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Este archivo contiene: 1) una discusión general respecto al problema de cuánto pescar maximizando el beneficio y disminuyendo el riesgo de colapso, abordada desde una mirada interdisciplinar y diversos campos científicos; 2) las conclusiones, tanto generales como específicas; 3) la lista bibliográfica, 4) el anexo, constituido por un poster presentado en la Conferencia Internacional de R (2013), y dos artículos de divulgación publicados en el 2014, y 5) los agradecimientos.

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Leaf-nosed bats in Hipposideridae and Rhinonycteridae currently have an Old World tropical to subtropical distribution, with a fossil record extending back to the middle Eocene of Europe. The Riversleigh World Heritage fossil site in northwestern Queensland constitutes a particularly rich archive of faunal diversity for Old World leaf-nosed bats, having yielded more than 20 species. We used 2D geometric morphometrics to quantify cranial shape in hipposiderids and rhinonycterids, particularly from Riversleigh, to each family within a phylogenetic framework, and using a quantitative approach to reconstruct cranial shape for key clades in these Old World radiations. Our phylogenetic results suggest that the Riversleigh leaf-nosed bats probably do not represent an endemic Australian radiation. Discriminant analyses (DA) resulted in cross-validated classification success ranging from 61.9% to 71.4%. Classification of the original grouped cases resulted in success of 81% for each dataset. Of the eight fossil taxa included as unknowns in the DA, six were found to be assigned to the same group as recovered by the phylogenetic analysis. From our results, we assign the Riversleigh Miocene species Archerops annectens, Brachipposideros watsoni, Brevipalatus mcculloughi, Rhinonicteris tedfordi and Xenorhinos halli to Rhinonycteridae, and Riversleigha williamsi and Hipposideros bernardsigei to Hipposideridae. Our results support Pseudorhinolophus bouziguensis, from the early Miocene of Bouzigues in southern France, as belonging to Hipposideridae, and probably Hipposideros. The reconstructed ancestor of hipposiderids was distinguished from that of the rhinonycterids by having a shorter rostrum, and less of a distinction between the rostrum and braincase.

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New World bats represent over one third of global bat species and encompass the widest adaptive radiation among bats. Modern bat diversity in the Americas resulted from a mixture of migrations and colonisations of different taxa throughout the Cenozoic. Traditionally, these taxa are conceived as either South or North American, based on the location of their centres of diversification. To better understand the spatial and temporal processes behind modern biogeographic patterns of New World bat fauna, we investigated phylogenetic diversity (PD) and endemism (PE) for 325 American bat species using distribution maps and a species-level phylogenetic supertree of bats. Randomisation tests were used to evaluate the statistical significance of our results, and to derive a categorical analysis of neo- and palaeo-endemism (CANAPE) to decon- struct significant endemism into its different components. PD and PE showed differ- ent patterns than those previously reported for New World bats based on traditional measures of diversity. We found multiple centres of significant endemism across the New World for most bat families, extending the hypothesis of dual centres of diversi- fication, previously proposed for Emballonuridae, Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae, to Molossidae and Vespertilionidae. Our results indicate that Central America and southern North America played important roles in the diversification of New World bats, as did the Andes in the diversification of Vespertilionidae in South America.

Resumen: Este archivo contiene el resumen de la tesis; la “Introducción general”; los objetivos generales y específicos, diferenciados por capítulos, y el capítulo 1. En tal capítulo se desarrolla un nuevo modelo bayesiano para la anchoa en el golfo de Cádiz. Dicho modelo forma parte de esta tesis y fue aceptado para su publicación en el Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Es un modelo con resolución temporal semanal para las primeras etapas vitales, y mensual para juveniles y adultos que incorpora la influencia del medio ambiente para etapas tempranas y una estructura de crecimiento que permite estimar la distribución mensual de tallas. Este modelo, además, provee una distribución mensual de las capturas a partir de los parámetros estimados, lo que permite simular series temporales y comparar como se comportarían las capturas usando diferentes estrategias de pesca para diseñar una que sea óptima. Texto tomado y adaptado de la “Introducción general” de esta tesis.

Los acuerdos de participación conjunta en licitaciones (JBAs por sus siglas en inglés) y los acuerdos de áreas de mutuo interés (AMIs) son comúnmente utilizados en la industria petrolera. Estos acuerdos incluyen cláusulas que limitan el derecho a competir entre las partes con el fin de garantizar que las firmas que comparten información confidencial, know how, tecnología y capital para desarrollar proyectos de exploración y explotación conjunta recibirán la porción correspondiente de los beneficios acordados. Este tipo de acuerdos de colaboración entre competidores le permite a las firmas compartir la exposición al riesgo, alcanzar sinergias y participar en esta industria intensiva en capital. Sin embargo, la pregunta que permanece abierta es cómo determinar si cláusulas que incorporan compromisos de licitar conjuntamente, que se incluyen en los JBAs y los AMIs, son ilegales a la luz del régimen de competencia de los Estados Unidos y si son proclives a ser investigadas por las autoridades de competencia de este país. Debidamente interpretado, el caso SGI Interest del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos arroja luces sobre la cuestión de la siguiente manera: Las cláusulas que incorporan compromisos de licitar conjuntamente, que son parte de un acuerdo de colaboración más amplio que contempla la realización de actividades mancomunadas de producción, no son ilegales pe se y tampoco son proclives a ser investigadas por esta autoridad de competencia. Joint Bidding Agreements (“JBAs”) and Area of Mutual Interest Agreements (“AMI Agreements”) are commonly used in the oil and gas industry. These agreements include provisions that condition the right to compete so as to guarantee that companies pooling confidential information, know how, technology and capital for pursuing petroleum exploration and production projects will receive the agreed portion of the benefits. These kinds of competitor collaboration enable companies to share exposure to risk, accrue synergies and participate in this capital intensive industry. However, the question that remains open is how to determine whether joint bidding provisions, commonly included in agreements such as JBAs and AMI, are unlawful under US antitrust regulations and whether they are likely to be challenged by the US antitrust authorities. Properly interpreted, the SGI Interests’ case issued by the US Department of Justice sheds light on the matter as follows: joint bidding provisions, which are part of broad collaborations that contemplate subsequent joint productive activity, are neither per se unlawful nor likely to be challenged by this authority.