Metástasis, a Colombian remake of the award-winning 5 season series created by Vince Gillian, Breaking Bad, will premiere in Latin America in the second semester of 2014 on the basic-cable television channel MundoFOX. The remake’s success is still to be seen, but Internet blogs and news sites commenting upon it reveal that fans of the original series are really upset, predicting it to be a complete failure. While identifying and explaining the process of adapting both the particular character and the “world” portrayed in Breaking Bad to make them as believable as possible for the Latin American audience, this essay will discuss whom its target audience might be. Thus, based on an analysis on cable television, it will propose that a stronger reason for the realization of this remake is to set-up a new audience in Latin America for the future benefit of United States television networks.

Abstract: The existence of an undeniable nexus between the mining industry and development of the countries is fundamental to comprehend the balance required to offset environmental concerns while developing. To mitigate the environmental impact of development, instruments such as carbon bonds and cap-and-trade system are in place. Their performance and outcome may be debatable on a country-specific basis, but some benefits must be acknowledged. To do so, a historical approach is conducted to analyse their effectiveness in a global context and their basics are explained, preceded by stating that mining is regarded an act of development and that concerns on development-environmental trade-offs are governmental responsibilities. In light of previous considerations some conclusions are made, anticipating that the examined mechanisms have proven success but should have broader scopes and more effective implementation, if global achievements are expected. Resumen: La existencia de un nexo innegable entre la industria minera y el desarrollo de los países es fundamental para comprender el balance que se requiere para compensar las preocupaciones ambientales mientras se desarrollan. Para mitigar el impacto ambiental del desarrollo, instrumentos como los bonos de carbón y el sistema cap-and-trade tienen lugar. Su desempeño y resultado puede ser debatible según el país en particular, pero se deben reconocer algunos beneficios. Para ello, se realiza un enfoque histórico para analizar su efectividad en un contexto global y se explican sus conceptos básicos, precedidos por la afirmación de que la minería se considera un acto de desarrollo y que las preocupaciones sobre el desarrollo y las compensaciones ambientales son responsabilidades gubernamentales. A la luz de consideraciones previas, se hacen algunas conclusiones, anticipando que los mecanismos examinados han tenido éxito, pero deberían tener alcances más amplios y una implementación más efectiva, si se esperan logros globales.

Abstract: Complaining is a complex and ubiquitous social action in daily conversations in which speakers use language to navigate through everyday trouble and build interpersonal relationships. Previous research has identified and explored how two main categories of complaints, i.e. direct and indirect, are co-constructed to achieve different interpersonal effects (Heinemann & Traverso, 2009). Although the growing interest in complaints has engendered studies in multiple languages other than English (e.g. German, French, Danish), research in Spanish, for example, remains limited to institutional settings mostly. This study fills this gap and aims to (1) systematically explore how different types of complaints are co-constructed in casual interactions in Spanish, and (2) examine how degrees of intimacy between participants emerge from their affiliative practices in complaining. The data comes from two corpora (CallFriend and CallHome) and comprises nearly 9.5 hours of audio-recorded phone conversations in Spanish between friends and family members. The analysis draws on interactional pragmatics to examine in detail the emergent sequential practices associated with interpersonal relationships (Haugh, 2012; Haugh, forthcoming). The findings indicate that recipient-oriented and self-oriented complaints occur considerably less frequently than situation-oriented and third-partyoriented complaints in the corpus. A detailed turn-by-turn analysis shows that complaints in Spanish, as in other languages (Selting, 2010; Rääbis et al., 2019), are prosodically emphasized, lexically detailed through extreme case formulations, and syntactically presented as complaint implicatives through questions. It also demonstrates that some language-specific markers such as oye, mira, and ay often appear at the beginning of bounded complaint sequences, epistemic negotiations, and emotional stances. Sequentially, complaints are co-constructed through denials, non-serious frames, assessment escalations, advice sequences, affiliative complaints, and epistemic negotiations. The resulting interactional patterns unveil different degrees of intimacy and affiliation expectations between the participants. Remarkably, while (non) (dis)affiliation are frequent patterns in the corpus, selective affiliation, a term used here to describe affiliative expectation mismatches, constitutes a salient practice when interactants share the role of the complainant through affiliative complaints or co-complaining. In relation to intimacy, selective affiliation often signals distance between the interactants and also attempts to achieve in-group membership. By exploring casual talk in Spanish, this systematic analysis of complaints contributes to the under-explored area of how complaining is coconstructed and accomplished in interaction.

Under the Colombian Flag examines the Colombian state‘s efforts to incorporate the Afro-Caribbean English-speaking Protestant islanders of San Andrés and Providence into the Spanish-speaking Catholic nation. The project analyzes how those cultural struggles and political negotiations shaped the Colombian nation-building process. I illustrate how Colombian political elites largely spoke of islanders‘ ethnic differences in terms of cultural attributes such as language, religion, and customs. In their minds, these characteristics were malleable. The Colombian nation-builders‘ project thus ignored North American and European pseudo-scientific understandings of race in order to incorporate ethnically and racially diverse populations into their homogenizing agenda, which promoted the Spanish language, Hispanic culture, Roman Catholicism, gendered notions of morality, and racial views of health and modernity. San Andrés and Providence islanders had a different understanding of racial and national identities. They tended to formulate their Colombian identity in terms of loyalty, reciprocity, and rights. My work contributes to the growing body of historical scholarship on race and nation-building in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as scholarship investigating the experiences of black communities in the Atlantic world.

By ignoring how conflict and displacement disrupt the location of home for those who flee within national borders, studies on displacement have largely failed to fully understand the material and symbolic impacts of living without a place called home. Drawing on the experiences of internally displaced people in Colombia, this paper argues that following conflict and displacement home becomes neither an entirely fixed place those who escape conflict unequivocally want to return nor an entirely mobile space they necessarily experience on the move. Rather than ambiguously attached to the place left behind or refashioned on the move, the empirical findings reveal that home is consistently experienced by the displaced as a tension between ‘here’ and ‘there’ or ‘nowhere’. Although many displaced people do find a physical place to live following displacement they experience the sense of being trapped in a liminal space where they feel emotionally and existentially homeless. Analysis of detailed interviews shows that most of them continue to search for a sense, rather than a place called, home. A home which is emotional and affective rather than purely physical. The paper concludes by highlighting how sedentarist and non-sedentarist understandings of home coexist in the displaced location of home.

In Birth Rights and Wrongs (2019), Dov Fox points out that torts law is in principle capable of changing through court decision making, and that it has in the past been bold enough to measure harms that seemed unmeasurable at first glance. Fox notes that despite torts malleability, courts have been reluctant to grant sufficient relief to patients that have been harmed by practitioner’s negligence in the realm of reproductive negligence -the “freezer malfunction” cases. He notes that “conventional harms miss real and serious losses to people who end up without the child they’d give anything to have” (Fox, 23). This paper (i) examines the position of three feminist legal theories on what it would mean to claim damages for being unable to conceive due to practitioner’s negligence and (ii) analyzes the weight that courts have given to pregnancy while establishing whether compensation is due. The conclusion (iii) compares the posture of the courts with the examined theories on the matter and examines the way in which ‘new’ families are being excluded from redress. En Birth Rights and Wrongs (2019), Dov Fox señala que la ley de daños en EEUU es, en principio, capaz de mutar a través de la toma de decisiones de las cortes, y que en el pasado los jueces han sido lo suficientemente audaces como para medir daños que parecían inconmensurables a primera vista. Fox señala que, a pesar de la maleabilidad de los daños, las cortes se han mostrado reacias a otorgar un alivio suficiente a los pacientes que han sido perjudicados por la negligencia del médico en el ámbito de la negligencia reproductiva, los casos de "mal funcionamiento del congelador" –denominados así por los casos en los que el material reproductivo congelado se daña, se pierde, o se estropea. Fox señala que "los daños convencionales pasan por alto pérdidas reales y graves para las personas que terminan sin el hijo que darían cualquier cosa por tener" (Fox, 23). Este artículo (i) examina la posición de tres teorías legales feministas sobre lo que significaría reclamar daños y perjuicios por no poder concebir debido a la negligencia del médico y (ii) analiza el peso que los tribunales le han dado al embarazo al establecer si se debe indemnizar. La conclusión (iii) compara la postura de los tribunales con las teorías examinadas sobre el asunto y examina la forma en que las "nuevas" familias están siendo excluidas de la reparación.

Abstract: This dissertation studies the historical dimension that underpins the literary works of renowned Colombian writer and Nobel Prize winner, Gabriel García Márquez (1927-2014). In particular, I analyse the Macondo Cycle, comprised by the following novels and short stories: La hojarasca (1955), El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1961), La mala hora (1962), ‘Los funerales de la Mamá Grande’ (1962), ‘Un día después del sábado’ (1962), ‘La viuda de Montiel’ (1962), ‘La siesta del martes’ (1962), ‘En este pueblo no hay ladrones’ (1962), Cien años de soledad (1967), and ‘Monólogo de Isabel viendo llover en Macondo’ (1968). Drifting away from Magical Realism, this thesis looks into the recurring historical references in García-Márquez’s Macondo cycle, the purpose behind them, and the reflection on Colombian history they convey. Throughout its four sections, I demonstrate that García Márquez's Macondo-set fictions embody a crítical attitude and constitute a literary response to traditional national histories written during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through a reassessment of historical events and characters. These range from critical allusions towards historians and traditional histories on nineteenth-century civil wars, the silences surrounding official accounts of the Massacre at the banana plantations in Ciénaga, as well as its reception by contemporary historians. Overall, I seek to unveil the problems and limitations that García-Márquez attributes to traditional historiography, as well as the arguments and literary strategies he uses to do so. Resumen: En esta tesis analizo la dimensión histórica que contiene la obra literaria del conocido escritor colombiano y premio Nobel, Gabriel García Márquez 1927-2014. En especial, estudio el ciclo Macondo compuesto por las siguientes novelas y cuentos: La hojarasca (1955), El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1961), La mala hora (1962), ‘Los funerales de la Mamá Grande’ (1962), ‘Un día después del sábado’ (1962), ‘La viuda de Montiel’ (1962), ‘La siesta del martes’ (1962), ‘En este pueblo no hay ladrones’ (1962), Cien años de soledad (1967), and ‘Monólogo de Isabel viendo llover en Macondo’ (1968). Esta tesis, toma distancia del Realismo Mágico por el que es reconocida su obra y se centra en el estudio de las alusiones históricas que aparecen de manera recurrente en el ciclo Macondo del autor, su propósito y la reflexión histórica a la que invitan. A partir de la reinterpretación literaria que hace García Márquez de personajes y eventos históricos demuestro que su ciclo Macondiano se erige como una respuesta crítica a la interpretación histórica fijada por historias tradicionales escritas durante el siglo XIX y principios del XX. En cuatro secciones analizo alusiones históricas directas e indirectas dirigidas a historiadores e historias de las guerras civiles decimonónicas, a los silencios evidentes en la versiones oficiales de la matanza de las bananeras en Ciénaga, y la recepción crítica que ha tenido su obra en círculos historiadores contemporáneos. Así pues, me propongo exponer las limitaciones y problemas que García Márquez percibe en la historiografía, y los argumentos y estrategias literarias que usa para enfatizarlos.

The purpose of this essay is to explain why it is not only reasonable but also necessary for companies that aim to survive in the long term, to adapt to the shifts that have happened in the market by embedding a system thinking and becoming sustainable businesses, through the adoption of sustainable business strategies that deliver benefits for the Triple Bottom Line. This paper first describes the current situation of the Earth, it will also describe the existing criticism towards businesses and the raising expectations for business acting as a source of long-term solutions and change. Subsequently, it exposes the main reasons why it has been so difficult for businesses to see a business case for sustainability. Finally, this essay demonstrates that to survive in the long term it is of vital importance for companies to embed sustainable business strategies and sustainable business models that deliver benefits for the Triple Bottom Line.

Аннотация: В настоящее время энергетический сектор переживает трансформацию от энергетических систем, основанных на ископаемом топливе, к низкоуглеродным энергетическим системам с аспределённой выработкой энергии около точек потребления. Эта трансформация известна как «энергетический переход», и она важна не только для сокращения выбросов CO2 и ограничения последствий изменения климата, но также для обеспечения доступа к современной, непрерывной и устойчивой электроэнергии для всех по доступной цене. Теперь в энергетических системах есть активные потребители, которые не только берут электроэнергию из сети, но и могут генерировать свою собственную энергию с помощью установок возобновляемой энергии, и которые могут даже продавать энергию обратно в сеть или своим соседям. В настоящей работе показано влияние гибкого потребительского спроса на электроэнергию на проектирование распределённых энергетических систем. Resumen: El sector de energía eléctrica experimenta actualmente una transformación, de sistemas energéticos basados en combustibles fósiles a sistemas de energía de bajas emisiones de CO2 y con generación de energía distribuida cerca de los puntos de consumo. Esta transformación es conocida como la "transición energética", y es importante no solo para limitar de los efectos del cambio climático, sino también para lograr asegurar acceso universal a servicios de electricidad modernos y sostenibles para todos. En los sistemas de energía modernos existen consumidores activos que no solo toman energía de la red eléctrica, sino que también pueden regular su consumo, generar su propia energía mediante instalaciones de energías renovables, y que incluso puede enviar energía de vuelta a la red o a sus vecinos. Este artículo muestra el impacto de la flexibilidad de la demanda de energía eléctrica por parte de los consumidores activos en el diseño de sistemas de energía distribuida.

Abstract: In this paper we introduce a c-derivation δc, Δc-rings and some basic properties. Finally, we prove that the radical of a Δc-ideal is also a Δc-ideal. Resumen: En este artículo introducimos una c-derivación δc, Δc-anillos y algunas propiedades básicas. Finalmente, como resultado general se demuestra que el radical de un Δc-ideal es también un Δc-ideal.