The importance of early childhood education is indisputable. In the last decades developing countries have prioritized their budget towards education but despite those efforts, institutional investment in education still does not translate in higher enrollment rates in early education. Public investment can provide educational facilities, quality, and other institutional measures but only household’s investment will enable its utilization. This study pursued to identify poor household’s constraints to investment in basic education in Colombia, to understand how educational policy actions should be focalized. The OLS and fixed effects analysis for 2008 and 2003 estimates evidence the gap between urban and rural households, suggesting that the educational attainment of the parents is the most robust determinant of expenditure in early education and that data for single-mothers as the most vulnerable group is not conclusive enough. Policy targeting this population should be revised and resources prioritized towards specific programs to improve educational attainment of parents and decentralization measures. This kind of research provides empirical evidence for Colombia and would be useful for policy makers who seek a general understanding of educational regulatory policy and its implications to national development.

El concepto de Internet of Things (IoT por sus siglas en inglés) o Internet de las cosas se define como una evolución del actual internet y tiene el objetivo de permitir a objetos o dispositivos identificables unívocamente en digital, comunicarse con otros dispositivos y sistemas distribuidos a través de internet, utilizando estándares abiertos. Este paradigma permite ofrecer muchos servicios innovativos, pervasivos y ubicuos que encuentran aplicabilidad tanto en sectores tradicionales como automatización o control industrial y en campos más modernos como e-health, sistemas de energía inteligentes, ciudades inteligentes entre otros. Una de las principales tecnologías habilitantes para el IoT es el Tag RFID, de hecho este Tag asociado a un objeto no inteligente, puede identificarlo unívocamente y ser utilizado para memorizar información sobre el objeto mismo. También la estandarización de tecnologías wireless, como las consolidadas Bluetooth y ZigBee y las más recientes 6LoWPAN e COAP han tenido una gran importancia en la difusión del concepto de IoT, porque han permitido tener sensores poco invasivos, sensibles, económicos y muy precisos, los cuales no perturban los parámetros medidos por los otros sensores expuestos cercanamente, pueden ser stand-alone o reagrupados en redes de sensores y pueden funcionar de manera independiente. Tales sensores son utilizados para recoger información en tiempo real sobre parámetros del ambiente, como temperatura, localización, movimiento, etc. Y pueden ser gestionados e integrados en plataformas tecnológicas para el IoT. Sin embargo, estos objetos inteligentes pueden interactuar entre ellos a pesar de las diferencias en términos de hardware, software y protocolos de comunicación usados. Una solución común es utilizar un software especializado conocido como middleware, el cual se trata de un importante componente arquitectural para el soporte de las aplicaciones distribuidas, que usualmente se posiciona entre las aplicaciones y el sistema operativo. El rol del middleware es el de presentar un modelo de programación unificado para programadores y desarrolladores de aplicaciones, enmascarar los problemas de heterogeneidad entre dispositivos y la distribución del software. Vista la complejidad de las plataformas para el internet de las cosas, y teniendo en cuenta varios aspectos importantes para facilitar el uso de tales sistemas y herramientas de configuración que vienen incorporados con ellos, los cuales permiten configurar una instancia del sistema, gestionar el ciclo de vida de los módulos que lo integran y tener una idea clara en tiempo real de su estado de ejecución, facilitando al usuario la fase de commissioning de la plataforma y la fase de configuración de los diferentes componentes principales. El objetivo de esta tesis es extender la actual herramienta de configuración del middleware VIRTUS, basándose sobre las consideraciones hechas estudiando el estado del arte de los métodos para la configuración de arquitecturas de software distribuido. Visto el amplio campo de posibles soluciones, se decidió focalizarse sobre algunas soluciones del sector Smart energy poniendo particular atención sobre el middleware open source LinkSmart. VIRTUS es un middleware orientado al internet de las cosas que usa instrumentos abiertos y estándares que ofrecen una solución escalable, ágil y totalmente event-driven para el soporte de aplicaciones para el internet de las cosas. La arquitectura de VIRTUS prevé un instrumento para la configuración y gestión del middleware, este software permite al usuario interactuar con varios módulos del sistema y controlar en fase de ejecución el ciclo de vida del software, y recuperar el estado de ejecución actual de las aplicaciones. Después de la fase de estudio, se decidió concentrar los desarrollos sobre la funcionalidad de configuración dinámica de aplicaciones multidominio, que permiten la comunicación entre diferentes instancias del middleware, dado que aún no está presente en el sistema de configuración. Además de adicionar esta característica, en el mismo contesto ha sido implementado también un mecanismo de DISCOVERY para permitir al middleware, descubrir cuales sensores están presentes en una instancia remota de VIRTUS y poder escoger aquellos que sean necesarios para completar la configuración de la propia aplicación. Esta última parte ha sido desarrollada a través del protocolo XMPP, protocolos abiertos de mensajería instantánea utilizados en VIRTUS para la comunicación entre las diferentes entidades. El presente trabajo se estructura en 4 capítulos. En el primer capítulo vienen analizados a nivel general los conceptos de Internet de las cosas y middleware, el segundo capítulo describe como pueden clasificarse los middleware y sus diferentes arquitecturas, en el tercer capítulo se presenta el estudio hecho sobre los principales sistemas de configuración y herramientas de gestión en tiempo real, en el ámbito de Smart energy y sobre el middleware LinkSmart, en el último capítulo se describe la arquitectura del middleware VIRTUS y su sistema de configuración, además vienen detallados los desarrollos hechos, las posibles evoluciones y las conclusiones.

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) or proteoglycans in Green coffee beans (GCB) are characterized by their low levels of extraction. Previous work reported a yield of ~1,1% (w/w) of GCB using hot water extraction. This means over 92% AGP of the coffee beans remains in the residual cell wall material (RCWM) composed of cellulose and mannan. The aim of this research is to increase the extraction of AGP from green coffee beans, applying different extraction methods and to compare the methods based on their yield and the chemical composition of obtained fraction. AGP was extracted by: single extraction using (1) cold (4 °C) or (2) hot water (90°C), (3) enzymatic hydrolysis or by sequential extraction, starting with cold water, followed by (4) hot water or alkali (6M KOH) extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. Extracted AGP was purified and recovered using a preparative anion exchange column (AEC). AGP fractions were identified with a Yariv radial gel diffusion assay. The highest extraction yield (8,7% AGP) was obtained through sequential extraction using alkali. In this method, the alkali extraction resulting in extraction of 57% of the total AGP extracted with the sequence followed by the enzymatic treatment with a 37%. Two main AGPs were obtained with AEC one unbound and the other bound (both showed positive reaction to Yariv reagent test). In order to elucidate the reasons of having these two different AGPs, molecular size was determined using HPSEC, but clear differences were not observed. A main peak with a molecular weight of 287 kDa was measured for both. Analysis carried out in the composition of AGPs confirmed the majority content of arabinose and galactose and the presence of proteins and uronic acids to a less extent. Protein content was on average 12% (w/w). The carbohydrate moiety accounted between 3 to 7% uronic acids with glucuronic acid being the most predominant. Effect of the extraction method on the structure was reflected in the variation of the ratio Galactose/Arabinose. For instance, AGP from cold water showed a ratio of 2.6 indicating its highly branched nature that eases its solubilization. In contrasts ratio of AGP from the enzymatic treatment in the sequential extraction was around 8, which means a poor branch structure. The difference in the ratios reflects the strength of the treatment applied in the composition of AGP. Therefore studies on the extraction of AGP from coffee beans have to be developed using milder methods to maintain the native structure of the AGP presences in the CWM and therefore reducing the side effects on its structure.

This research project focuses on the experiences and narratives of Syrian exiles living in Turkey. The emphasis of this research was placed on the perceptions of each person about their new environment, and the way they rebuilt their lives in exile while the conflict intensified in Syria. The research question is: how do Syrian exiles configure their social worlds in exile and how do they narrate their experiences? By social worlds I refer to the participants’ relation with their new life in displacement, to the space and the people around them, and to the way their memories and expectations influence this relation. I conducted my research with Syrians from different social backgrounds, different ages, and different dreams for the future. Their experiences, varied as they were, shared many similarities and exemplified the anguish and hardship that forced displacement causes to people. Some participants tried to center their everyday lives in remembering past times in Syria, during the beginning of the revolution and before it began. These memories were brought back to life by sharing them with others, by spending days following the news of the destruction of their cities, and talking to their loved ones that remained in Syria. Their life was interrupted when the conflict intensified and they were forced to relocate in Turkey, thus, most participants did not have the opportunity to regard this as the past, but as an interrupted present. While living in exile, most participants lived day by day without making further plans, hoping for something to change. The fact that the conflict in Syria is not showing any signs of arriving to a peaceful solution soon, people’s uncertain condition perpetuates.

Crime and violence have been regarded as one of the main obstacles to development in Latin America countries. Well-known researchers and institutions have studied the impact of violence on health and development in many countries of South America, showing violence as a two-fold constraint, to health and development. Since Colombia has been one of the countries most affected by violence, this dissertation studies violence at the national level and at the municipal level. This research uses a quantitative approach in order to reveal how violence has been occurring in Colombia. Likewise, it uses the city of Bucaramanga as a case study in order to understand how violence, low socioeconomic status and low academic levels are related.Crime and violence have been regarded as one of the main obstacles to development in Latin America countries. Well-known researchers and institutions have studied the impact of violence on health and development in many countries of South America, showing violence as a two-fold constraint, to health and development. Since Colombia has been one of the countries most affected by violence, this dissertation studies violence at the national level and at the municipal level. This research uses a quantitative approach in order to reveal how violence has been occurring in Colombia. Likewise, it uses the city of Bucaramanga as a case study in order to understand how violence, low socioeconomic status and low academic levels are related. This dissertation analyses how interpersonal and collective violence occurs in Colombia (2006 – 2009) and particularly in Bucaramanga (2006). It analyses violence by linking two main rising typologies in Colombia and their most common manifestations. Firstly, it looks at interpersonal violence through child abuse and intimate partner violence; secondly, it focuses on collective violence through homicides. Quantitative analysis is carried out through factors such as age, gender, perpetrators and time to measure manifestations at the national level and the municipal level (Bucaramanga). Furthermore, violence is mapped in Bucaramanga with the purpose of identifying where the most affected areas are. Similarly, it points out deprived areas of Bucaramanga by showing indicators such us socioeconomic status, academic level, public services coverage, which are also mapped. Finally, both maps are overlapped with the aim of understanding links between violence, socioeconomic status and academic level. The research carried out found that there is a close relationship between interpersonal and collective violence and across their manifestations. It also revealed that Bucaramanga shows the same patterns in interpersonal and collective violence as the national level with small variations. Moreover, the research found a close relation between violence, low socioeconomic status and low academic levels in Bucaramanga. This dissertation concludes reviewing successful policies implemented at the municipal level aimed at reducing violence. It uses the successful example of Medellín to recommend possible policies that could reduce crime and violence in Bucaramanga.

How can public employees be motivated to pursue important public purposes with intelligence and energy? When employees are motivated to work, a greater State capacity and a better public provision can be achieved. Motivation concerns how behavior starts, energizes, sustains and directs people to attain goals with drive and persistence and the kind of subjective reaction present in the organism while all this is going on. Current literature in public administration, human resource management and psychology argue that motivation fosters employee work performance and, even more, that it affects the degree to which an employee can contribute to an organization’s success. This paper explains the importance of employee motivation, specifically in the public sector, and explores how this concept affects different factors of human resource management such as goal setting, training and development, organizational climate and culture, team-building, appreciation, feedback, rewards and fairness. This analysis is then contrasted with the reality of a specific organization belonging to a specific context: the Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For this, the Colombian public sector background – and the Ministry’s in particular – in regards to public employee motivation is illustrated. Through a qualitative research approach, the Human Resources Direction, 4 other top-level management and 34 employees are asked to indicate the main motivators of the staff and the factors that most affect their motivation to work. The results show that, due to the particularities of the Colombian context, there are certain factors that deeply affect the staff´s motivation. Such factors, nonetheless, validate what has been concluded by motivation, psychology and HRM literature and research. Employees in the Ministry, just as any other human being, seek to carry out interesting and purposeful tasks; want to grow and achieve goals; and long for an environment whose climate and culture provides appreciation, feedback and fairness. In this regard, 8 recommendations are provided to help the MFA improve its employees’ motivation and thus productivity, performance and – equally important – happinness (for high motivation is a sign of happier people). Although the recommendations are specific for the MFA, considering that the findings confirm motivation literature and are in accordance with the problems portrayed of the Colombian public sector context, it is also plausible to take them into account for other public sector agencies in Colombia and abroad.

As a response to the negative impacts of tourism a new sustainable tourism has arisen, specifically eco-cultural tourism. This new tourism preserves and strengthens the cultural components of local communities together with the natural environment surrounding their settlements. Utilize both as touristic attractions generating job opportunities and environmental conscience among locals and tourists. Implementing Eco-cultural tourism through community participation allows creating win-win situations among the stakeholders involved, especially the less advantaged ones. This study focus on a case study of the communities La Boquilla, Marlinda and Villa Gloria settled in the northern area of Cartagena-Colombia. Their settlements are surrounded by a very biodiversity-rich area, considered one of the greenest spots of the metropolitan area of the city, the Juan Polo Marsh. The aim of this study is to examine the stakeholder’s perceptions in regard to utilize the community participation approach for developing eco-cultural tourism as a holistic strategy for taking advantage of the economic, social and environmental assets enclosed in the study area’s natural system. It was found that there are very positive conditions for developing an eco-cultural project in the study area and tremendous assets that would enhance very interesting project results. Theoretically the initiative is supported by the stakeholders interviewed and the legislation. However, several obstacles must be overtaken in order to even start the negotiations for the preliminary planning. To proceed with more complex project phases it is highly needed that the governmental sector guarantees the recognition of basic human rights to the local communities. 

Development literature suggests that legal systems provide the framework for examining the main drivers of development. As one of the main legal tools through which lay citizens and companies can enforce contracts, the present analysis focuses on assessing the impact that the level of access to the legal system has on foreign investors’ decisions. Using a two stage least square (2 SLS) regression and data from the Rule of Law Index collected in 2009, this paper finds that the access to civil justice does not have a significant effect on Foreign Direct Investment. Further, the regression analysis indicates that the amount of taxes paid by the businesses as a percentage of commercial profits, the number of days to start a business and the Gross Domestic Product Per Capita are more important to attract foreign capital than the finding itself.

Auricular reconstruction remains one of the biggest challenges faced by plastic surgeons. Reconstruction with autologous cartilage has proven to offer a lasting reconstruction with acceptable cosmetic results when performed by very experienced surgeons; however, the learning curve is long and few surgeons around the world have mastered this technique. For less experienced surgeons clinical outcome is frequently wanting; moreover, reconstructions with autologous cartilage carry its own burden of donor site morbidity and surgical complications. In order to reduce operating time, avoid the risks and complications inherent of cartilage harvest and homogenize clinical outcome of ear reconstruction, auricular off the shelf scaffolds have been manufactured using biomaterial. The only auricular scaffold present in the market today is made of high density porous polyethylene and commercialized under the trade name Medpor®. Despite its limited success porous polyethylene has not fully convinced surgeons due to its stiffness and extrusion rates. A novel nanocomposite polymer has been developed by Prof. Seifalian and its team at UCL by the incorporation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocage as pendant side chains into poly (carbonate-urea) urethane. POSS PCU can be shaped as an auricle, it mimics the elastic properties of auricular native cartilage and supports cell growth and proliferation. In this project we have used human dermal fibroblasts primary cells (HFF) to study and compare cellular response on POSS PCU and Medpor®. In vitro experiments detected significantly higher cell adhesion on POSS PCU when compared to Medpor® (p < 0,05). Dynamic condition at 50 RMP was found reduce cell attachment on both polymers; under this condition POSS PCU supports higher cell adhesion than Medpor®. Even though no difference on cell proliferation or metabolic activity per cell was found between the two polymers, POSS PCU, with higher cell adhesion, have higher overall cell proliferation and metabolic activity. Collagen production per cell was found to be significantly increased on Medpor®; however, the higher cell number found on POSS PCU managed to produce as much total collagen as its counterpart. Even though POSS PCU is non-degradable, HFF were found to lower POSS PCU young’s modulus and make the scaffolds more flexible. Even though further refinement of POSS PCU scaffold production and the need for additional in vitro and in vivo studies, this biomaterial is a promising alternative for auricular reconstruction.

Nash and Walras equilibria have been studied from the angle of differential topology, yielding comparable results about existence and topological structure of equilibrium sets. Following a presentation of such results we shall review results on the Nash implementation of Walrasian equilibria. The purpose of the exercise is twofold: to establish a refinement criterion among multiple Walrasian equilibria and to study mechanisms closer to real markets than the Walrasian tâtonnement. Following up on results relating the best-reply dynamics and the natural projection, our conclusion is that some adjustments on the economic model are likely needed for implementation to link the topological structure of Walrasian and that of Nash equilibria.