Abstract: This thesis analyzes how former Colombian Presidents Laureano Gómez Castro and Álvaro Uribe Vélez utilized their speeches to advance autocratic agendas under the guise of protecting democracy and pluralism. This research employed Discourse Analysis as proposed by Teun Van Dijk, aiming to detail symbolic violence through speeches that, although seemingly promoting democracy, concealed attacks on their opponents. It was discovered that both leaders, through their rhetoric and actions, persuaded the political space towards an exclusive regime, promoting a state that, under promises of inclusion and democracy, fostered exclusion and weakened democratic institutions. The results also suggest that while in power, the 3 former presidents moderated their speeches to include the opposition, a practice not observed while they were in opposition, where they were more visceral in their attacks. The analysis of the information was conducted on two levels. First, the concepts that appear most frequently in each one's speeches were recovered to explain their existence. Then, the information was classified according to the categories proposed by the researcher to understand how they used their speeches for two main purposes: first, to empathize with most of the population, and second, to create an internal enemy to attack. When referring to the former, they depict a plural country where everyone can participate, and when discussing the latter, which grouped the opponents of their mandate, their eradication was justified because they opposed the democratic regime. In creating their nemesis, both knew how to use the population's fears: communists, in the case of Gómez; and terrorists, in the case of Uribe. Resumen: La presente tesis analiza cómo los expresidentes de Colombia, Laureano Gómez Castro y Álvaro Uribe Vélez, utilizaron sus discursos para avanzar en agendas autocráticas bajo la apariencia de proteger la democracia y el pluralismo. Esta investigación usó el Análisis de Discurso como lo planteó Teun Van Dijk y buscó detallar la violencia simbólica, a través de discursos que, aunque parecían promover la democracia, escondían ataques a sus opositores. Se descubre que ambos líderes, a través de su retórica y sus acciones, persuadían el espacio político hacia un régimen excluyente, promoviendo un estado que, bajo promesas de inclusión y democracia, fomentaba la exclusión y debilitaba las instituciones democráticas. Los resultados también sugieren que mientras estuvieron en el poder, los expresidentes moderaron sus discursos para incluir a la oposición, lo que no ocurrió mientras estuvieron en la oposición, en la que fueron más viscerales en sus ataques. El análisis de la información se hizo en dos niveles. Primero, se recuperaron los conceptos que más aparecen en los discursos de cada uno para explicar la existencia de estos. Después, se clasificó la información de acuerdo con las categorías propuestas por el investigador para entender cómo utilizaron sus discursos con dos fines principales: primero, para empatizar con el grueso de la población, y segundo para crear un enemigo interno al que atacar. Cuando se refieren al primero, muestran un país plural en donde todos pueden participar, y cuando hablan del segundo, que agrupaba a los opositores de su mandato, se justificaba su erradicación porque se oponían al régimen democrático. En la creación de su némesis, ambos supieron usar los miedos de la población: los comunistas, en el caso de Gómez; y los terroristas, en el caso de Uribe.

Abstract: Have you ever kept a diary of your personal life? For many people, keeping a written record of their experiences, thoughts, feelings, travels or encounters with people is a common practice. For others, it is not. Perhaps for some it is something completely foreign. For Russian Orthodox priest Alexander Schmemann it was clearly not. His diary, two volumes of almost 600 pages each, has given an insight into the life, worries, joys and even disappointments of one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century. On this occasion we would like to refer to the first volume and scrutinize a little of what this work brings to the world today. Resumen: ¿Ha llevado usted un diario de su vida personal? Para muchas personas, llevar un registro escrito de sus vivencias, pensamientos, sentimientos, viajes o encuentros con personas es una práctica común. Para otros no. Quizá para algunos esto es algo completamente ajeno. Es evidente que para el sacerdote ortodoxo ruso Alexander Schmemann no lo fue. Su diario, dos tomos de casi 600 páginas cada uno, ha dejado ver a fondo la vida, preocupaciones, alegrías, e incluso desilusiones de uno de los teólogos más influyentes del siglo XX. En esta ocasión queremos referirnos al primer tomo y escudriñar un poco qué aporta esta obra al mundo de hoy.

Abstract: Religion is that organ in us which, strange as it may seem, at the same time infinitely intensifies and conceals our deepest passions and sins: pride, pharisaism, self-indulgence, narcissism, etc. Religion is our constant self-justification before God, that is, with which we mask our sins and temptations before ourselves" (p. 415)1. These words could apply to any religion, but the author of the present book refers mainly to orthodox Christianity. In this second volume of his work, Alexander Schmemann, Russian Orthodox priest, theologian, husband and father of a family, continues his criticism of religion, but, above all, he invites us to stop thinking of Christianity as a religion. His diary, in two volumes, is rather a theological reflection, whose purpose seems rather to question the way Christianity was lived in his time, or is lived today, and the way some have done theology in Christianity. Resumen: La religión es ese órgano en nosotros que, por extraño que parezca, al mismo tiempo intensifica y oculta infinitamente nuestras pasiones y pecados más profundos: el orgullo, el fariseísmo, la autocomplacencia, el narcisismo, etc. La religión es nuestra constante autojustificación ante Dios, es decir, con la que enmascaramos nuestros pecados y tentaciones ante nosotros mismos” (p. 415)1. Estas palabras podrían aplicar a cualquier religión, pero el autor del presente libro hace referencia, principalmente, al cristianismo ortodoxo. En este segundo tomo de su obra, Alexander Schmemann, sacerdote ortodoxo ruso, teólogo, esposo y padre de familia, continúa su crítica a la religión, pero, sobre todo, invita a dejar de en- tender el cristianismo como una religión. Su diario, de dos tomos, es más bien de reflexión teológica, cuya finalidad pareciera más bien cuestionar la manera cómo se vivía el cristianismo en su época, o se vive hoy, y la manera como algunos han hecho teología en el cristianismo.

Resumen: ¿Se puede lograr un buen libro académico cuando se percibe que la rabia es lo que ha llevado al autor a escribirlo? Esta es una pregunta que surge al leer Repensar la salud global. Marcos de poder,* pues la autora habla explícitamente de cómo comenzó su rabia hacia la inequidad (p. 72) y cómo de alguna manera todavía sigue teniendo esta rabia (p. 93). La respuesta a dicha pregunta la podrá tener el lector al finalizar el libro, des- pués de leer diferentes tipos de relatos. La autora menciona, entre otros casos, la epidemia del cólera en Haití, durante la cual se vivió una situación muy difícil, como se puede leer a continuación: “Se hicieron agujeros en la base de los colcho- nes para que el signo revelador del cólera, la diarrea constante e implacable, pudiera manejarse más fácilmente sin tener que trasladar a los pacientes” (p. 79). Lo cierto es que la doctora Rochelle Burgess dice que escribió este libro con la esperanza de llevar al lector en un viaje para iluminar la complejidad de cómo funcionan las di- námicas de poder en el ámbito de la salud global desde la posición de una psicóloga de salud comunitaria, en cuyo ejercicio profesional encontró su insatisfacción con la salud global. Abstract: Can a good academic book be achieved when it is perceived that anger is what drove the author to write it? This is a question that arises when reading Rethinking Global Health. Frames of Power,* as the author explicitly talks about how she began her rage at inequity (p. 72) and how in some ways she still has this rage (p. 93). The answer to this question can be found at the end of the book, after reading different types of stories. The author mentions, among other cases, the cholera epidemic in Haiti, during which a very difficult situation was experienced, as can be read as follows: "Holes were drilled in the base of the colchages so that the telltale sign of cholera, the constant and relentless diarrhea, could be handled more easily without having to move the patients" (p. 79). The truth is that Dr. Rochelle Burgess says she wrote this book in the hope of taking the reader on a journey to illuminate the complexity of how power dynamics work in global health from the position of a community health psychologist, in whose practice she encountered her dissatisfaction with global health.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las fortalezas y los retos de la investigación participativa y transformadora desde un enfoque biocultural a partir del estudio de caso con la comunidad Muisca de Sesquilé “los hijos del maíz”. Este enfoque implica promover la participación conjunta en todas las etapas de la investigación, cumpliendo con un compromiso ético en su desarrollo. Aunque esta experiencia aplicó principios éticos de la investigación biocultural y propició espacios de coinvestigación y diálogo permanente, también enfrentó retos metodológicos y una serie de barreras institucionales que dificultaron la participación de la comunidad. Estas barreras, que desconocen los derechos bioculturales de los pueblos Indígenas, los derechos territoriales, el enfoque diferencial de derechos, y la Consulta y el Consentimiento Previo, Libre e Informado, sobrepasan las capacidades y recursos de los investigadores y limitan el alcance del proceso participativo y el efecto transformador de la investigación biocultural. Abstract: This article analyzes the strengths and challenges in participatory and transformative research, from a biocultural approach based on the case study of Los hijos del maíz, a Muisca community from Sesquilé. This approach promotes joint participation in all research stages and agrees to follow an ethical code in its development. For this experience, ethical principles of biocultural research were applied and spaces for co-research and permanent dialogue were fostered. However, the community faced methodological challenges and a series of institutional barriers that made it difficult for them to participate. These barriers –which ignore the territorial and biocultural rights of indigenous peoples, the differential approach to rights and Consultation and Free, Prior and Informed Consent –exceed the capacities and resources of researchers and limit the scope of the participatory process and the transformative effect of biocultural research. Resumo: Este artigo analisa os pontos fortes e os desafios da pesquisa participativa e transformadora a partir de uma abordagem biocultural com base no estudo de caso da comunidade muisca de Sesquilé “os filhos do milho”. Essa abordagem envolve a promoção da participação conjunta em todas as etapas da pesquisa, cumprindo um compromisso ético em seu desenvolvimento. Embora essa experiência tenha aplicado os princípios éticos da pesquisa biocultural e promovidoespaços para a pesquisa conjunta e o diálogo permanente, ela também enfrentou desafios metodológicos e uma série de barreiras institucionais que dificultaram a participação da comunidade. Essas barreiras, que ignoram os direitos bioculturais dos povos indígenas, os direitos territoriais, a abordagem de direitos diferenciados e o consentimento e consulta livres, prévios e informados, excedem as capacidades e os recursos dos pesquisadores e limitam o escopo do processo participativo e o efeito transformador da pesquisa biocultural.

Abstract: Peace education, pivotal in shaping national identities particularly in post-conflict settings, fosters mutual understanding, dialogue, and reconciliation. In Colombia, the 2016 Peace Agreement represented a major milestone in ending decades of violence, leading to the establishment of the ‘Cátedra de Paz’ in 2015. This initiative mandates its inclusion in the curricula of all educational institutions to instill peace values in youth and promote a culture of engagement among new generations. Despite the progress, this study identifies persistent challenges in program implementation, such as inadequate teacher training, excessive teacher workloads, and insufficient resources, alongside cultural barriers like resistance to change. Semi-structured interviews emphasize the necessity for significant restructuring and enhanced institutional support to effectively incorporate peace education into the national curriculum. Recommendations from participants include specialized teacher training, student-centered pedagogical approaches, rigorous program monitoring, and inclusive educational resources, particularly for marginalized communities. There is widespread agreement on the importance of equipping educators with the skills needed to handle sensitive topics and encourage critical thinking. Although challenges persist, participants concur that ‘Cátedra de Paz’ promotes dialogue and empathy, enabling students to contribute to more peaceful societies. Continued effort and comprehensive strategies involving all stakeholders, from educators to community members, are crucial for achieving post-conflict harmony and equity in Colombia.

Abstract: In the current era, dat7a is considered the new oil, and the role of data analysts is indispensable. This article explores the benefits and growing demand for data analytics in Colombia. It examines how analytics is transforming sectors such as health, business, and education, and discusses the challenges of data quality and availability. Furthermore, the importance of collaboration between the public, private, and academic sectors is highlighted to maximize the potential of data analysis. Finally, recommendations are provided to address the talent shortage and improve technological infrastructure to fully capitalize on global opportunities. Resumen: En la era actual, los datos se consideran el nuevo petróleo y el rol de los analistas de datos es indispensable. Este artículo explora los beneficios y la creciente demanda de la analítica de datos en Colombia. Se examina cómo la analítica está transformando sectores como la salud, los negocios y la educación, y se discuten los desafíos de la calidad y disponibilidad de datos. Además, se destaca la importancia de la colaboración entre los sectores público, privado y académico para maximizar el potencial del análisis de datos. Finalmente, se presentan recomendaciones para enfrentar la escasez de talento y mejorar la infraestructura tecnológica para capitalizar plenamente las oportunidades globales.

Individualism or communalism? This is a very important question about how societies can live, develop, work and solve problems. Throughout history, this question has been considered from philosophical, sociological, anthropological, psychological, political, economic, and even theological or spiritual perspectives. Perhaps we will not find a solution, and the possibilities of reconciling these two concepts seem slim. Today, with Carolyn Smith-Morris' book, we approach the question from the experience of Indigenous communities. The title of the book is "Indigenous Communalism," but the author will point out several times throughout the book that we cannot fully understand communalism without considering individualism. In her own words, the goal of this book “has been to initiate more overt attention to the individual and communal together, encapsulating (without resolving) the tensions that create human societies, and to value Indigenous communalism as the central feature of Indigeneity that it is” (Smith-Morris, 2020, p. 136). ¿Individualismo o comunalismo? Esta es una pregunta muy importante sobre cómo las sociedades pueden vivir, desarrollarse, trabajar y resolver problemas. A lo largo de la historia, se ha reflexionado sobre este tema desde los puntos de vista filosófico, sociológico, antropológico, psicológico, político, económico, e incluso, teológico o espiritual. Quizás no encontremos ninguna solución y parecen pocas las posibilidades de conciliar estos dos conceptos. Hoy, con el libro de Carolyn Smith-Morris, que se titula en español Comunalismo indígena, abordamos la cuestión desde la experiencia de las comunidades indígenas. En esta línea, la autora señalará varias veces que no podemos entender plenamente el comunalismo sin tener en cuenta el individualismo. En sus propias palabras, se refiere a que su objetivo fue “iniciar un esfuerzo de atención más abierto a lo individual y lo comunal juntos, encapsulando (sin resolver) las tensiones que crean las sociedades humanas, y valorar el comunalismo indígena como la característica central de la indigeneidad que es” (Smith-Morris, 2020: 136).

Abstract: Technology, events, and sustainability are three interconnected concepts that play a key role in influencing our society and business landscape. Technology has changed various aspects of our lives and the events industry is no exception. The advent of advanced digital tools and platforms has transformed the way events are organized, conducted, and experienced. Events such as festivals, conferences and celebrations traditionally pose significant environmental problems due to their resource-intensive nature. The mass gatherings of people combined with excessive energy consumption, waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions have contributed to the global climate crisis. Faced with this problem, sustainability has become a key factor in event management. Sustainable development in the context of events refers to the adoption of practices that minimize negative environmental, social, and economic impacts. It encompasses a range of strategies including resource efficiency, waste reduction, carbon neutrality and promoting social responsibility. Incorporating sustainability principles into event management helps to take environmental concerns into account and aligns with the growing demand for responsible and ethical practices from consumers and stakeholders. The importance of this research lies in its potential to provide valued insights into how technology can be used to increase sustainability in the events industry. This study examines the intersection of these three concepts and aims to contribute to the development of innovative approaches and best practices for organizing green events. Additionally, understanding the sustainability perspectives and expectations of event attendees will provide valuable guidance to industry leaders in meeting changing market demands. At a time when the climate crisis requires urgent action and when consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of businesses and industries on the environment, it is important to seek innovative solutions that respond to these challenges.

Abstract: Changes in demographics and epidemiology have made non-communicable diseases (NCDs) a global and highly relevant problem. Globally, oral diseases cause serious health and economic burdens, leading to a substantial reduction in quality of life for those affected. Oral diseases and other NCDs share modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets, as well as the same socioeconomic determinants. The oral cavity provides valuable insights into overall health, as systemic diseases such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and autoimmune disorders often presents oral manifestations. However, in prison settings, where access to healthcare is limited and challenging as a human right, individuals experience exacerbated oral health outcomes and complications. Oral health status serves as a mirror of overall health, highlighting the interconnectedness between oral health and general well-being. The involvement of health authorities in prison settings plays a significant role in promoting and maintaining optimal oral health, which in turn has a profound impact on the physical and mental health of PLP. The World Health Organization's Oral Health Report of 2022 emphasizes the importance of addressing oral health inequalities as a crucial step in achieving fairness and implementing preventive interventions. Therefore, coherent and comprehensive regulation and legislation in oral health are needed to achieve social justice, ethical public health policies and professional practice. This study used a combination of methods with a focus on qualitative research. The first phase involved following the guidelines set out in “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA)” to conduct a comprehensive and systematic scoping review addressing the primary and secondary objectives of the study. The third objective was covered by semi structured interviews involving purposive sampling, identified by three target groups: dentist personnel working in prisons; prison health experts; harm reduction policymakers, to gain insight from global prison health experts on potential areas of improvement for oral health in prison. In the first phase of this study, scientific articles published between January and August 2022 were gathered and reviewed. Subsequently, in 2023, a series of interviews were conducted involving fifteen participants. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Ruprecht Karls Faculty of Medicine in Heidelberg (S 288/2023). The data collection instrument was carefully designed to accommodate the specific profiles of the participants, all owing for necessary adjustments to ensure the relevance and effectiveness of the study. Online in depth semi structured interviews were conducted via Zoom with relevant health prison experts. The combination of inductive and deductive approaches was used to design the study, collect and analyze data, and answer the research questions. The major findings of this study shed light on the persistent neglection of oral health into the health systems across different settings. Challenges and limitations in addressing oral health in prison, remains with a focus on the provision of emergency treatments and dental mutilations as services provided instead of conservatives approaches. Comprehensive and specialized dental care is necessary to avoid burdens on the health system, mostly from preventable oral disorders. Oral care and basic dental hygiene are still on the list of necessities in prison settings, as well as lack of resources, committed staff, and infrastructure to support the delivery of comprehensive dental services in prisons. In order to increase access to quality dental care, address oral health disparities, and promote the overall well-being of PLP, policy reforms, capacity building, and collaboration are necessary.