The objective of the present work was to develop a business model for nautical cartography offered by the Colombian General Maritime Directorate (DIMAR), in order to contribute to its consolidation as a modern, efficient and competitive entity, which promotes the safety of navigation for the seas of the world. A contextualization was made about DIMAR and its close relationship with the Colombian National Navy (ARC). It was explored about the types of nautical charts that DIMAR can trade, a diagnosis of nautical cartography was developed as a value proposition, aspects that served as inputs to generate a business model CANVAS which allows observing how it captures value for Colombia and delivers value to customers within the field of nautical cartography. This work was framed in a theoretical research at the descriptive level, with a documentary field design based on interview or structured questionnaire, non-experimental and cross-sectional questionnaire for the analysis of data from the empirical evidence. The results showed that only four countries in Latin America (Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Colombia) have the capacity to produce nautical charts, but as Commander Ramírez (2017) stated on his interview, only Mexico has attempted to manage it as a lucrative business, without achieving any resounding success to date, as a result, these countries are dedicated only to cartographic production, with a focus on domestic maritime safety. The rest of the countries of the region, due to economic, technological and human resources deficiencies to carry out their cartographic surveys, appeal to Hydrographic powerful Offices such as the United Kingdom, the United States or Japan, with whom they face barriers such as the language and stagnation of alliances and agreements due to delayed diplomatic procedures. The business model Canvas placed in this work aims to serve two segments. The first segment is the countries which are geographically close to Colombia and have a high maritime activity and the second segment aims to countries geographically close to Colombia, without a significant commercial flow through their maritime ports and which have problems or limitations to carry out all their hydrographic surveys in order to ensure a safe navigation on their waters in spite of their acquired international obligations. In other words, this business model will allow Colombia to cooperate with countries and contribute to the maritime safety in the region among other benefits. The appendices include the survey, all the notes of the unstructured interviews carried out, as well as all the interviews that were done in a structured way, including personnel who worked or still work in DIMAR, interviews with international organizations such as the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO), as well as interviews with people from some Central American countries who are responsible to the IHO on issues related to the hydrography of their countries. The interviews that were carried out in Spanish, are in the appendices in the original language with translation to English. The appendices have also taken into account a contextualization of the reader with a political map of Central America and additionally annexed a gallery of photos of the ships with which DIMAR currently carries out its naval operations.

Conventional agricultural practices are often contrary to human health and environmental conservation. Use of and exposure to pesticides in agricultural communities in tropical countries is a pressing public health problem and an important facet of environmental degradation. This research project was undertaken by documenting use and exposure behaviors among agricultural communities in San Cristobal, Antioquia (Colombia). The research questions were: (1) What are the primary factors associated with the use of pesticides and do those factors differ between pesticide users and agroecological adherents? (2) How do campesino pesticide users and agroecological adherents(non-pesticide users) differ in their attitudes and beliefs with regards to pesticide use and exposure? and (3) How do these factors influence campesinos‟ behaviors associated with pesticide use and exposure? I implemented qualitative and quantitative methods in this investigation. The qualitative approach was based on community participatory ethnographic research. The latter involved participant observation, interviews, and focus groups aimed at existing pesticides users and agroecological adherents. The quantitative approach used questionnaires to derive demographic information, scale-based evaluations of attitudes and beliefs, pesticides decision making, perceived confidence, and perceived control. Findings showed that the most relevant factors related to pesticide use and their categories included: a) individual: beliefs, attitudes and knowledge; b) interpersonal: family support and cultural acceptance of pesticide use; c) economic: fear of living within financially unviable constraints, market conditions and lack of economic support from the government; d) cultural: collective acceptance or tolerance of pesticide use and exposure and onset of negative reactions when stopping pesticide use; e) political: deficient regulations for controlling pesticide use control and adequate utilization of protective equipment. Pesticide users experienced the most apprehension regarding stopping pesticide use as they often believed pesticides allow them to obtain better crop yields and, therefore, higher monetary gains. Pesticide users lacked a positive attitude toward personal protectionequipment, regardless of the risks to which they may be exposed. Pesticide training was deficient in this population showing a clear need to improve safety conditions and training to reduce occupational hazards. Future studies should explore with greater detail these attitudes and beliefs so as to promote mid- to long-term public health interventions that directly address the sense of food and income insecurity found among the population of pesticides users, which blocks their transition into a non-pesticide scenario for agricultural production. Over the short-term, public health programs should continue to educate the population of pesticide users on the immediate risks of exposure. The decision making process surrounding pesticide use in the studied population was influenced by a variety of factors. Campesinos who were prone to use pesticides for their crops often exhibited diminished degrees of knowledge about adverse effects of pesticides on human health, believed pesticides are necessary for their crops, had negative attitudes about stopping pesticide use, had a strong family influence toward the use of pesticides, experienced economic fear of stopping pesticide use, cultivated flowers as their main source of income, expressed strong social acceptance of pesticide use, experienced negative community reactions when attempting to stop pesticide use, received government subsidies for pesticide use, and had never received any training on the use of required protective equipment. Campesinos who showed more proclivities towards the use of pesticides were convinced that pesticides are necessary for their crops as they guarantee substantial yields and larger specimens of the different crop varieties. They also exhibited low perceived control, low perceived confidence, and a low perception of adverse pesticide effects on human health and the natural environment. Future studies are required to fully comprehend the unique occupational health and safety needs of these campesinos. Additionally, future studies should be aimed at designing and introducing long-term, well-structured public health interventions to increase awareness about the harmfulness of pesticides on human and environmental health so as to promote a well-established behavioral change in relation to pesticides use reduction among these communities.

Nowadays, intensive longitudinal data gathering that acknowledge the dynamic nature of human characteristics such as ecological momentary assessment or experience sampling methods have become more and more popular. Conceptually, the variability and stability of human characteristics are acknowledged by the concepts state and trait, which are the basis of several longitudinal structural equation models. In this study, we explore how to apply some of these models to intensive longitudinal data. For this purpose, an empirical dataset and three models were used: The multistate-singletrait model, the trait-state-occasion model, and the common and unique trait-state model. Each model was fitted to the data using different constraints. The results showed that fitting these models to intensive longitudinal data is possible. In general, the models are useful to identify whether the variables were more trait-like or state-like on certain measurement occasions, however, different models may lead to different conclusions. Moreover, at the individual level, the predicted scores seem to be fairly close to the observed scores. Nevertheless, an important drawback was that the goodness of fit of the models was considerably poor. In the conclusions, we argue that these state-trait longitudinal structural equation models did not seem to be suitable to analyze the intensive longitudinal data at hand. However, a simulation study is necessary to obtain a definitive answer on this matter in general. En los últimos años, métodos para la recolección de datos longitudinales intensivos que reconocen la naturaleza dinámica de las características del ser humano como evaluación ecológica momentánea o métodos de muestreo de experiencias se han vuelto más y más populares. Conceptualmente, la variabilidad y la estabilidad de ciertas características del ser humano se ha explicado con los términos estado y rasgo, los cuales han sido la base para el desarrollo de diversos modelos longitudinales de ecuaciones estructurales. En este estudio, se explora como aplicar algunos de estos modelos a datos longitudinales intensivos. Para esto, se utilizaron datos empíricos de un estudio que utilizó métodos de muestreo de experiencias y tres modelos longitudinales de ecuaciones estructurales: El modelo multiestado-multirasgo, el modelo de rasgo-estado-ocasión y el modelo de rasgo-estado común y único. Cada modelo fue ajustado a los datos con diversas restricciones. En los resultados se observó que estos modelos pueden ser ajustados a datos longitudinales intensivos y que pueden identificar cuando una variable psicológica se caracteriza más por ser de rasgo o de estado. Sin embargo, los modelos usados pueden resultar en conclusiones contradictorias y la bondad de ajuste de los modelos es considerablemente mala. Finalmente, se discute que estos modelos longitudinales de ecuaciones estructurales parecen no ser adecuados para el análisis de datos longitudinales intensivos. Aun así, es necesario un estudio de simulación con el propósito de dar conclusiones certeras frente a la utilidad de los modelos utilizados.

Since the dawn of the digital age, our society has experienced big cultural changes. Questions have arisen as to how to manage this new digital world surrounding us and influencing our daily lives, how to deal with its purposes and the associated phenomena, both positive and negative. It seems undeniable that this new media is here to stay and won‟t cease to impregnate our social spheres and our human spaces in many ways, so it‟s crucial to understand it as much as possible. In this research particularly, cases of virality online are analyzed. These cases are content (or people) that gain widely and rapidly, popularity and exposure online, for many different reasons. How does this virtual fame influence the lives of these people? What does it mean to be popular online for a reason which seems positive? What does it mean to be popular online for a reason which seems negative? Does „going viral’ suppose a risk for the person involved in it? Given the contemporary nature of these events, it is important to take a look at them from an academic perspective, in order to understand our online behavior and therefore ourselves as a social species. The novelty of this topic supposes an interesting look on our communication style and our culture as well. An ethnographic perspective constitutes the approach of study elected, because virality implicates masses, masses that follow with individuals that feel the need to be part of something, to be informed about a common knowledge. Through the method of interviews, this topic will be address. Three people involved in viral cases online will be questioned; some of them went viral for good reasons, some of them for not very good ones. A contrast is expected to emerge. Desde el surgimiento de la era digital, nuestra sociedad ha experimentado grandes cambios culturales. Varias preguntas se han presentado con respecto al manejo de este nuevo mundo que nos rodea e influencia, cómo lidiar con sus propósitos y fenómenos, tanto positivos como negativos. Es inevitable la presencia de estos nuevos medios, los cuales permean nuestras esferas sociales y espacios humanos de muchas maneras. Es crucial alcanzar un entendimiento sobre esto. En esta investigación particular, se analizaron casos de viralidad online. Estos casos se refieren a contenidos (o personas) que adquirieron una amplia y rápida popularidad online, por muchas razones. ¿Cómo influye entonces esta fama en la vida de estas personas?, ¿Qué significa ser popular online por una razón que parece positiva?, ¿Qué significa ser popular online por una razón que parece negativa?, “volverse viral” ¿supone un riesgo para la persona involucrada? Dada la contemporaneidad de estos episodios, es importante mirarlos desde una perspectiva académica, para poder entender nuestro comportamiento digital y por ende entendernos a nosotros mismo como especie. La novedad de este tema supone un interesante estudio sobre la comunicación y la cultura humana. Este estudio se lleva a cabo desde una perspectiva etnográfica, debido a que la viralidad implica el análisis de masas, masas compuestas por individuos que desean ser parte de algo, desean conocer un conocimiento común. Este proceso se lleva a cabo por medio de entrevistas. Tres personas involucradas en casos virales son cuestionadas; unos individuos se volvieron famosos online por razones positivas, y otros por razones no tan buenas. Emerge entonces un contraste interesante.

Tesis de Nicolás Osorio para optar al título de Doctor en Medicina, en la Facultad de Medicina de París, en 1865. A lo largo del documento, escrito en francés, Osorio analiza el comportamiento de los tumores que obstruyen el líquido cefalorraquídeo.

Why if 20% of over 50 million people who visit New York City yearly, and disburse half of total touristic spending, about $20 billion per year, The Metropolitan Opera is not currently addressing them to come to the house? Goals: 1. To demonstrate that The Metropolitan Opera has not yet a clear strategy addressing the visitors crowd coming to New York City. 2.To propose a strategy to achieve it. Methods: First, collecting information at the Metropolitan Opera house concerning visitors’ origins. Then, reviewing tourism trends and data in NYC, to finally search for correlations between the Met Opera marketing strategies and the tourists’ approaches in the city. Results: Visitors are coming to The Met by their own interests to get to know the house and get the live experience.They revealed that one of their main drives to attend a performance at The Met was having been exposed to Met Productions through the HD Live program in their hometowns. Nonetheless, Met staffers proved that visitors have not been yet a priority for the organization. Conclusion: The financial situation at The Met Opera is unsound, when an audience and resources are timidly coming to the door; there’s an urge to suitably address this crowd to improve the unstable finances of one of the greatest performing arts organizations in the world.

Abstract:Background: Allergic rhinitis may affect up to 50% of children. Treatment options include allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy and multimodal therapies. Nasal saline douching is well established in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in adults, and has recently gained more acceptability in children as the evidence builds for its effectiveness in this age group. To date, however, there is limited data regarding the acceptability and tolerability of nasal saline douching in children with allergic rhinitis.Methods: A search was conducted using Medline and Embase databases from January 1946 until June 2015 on the use of nasal douching in children aged 4 to 12 with allergic rhinitis. All publications identified that assessed the beneficial effects, acceptability and tolerability were included. The evaluation focused on primary (proportion of patients who adopted nasal douching routinely, symptom and quality of life scores) and secondary outcome measures (effects related to delivered method, dose, technique, and frequency of administration).Results: 35 studies were analyzed. Data varied considerably in terms of saline solutions used, modality of application, participant numbers, study design, follow up and outcomes. Factors that appear to influence the acceptability and tolerability of nasal saline douching are parental and health professionals’ preconceptions, and characteristics of the solution. Overall nasal saline irrigation appears to have a positive impact on quality of life, being accepted and tolerated in the majority of children (78-100%).Conclusions: Nasal saline douching has a significant positive impact on the quality of life in children aged 4 to 12 with allergic rhinitis. Among the principal factors that influence acceptability and tolerability of this therapy are the child´s age, delivery system and method, and tonicity. Encouragement and reinforcement is vital to successful compliance. Saline nasal douching provides an accessible, low cost, low morbidity, easy to use treatment that could be standardized as part of allergic rhinitis management in children.Resumen:Antecedentes: La rinitis alérgica puede afectar hasta el 50% de los niños. Las opciones de tratamiento incluyen evitar el alergeno, la farmacoterapia, la inmunoterapia y las terapias multimodales. La aplicación de la solución salina nasal hace parte del tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica en adultos, y recientemente ha ganado más aceptación en los niños a medida que la evidencia demuestra su eficacia en este grupo etario. Hasta la fecha, sin embargo, hay datos limitados en cuanto a la aceptabilidad y la tolerabilidad de la solución salina nasal en niños con rinitis alérgica.Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda a través de Medline y EMBASE desde enero de 1946 hasta junio de 2015 sobre el uso de solución salina nasal en niños de 4 a 12 años con rinitis alérgica. Todas las publicaciones identificadas que evaluaron los efectos beneficiosos, la aceptabilidad y la tolerabilidad, fueron incluidas. La evaluación se centró en resultados primarios (proporción de pacientes que adoptaron las duchas nasales de forma rutinaria, los síntomas y la calidad de vida de las puntuaciones) y resultados secundarios (efectos relacionados con el método de entrega, la dosis, la técnica y la frecuencia de administración).Resultados: Se analizaron 35 estudios. Los datos variaron considerablemente en términos de soluciones salinas utilizadas, modalidad de aplicación, el número de participantes, el diseño del estudio, el seguimiento y resultados. Los factores que parecen influir en la aceptabilidad y la tolerabilidad de la solución salina nasal son las ideas preconcebidas de los padres y profesionales de la salud, y las características de la solución. En general, la irrigación salina nasal parece tener un impacto positivo en la calidad de vida, siendo aceptado y tolerado en la mayoría de los niños (78-100%).Conclusiones: La solución salina nasal tiene un impacto significativamente positivo en la calidad de vida en niños de 4 a 12 años con rinitis alérgica. Entre los principales factores que influyen en la aceptabilidad y la tolerabilidad de esta terapia son la edad del niño, el sistema de entrega y su forma, así como la tonicidad de la solución. El estímulo y refuerzo de este hábito como parte de la terapia, es vital para su adherencia. La solución salina nasal proporciona una terapia de bajo costo, accesible, de baja morbilidad, y fácil de usar que podría ser estandarizada como parte del tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica en niños.

The complexity and human suffering caused by trafficking in persons, the difficulties that victims face, and the challenges for the State to overcome in order to prevent and assist victims is immense. Therefore, it is important to consider that offering effective remedies to the victims contributes to the recognition of their dignity, the guarantee of their fundamental rights as human beings and prevents the occurrence of new cases. Hence, this paper aims to analyze the remedies available under Colombian legislation for victims of trafficking in persons. It will focus on determining the compliance of Colombian legislation to the Principles on the Right to Effective Remedy for Victims of Trafficking in Persons -A/HRC/26/18. For doing that, first, this paper will describe the anti-trafficking legal framework that is currently in place. Next it will analyze the definition of trafficking in persons provided in Colombian law. Third, it will examine the legislation compliance with the Principles and underline the main obstacles for implementing the legal framework. Lastly, it will present some conclusions.La complejidad y el sufrimiento humano causado por la trata de personas, las dificultades que enfrentan las víctimas y los desafíos que debe superar el Estado para prevenir y ayudar a las víctimas son inmensos. Por lo tanto, es importante considerar que ofrecer remedios efectivos a las víctimas contribuye al reconocimiento de su dignidad, la garantía de sus derechos fundamentales como seres humanos y previene la ocurrencia de nuevos casos. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los recursos disponibles en la legislación colombiana para las víctimas de la trata de personas. Se centrará en determinar el cumplimiento de la legislación colombiana de los Principios sobre el derecho a un recurso efectivo para las víctimas de la trata de personas -A / HRC / 26/18. Para este fin, primero, este documento describirá el marco legal contra la trata de personas vigente en la actualidad. Segundo, analizará la definición de trata de personas prevista en la ley colombiana. En tercer lugar, examinará el cumplimiento de la legislación con los Principios y subrayará los principales obstáculos para la implementación del marco legal. Por último, presentará algunas conclusiones.

The Latin American population in Sweden has been increasing, and Colombians accounted for 17-24 % of the total migrant population in the last 5 years. In migration, acculturation is a process where individual changes take place as a result of contact with other culturally dissimilar people, which is known by influencing positively or negatively the health status of immigrants. Different studies have examined migration and health status, health access and barriers of consultation. However, there is a lack of information regarding immigrants’ attitudes towards health services and the influence on health-seeking behaviors. The aim was to explore the attitudes and experiences that Colombian immigrants had in their first interaction with the primary healthcare center (Vårdcentral). More specifically, it sought to explore differences or similarities in the attitudes and experiences of the Swedish healthcare system compared those from Colombia. Consequently, eight semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with Colombian immigrants living in the south of Sweden using a snowball-sampling technique. A qualitative manifest and a latent content analysis were used for the analysis and interpretation of results. Three themes emerged from the analysis: ‘The language: playing the same game’, referred to the relevance of language providing autonomy and connecting with the new context. ‘The Swedish healthcare system: The disillusion when starting over’, referred to the contrasting perceptions of immigrants in their first interaction with the Vårdcentral, indicating a shock that made them change their health-seeking behaviors. ‘Acculturation is like going on a long pathway’: described the transition of personal thoughts and actions with the healthcare system, which constituted steps in the process of adapting to the Swedish Culture. Acculturation is a complex process that includes encounters with the healthcare system. Interventions, in healthcare, that facilitate immigrants to better adjust to a new society are required in order to ensure the acceptation of attitudes and practices leading to gains in health and well-being.