Abstract: This research attempted to develop guidelines for improving the use of the Master Data Management in developing various topics like business ontology, service-oriented architecture, canonical model and knowledge best practices. This research proposal also sought to examine innovative technological solutions that would allow project management offices to collaborate with companies focused on digital transformation, a set of differentiated skills, complementary assets, organizational routines, and capacities that provide the basis for a firm’s competitive capacities in one or more businesses. The major feature of this research is the service-oriented architecture on a Canonical model, whereas the business ontology and the knowledge best practices are studied but are not the central part of the research.

Individualism or communalism? This is a very important question about how societies can live, develop, work and solve problems. Throughout history, this question has been considered from philosophical, sociological, anthropological, psychological, political, economic, and even theological or spiritual perspectives. Perhaps we will not find a solution, and the possibilities of reconciling these two concepts seem slim. Today, with Carolyn Smith-Morris' book, we approach the question from the experience of Indigenous communities. The title of the book is "Indigenous Communalism," but the author will point out several times throughout the book that we cannot fully understand communalism without considering individualism. In her own words, the goal of this book “has been to initiate more overt attention to the individual and communal together, encapsulating (without resolving) the tensions that create human societies, and to value Indigenous communalism as the central feature of Indigeneity that it is” (Smith-Morris, 2020, p. 136). ¿Individualismo o comunalismo? Esta es una pregunta muy importante sobre cómo las sociedades pueden vivir, desarrollarse, trabajar y resolver problemas. A lo largo de la historia, se ha reflexionado sobre este tema desde los puntos de vista filosófico, sociológico, antropológico, psicológico, político, económico, e incluso, teológico o espiritual. Quizás no encontremos ninguna solución y parecen pocas las posibilidades de conciliar estos dos conceptos. Hoy, con el libro de Carolyn Smith-Morris, que se titula en español Comunalismo indígena, abordamos la cuestión desde la experiencia de las comunidades indígenas. En esta línea, la autora señalará varias veces que no podemos entender plenamente el comunalismo sin tener en cuenta el individualismo. En sus propias palabras, se refiere a que su objetivo fue “iniciar un esfuerzo de atención más abierto a lo individual y lo comunal juntos, encapsulando (sin resolver) las tensiones que crean las sociedades humanas, y valorar el comunalismo indígena como la característica central de la indigeneidad que es” (Smith-Morris, 2020: 136).

Abstract: This study examines the financing choices made by Colombia's private sector, with a special emphasis on bonds and loans. It points out the critical role that a strong financial sector plays in promoting economic progress, a point that academics around the world have stressed. International data highlights the significance of creating financial institutions to draw investment and promote the expansion of the private sector. Despite its potential, Colombia's capital market has encountered difficulties such as strict rules, corruption, and security concerns. The financial industry has been strengthened by recent regulatory changes, which have made it possible to examine how Colombia's private debt market has changed over the previous five years. Analysis is done on the variables that affect funding decisions, such as the size of the organization, the risk profile, and the regulatory landscape. Market activity is investigated, with an emphasis on global and Colombian debt market habits. Private bond issuance has increased globally, headed by Europe and the US. In Colombia, despite previous obstacles, the bond market has showed tremendous development, driven by regulatory improvements and increased demand from institutional investors. The Colombian bond market has experienced significant changes in the last five years. Evidence suggests that private sector enterprises are now using bond emissions rather than the loan market to finance their operations. To understand the elements impacting this decision-making process, a study was done utilizing data from the most active corporations in the bond market between 2005 and 2010. Employing a Tobit Model estimation, variables such as corporate assets, profits, debt amount, Analysis results suggest that in the Colombian context, the development of the bond market reflects a growing dependence on and trust in the banking system. Larger companies with higher credit ratings tend to favor accessing the loan market over the bond market, potentially due to market characteristics. However, ongoing growth and evolution in the market are indicated, necessitating further investigation into the complex dynamics at play. The investigation highlights the growth of Colombia's corporate bond market, particularly in the real sector, driven by factors such as improved regulation and investor confidence. The increasing preference for corporate bonds over bank loans, attributed to lower costs and longer-term financing options, is noted. Sectors such as infrastructure and finance are identified as major contributors to bond issuance. The document encompasses a literature review focusing on the importance of capital markets, the ongoing dilemma between bond and loan funding, and the specific experience of the Colombian bond market. This contextual background provides a comprehensive understanding of the broader economic and financial landscape within which the study operates. Overall, the research suggests parallels between the growth of Colombia's corporate bond market and Chile's experience in the 1980s, indicating positive prospects for the private sector and the economy's future development.

Abstract: According to Mason and Harrison, business angels are high net worth individuals, who invest their own money, with or without someone else support maintaining a completely unbiased position and no familial ties, these investments normally take the form of equity with the intent of an important return. The common approach is to support new or early-stage projects, which are normally the kind of projects a normal venture capitalist would not support due to high risks to liaison with this type of amateur entrepreneurs entails. The object of this thesis is compacted from their early beginnings to the year 2014, tries to portray the growth of business angels' business, what they did to become the number one option for entrepreneurs, what pushed them to become publicly known and how they managed to be different from venture capitalists. It shows how different entities, mostly the government, has supported them by creating networks and incentives, throughout the years, to helped them broaden their target. After this, is shown who is the regular business angel, what entails to be one. From, their background, their gender, the number of investments, experiences and others that have shaped them into what they are today. Resumen: Según Mason y Harrison, los business angels son individuos con un alto patrimonio neto, que invierten su propio dinero, con o sin el apoyo de alguien más, manteniendo una posición completamente imparcial y sin lazos familiares. Estas inversiones normalmente toman la forma de capital con la intención de obtener un retorno importante. El enfoque común es apoyar proyectos nuevos o en etapas tempranas, que normalmente son el tipo de proyectos que un capitalista de riesgo común no apoyaría debido a los altos riesgos que conlleva asociarse con este tipo de emprendedores aficionados. El objetivo de esta tesis, que abarca desde sus inicios hasta el año 2014, es retratar el crecimiento del negocio de los business angels, lo que hicieron para convertirse en la opción número uno para los emprendedores, qué los impulsó a hacerse conocidos públicamente y cómo lograron diferenciarse de los capitalistas de riesgo. Se muestra cómo diferentes entidades, principalmente el gobierno, los han apoyado creando redes e incentivos a lo largo de los años, ayudándoles a ampliar su objetivo. Después de esto, se presenta quién es el business angel regular, qué implica ser uno. Desde su formación, su género, el número de inversiones, experiencias y otros factores que los han moldeado en lo que son hoy.

Abstract: In the current era, dat7a is considered the new oil, and the role of data analysts is indispensable. This article explores the benefits and growing demand for data analytics in Colombia. It examines how analytics is transforming sectors such as health, business, and education, and discusses the challenges of data quality and availability. Furthermore, the importance of collaboration between the public, private, and academic sectors is highlighted to maximize the potential of data analysis. Finally, recommendations are provided to address the talent shortage and improve technological infrastructure to fully capitalize on global opportunities. Resumen: En la era actual, los datos se consideran el nuevo petróleo y el rol de los analistas de datos es indispensable. Este artículo explora los beneficios y la creciente demanda de la analítica de datos en Colombia. Se examina cómo la analítica está transformando sectores como la salud, los negocios y la educación, y se discuten los desafíos de la calidad y disponibilidad de datos. Además, se destaca la importancia de la colaboración entre los sectores público, privado y académico para maximizar el potencial del análisis de datos. Finalmente, se presentan recomendaciones para enfrentar la escasez de talento y mejorar la infraestructura tecnológica para capitalizar plenamente las oportunidades globales.

Abstract: Peace education, pivotal in shaping national identities particularly in post-conflict settings, fosters mutual understanding, dialogue, and reconciliation. In Colombia, the 2016 Peace Agreement represented a major milestone in ending decades of violence, leading to the establishment of the ‘Cátedra de Paz’ in 2015. This initiative mandates its inclusion in the curricula of all educational institutions to instill peace values in youth and promote a culture of engagement among new generations. Despite the progress, this study identifies persistent challenges in program implementation, such as inadequate teacher training, excessive teacher workloads, and insufficient resources, alongside cultural barriers like resistance to change. Semi-structured interviews emphasize the necessity for significant restructuring and enhanced institutional support to effectively incorporate peace education into the national curriculum. Recommendations from participants include specialized teacher training, student-centered pedagogical approaches, rigorous program monitoring, and inclusive educational resources, particularly for marginalized communities. There is widespread agreement on the importance of equipping educators with the skills needed to handle sensitive topics and encourage critical thinking. Although challenges persist, participants concur that ‘Cátedra de Paz’ promotes dialogue and empathy, enabling students to contribute to more peaceful societies. Continued effort and comprehensive strategies involving all stakeholders, from educators to community members, are crucial for achieving post-conflict harmony and equity in Colombia.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las fortalezas y los retos de la investigación participativa y transformadora desde un enfoque biocultural a partir del estudio de caso con la comunidad Muisca de Sesquilé “los hijos del maíz”. Este enfoque implica promover la participación conjunta en todas las etapas de la investigación, cumpliendo con un compromiso ético en su desarrollo. Aunque esta experiencia aplicó principios éticos de la investigación biocultural y propició espacios de coinvestigación y diálogo permanente, también enfrentó retos metodológicos y una serie de barreras institucionales que dificultaron la participación de la comunidad. Estas barreras, que desconocen los derechos bioculturales de los pueblos Indígenas, los derechos territoriales, el enfoque diferencial de derechos, y la Consulta y el Consentimiento Previo, Libre e Informado, sobrepasan las capacidades y recursos de los investigadores y limitan el alcance del proceso participativo y el efecto transformador de la investigación biocultural. Abstract: This article analyzes the strengths and challenges in participatory and transformative research, from a biocultural approach based on the case study of Los hijos del maíz, a Muisca community from Sesquilé. This approach promotes joint participation in all research stages and agrees to follow an ethical code in its development. For this experience, ethical principles of biocultural research were applied and spaces for co-research and permanent dialogue were fostered. However, the community faced methodological challenges and a series of institutional barriers that made it difficult for them to participate. These barriers –which ignore the territorial and biocultural rights of indigenous peoples, the differential approach to rights and Consultation and Free, Prior and Informed Consent –exceed the capacities and resources of researchers and limit the scope of the participatory process and the transformative effect of biocultural research. Resumo: Este artigo analisa os pontos fortes e os desafios da pesquisa participativa e transformadora a partir de uma abordagem biocultural com base no estudo de caso da comunidade muisca de Sesquilé “os filhos do milho”. Essa abordagem envolve a promoção da participação conjunta em todas as etapas da pesquisa, cumprindo um compromisso ético em seu desenvolvimento. Embora essa experiência tenha aplicado os princípios éticos da pesquisa biocultural e promovidoespaços para a pesquisa conjunta e o diálogo permanente, ela também enfrentou desafios metodológicos e uma série de barreiras institucionais que dificultaram a participação da comunidade. Essas barreiras, que ignoram os direitos bioculturais dos povos indígenas, os direitos territoriais, a abordagem de direitos diferenciados e o consentimento e consulta livres, prévios e informados, excedem as capacidades e os recursos dos pesquisadores e limitam o escopo do processo participativo e o efeito transformador da pesquisa biocultural.

Resumen: ¿Se puede lograr un buen libro académico cuando se percibe que la rabia es lo que ha llevado al autor a escribirlo? Esta es una pregunta que surge al leer Repensar la salud global. Marcos de poder,* pues la autora habla explícitamente de cómo comenzó su rabia hacia la inequidad (p. 72) y cómo de alguna manera todavía sigue teniendo esta rabia (p. 93). La respuesta a dicha pregunta la podrá tener el lector al finalizar el libro, des- pués de leer diferentes tipos de relatos. La autora menciona, entre otros casos, la epidemia del cólera en Haití, durante la cual se vivió una situación muy difícil, como se puede leer a continuación: “Se hicieron agujeros en la base de los colcho- nes para que el signo revelador del cólera, la diarrea constante e implacable, pudiera manejarse más fácilmente sin tener que trasladar a los pacientes” (p. 79). Lo cierto es que la doctora Rochelle Burgess dice que escribió este libro con la esperanza de llevar al lector en un viaje para iluminar la complejidad de cómo funcionan las di- námicas de poder en el ámbito de la salud global desde la posición de una psicóloga de salud comunitaria, en cuyo ejercicio profesional encontró su insatisfacción con la salud global. Abstract: Can a good academic book be achieved when it is perceived that anger is what drove the author to write it? This is a question that arises when reading Rethinking Global Health. Frames of Power,* as the author explicitly talks about how she began her rage at inequity (p. 72) and how in some ways she still has this rage (p. 93). The answer to this question can be found at the end of the book, after reading different types of stories. The author mentions, among other cases, the cholera epidemic in Haiti, during which a very difficult situation was experienced, as can be read as follows: "Holes were drilled in the base of the colchages so that the telltale sign of cholera, the constant and relentless diarrhea, could be handled more easily without having to move the patients" (p. 79). The truth is that Dr. Rochelle Burgess says she wrote this book in the hope of taking the reader on a journey to illuminate the complexity of how power dynamics work in global health from the position of a community health psychologist, in whose practice she encountered her dissatisfaction with global health.

Abstract: Religion is that organ in us which, strange as it may seem, at the same time infinitely intensifies and conceals our deepest passions and sins: pride, pharisaism, self-indulgence, narcissism, etc. Religion is our constant self-justification before God, that is, with which we mask our sins and temptations before ourselves" (p. 415)1. These words could apply to any religion, but the author of the present book refers mainly to orthodox Christianity. In this second volume of his work, Alexander Schmemann, Russian Orthodox priest, theologian, husband and father of a family, continues his criticism of religion, but, above all, he invites us to stop thinking of Christianity as a religion. His diary, in two volumes, is rather a theological reflection, whose purpose seems rather to question the way Christianity was lived in his time, or is lived today, and the way some have done theology in Christianity. Resumen: La religión es ese órgano en nosotros que, por extraño que parezca, al mismo tiempo intensifica y oculta infinitamente nuestras pasiones y pecados más profundos: el orgullo, el fariseísmo, la autocomplacencia, el narcisismo, etc. La religión es nuestra constante autojustificación ante Dios, es decir, con la que enmascaramos nuestros pecados y tentaciones ante nosotros mismos” (p. 415)1. Estas palabras podrían aplicar a cualquier religión, pero el autor del presente libro hace referencia, principalmente, al cristianismo ortodoxo. En este segundo tomo de su obra, Alexander Schmemann, sacerdote ortodoxo ruso, teólogo, esposo y padre de familia, continúa su crítica a la religión, pero, sobre todo, invita a dejar de en- tender el cristianismo como una religión. Su diario, de dos tomos, es más bien de reflexión teológica, cuya finalidad pareciera más bien cuestionar la manera cómo se vivía el cristianismo en su época, o se vive hoy, y la manera como algunos han hecho teología en el cristianismo.

Abstract: Have you ever kept a diary of your personal life? For many people, keeping a written record of their experiences, thoughts, feelings, travels or encounters with people is a common practice. For others, it is not. Perhaps for some it is something completely foreign. For Russian Orthodox priest Alexander Schmemann it was clearly not. His diary, two volumes of almost 600 pages each, has given an insight into the life, worries, joys and even disappointments of one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century. On this occasion we would like to refer to the first volume and scrutinize a little of what this work brings to the world today. Resumen: ¿Ha llevado usted un diario de su vida personal? Para muchas personas, llevar un registro escrito de sus vivencias, pensamientos, sentimientos, viajes o encuentros con personas es una práctica común. Para otros no. Quizá para algunos esto es algo completamente ajeno. Es evidente que para el sacerdote ortodoxo ruso Alexander Schmemann no lo fue. Su diario, dos tomos de casi 600 páginas cada uno, ha dejado ver a fondo la vida, preocupaciones, alegrías, e incluso desilusiones de uno de los teólogos más influyentes del siglo XX. En esta ocasión queremos referirnos al primer tomo y escudriñar un poco qué aporta esta obra al mundo de hoy.