumiendo los costes del conflicto de roles en el hogar, lo cual afecta las decisiones de retorno educativo.