Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the reliability of the ExSel® self-questionnaire to detect an excess salt intake (≥12 g/24h) in patients consulting for hypertension and/or renal failure. Methods: Results of the ExSel® self-questionnaire were compared to 24 h sodium excretion using the Cohen’s kappa test and a Chi² test. Sensitivity, specificity, VPP and VPN were calculated. A ROC curve was realized to find an accurate cut-off.Results: Mean characteristics of the 101 patients with reliable results were: age of 67+12 years, Body Mass Index 28.4+5.6 kg/m², SBP/DBP 139+23/74+13 mmHg (98% were hypertensives. Mean salt intake was 7.5+3.1 g/24h and mean creatininuria was 13.9+20.1 mmol/24 h. An excess salt intake (≥12 g/24h) was observed in 8% of the patients. The Kappa test at 0.17 and the Chi² at 0.66 signify that the agreement was very low. Sensitivity was 37%, specificity 90%, PPV 20% and NPV 94%. The AUC under the ROC curve was too low (0.665) to determine a threshold adapted to the renal patients. Conclusions: The ExSel® auto-questionnaire is not adapted to outpatients, mainly hypertensives (98%) followed in a nephrology consultation to detect an excess salt consumption.

Abstract: The standard IEC 61400-1, v.4.0 proposes at appendix J a method to determine the probability of extreme winds, based on the simulation of artificial cyclones and the theory of gradient wind. This method considers marginal statistical distributions for 5 main descriptors of cyclones (pressure depth, radius of maximum wind speed, translation speed, angle to the point of reference and mini-mum distance), a “modified orthogonal decomposition” to generate artificial cyclones and its own formulas to determine surface wind, cumulative probabilities and annual maximum surface wind. This research pursued to implement and to validate the standard at North West Pacific. Due to the difficulty and highly empirical elements of IEC 61400-1, v.4.0, it was required to modify it and include in the model other inputs such as well known statistical distributions after testing them, Nataf trans-formation (ERANataf) to generate artificial cyclones and empirical cumulative distribution functions to determine the probability of annual maximum surface wind. For the verification and validation, the results of 9 locations distributed in South Korea, Japan, HongKong and Taiwan were compared with the database of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and theRSMC-Tokyo. The implementation of this research underestimated surface wind in all the locations.Simultaneously, the greatest contribution of input variables to sensitivity was more frequent from super index B of Holland. It would be desirable to continue validating this standard (that is presumed to have a global application), to understand the challenges of its theory during the computation of surface wind from gradient wind and to overcome the issues of its implementation.

Abstract: The Colombian film industry is growing and gaining relevance in the interna-tional market, which demands products that comply with the highest quality standards. Consequently, a study was designed to analyze the current English sub-title quality of five Colombian films that participated in different international film festivals from 2012 to 2018 and won at least one award: La sirga by William Vega (2012), La playa D.C. by Juan Andrés Arango (2013), Tierra en la lengua by Rubén Mendoza (2014), La tierra y la sombra by César Augusto Acevedo (2015), and Niña errante by Rubén Mendoza (2018). The subtitles were examined us-ing Pedersen’s (2017) far model to have a general overview of their quality. The results evidenced a weakness in the functional equivalence category by presenting mistranslations in many of the cultural references and idiomatic expressions, potentially affecting the audience’s reception and, therefore, jeopardizing the international success of the films. Additionally, the readability category included many segmentation and spotting errors. In general, the subtitles comply with the subtitling guidelines regarding reading speed and line length but need to improve the transmission of idiomatic expressions and the segmentation of the subtitles. Resumen: La industria cinematográfica colombiana está creciendo y ganando relevancia en el mercado internacional, pero esto exige productos que cumplan con los más altos estándares de calidad. En consecuencia, se diseñó un estudio para analizar la calidad actual de los subtítulos en inglés de cinco películas colombianas que participaron en diferentes festivales internacionales de cine entre 2012 y 2018 y obtuvieron al menos un premio: La sirga, de William Vega (2012); La playa D.C., de Juan Andrés Arango (2013); Tierra en la lengua, de Rubén Mendoza (2014); La tierra y la sombra, de César Augusto Acevedo (2015), y Niña errante, de Rubén Mendoza (2018). Los subtítulos fueron examinados mediante el modelo far de Pedersen (2017) para tener una visión general de su calidad. Los resultados evidenciaron una debilidad en la categoría de equivalencia funcional al presentar errores de traducción en muchas de las referencias culturales y expresiones idiomáticas, afectando potencialmente a la recepción del público y, por tanto, poniendo en peligro el éxito internacional de las películas. Además, la categoría de legibilidad incluyó muchos errores de segmentación y localización. En general, los subtítulos cumplen las directrices de subtitulación en cuanto a velocidad de lectura y longitud de línea, pero necesitan mejorar la transmisión de expresiones idiomáticas y la segmentación de los subtítulos.

Abstract: Essential Tremor (ET) is the most frequent movement disorder in adults. Upper-limb exoskeletons are a promising solution to alleviate ET symptoms. We propose a novel wrist exoskeleton for tremor damping. The TuMove exoskeleton is light-weight, portable, easy to use, and designed for ADLs and activities requiring hand dexterity. We validated the effectiveness of our exoskeleton by inducing forearm tremors using TENS on 5 healthy subjects. Our results show that wrist ranges are generally kept in most of the ROM needed in ADLs. The damping system reduced more than 30% of the tremor's angular velocity during drinking and pouring tasks. Furthermore, the completion time of the Archimedes spiral was decreased by 2.76 seconds (13.0%) and for the 9-Hole-Peg-Test by 2.77 seconds (11.8 %), indicating a performance improvement in dexterity tasks.

Abstract: This study presents cross-country evidence indicating that the relationship between the size of the informal sector and tax rates is ambiguous. Motivated by this finding, a standard two-sector model is augmented with endogenous law enforcement, which depends on the size of the informal sector and government expenditure. Additionally, based on microdata from Colombia, taxes and law enforcement are necessary to match the observed size of the informal sector. Meanwhile, the dependence of law orcement on government expenditure creates a non-linearity in the form of a Laffer curve. Therefore, lowering tax rates would not necessarily reduce the size of the informal sector.

Abstract: The drinking water catchment of the city of Görlitz has been broadly studied to evaluate and predict its behavior in response to evolving challenges. For that reason, after reviewing existing groundwater flow models and identifying certain relevant deficiencies, it became essential to develop a reliable teady-state groundwater flow model for the periods spanning 2013 to 2017 and 2018 to 2020, enhancing the model’s hydrogeological characterization using bore-hole data analysis. These updates included the comprehensive review of the hydrogeological conceptual model, the modification of boundary conditions considering new available data from real observations of water levels, the calculation of natural recharge per land uses with a water balance approach and water table fluctuation method, the valuation of the artificial re-charge values using three different estimation rates based on previous studies, the assignation of corresponding pumping rates per period and the calculation of the river conductance parameters using Frisch (2023) methodology. Additionally, the involvement of the development of a script-based pre- and post-processing approach facilitated both model automation and model calibration using PEST. Subsequently, an assessment of parameter sensitivity was conducted to verify the changes in the general performance of the model regarding the variation of parameters. The newly developed groundwater flow model was calibrated for the time period from 2013 to 2017 and it provides a sum of squared error of 70.7 with 40 observations and a water budget of 12837.435 m3/d as total input and 12837.369 m3/d as total output, while the calibrated model performed for the time period from 2018 to 2020 a sum of squared error of 136.13 with 43 observations and a water budget of 16859.28 m3/d as input and 16861.87 m3/d as output. In both cases, the most important influx source was the west boundary followed by the river leakage and recharge. As a result of the parameter sensitivity assessment, the hydraulic conductivities emerged as the most sensitive to the model performance, followed by the natural recharge rates, artificial recharge, and river leakage. Descripción: La cuenca de captación de agua potable de la ciudad de Görlitz ha sido ampliamente estudiada para evaluar y predecir su comportamiento en respuesta a los desafíos cambiantes. Por esa razón, después de revisar los modelos de flujo de agua subterránea existentes e identificar ciertas deficiencias relevantes, se volvió esencial desarrollar un modelo confiable de flujo de agua subterránea en estado estacionario para los períodos que abarcan 2013 a 2017 y 2018 a 2020, mejorando la caracterización hidrogeológica del modelo mediante el análisis de datos de pozos. Estas actualizaciones incluyeron la revisión integral del modelo conceptual hidrogeológico, la modificación de las condiciones de contorno considerando nuevos datos disponibles a partir de observaciones reales de niveles de agua, el cálculo de la recarga natural por usos del suelo con un enfoque de balance hídrico y método de fluctuación del nivel freático, la valoración de los valores de recarga artificial utilizando tres tasas de estimación diferentes basadas en estudios previos, la asignación de tasas de bombeo correspondientes por período y el cálculo de los parámetros de conductancia del río utilizando la metodología de Frisch (2023). Además, la participación del desarrollo de un enfoque de preprocesamiento y posprocesamiento basado en scripts facilitó tanto la automatización como la calibración del modelo utilizando PEST. Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación de la sensibilidad de los parámetros para verificar los cambios del desempeño general del modelo con respecto a la variación de los parámetros. El modelo de flujo de agua subterránea recientemente desarrollado se calibró para el período de 2013 a 2017 y proporciona una suma de error al cuadrado de 70,7 con 40 observaciones y un balance de agua de 12837,435 m3/d como entrada total y 12837,369 m3/d como salida total. mientras que el modelo calibrado realizó para el periodo de tiempo 2018 a 2020 una suma de error cuadrático de 136,13 con 43 observaciones y un balance hídrico de 16859,28 m3/d como entrada y 16861,87 m3/d como salida. En ambos casos, la fuente de afluencia más importante fue el límite oeste seguido por la fuga y recarga del río. Como resultado de la evaluación de sensibilidad de los parámetros, las conductividades hidráulicas emergieron como las más sensibles al desempeño del modelo, seguidas por las tasas de recarga natural, la recarga artificial y las fugas de ríos.

Resumen: El mundo actual vive muchos cambios que retan la educación. La formación docente y el desarrollo profesional continuo son ubicados como elementos centrales de los programas de mejora de los sistemas educativos. Al respecto, la investigación ha demostrado que la reflexión sobre la docencia y, concretamente, sobre las situaciones de la práctica, permite al profesorado desarrollar nuevos conocimientos para enfrentar la realidad docente. Desde este punto de vista, el objetivo general del presente estudio es comprender cómo profesorado experto de educación secundaria reflexiona individual y con otros/as compañeros/as, para clarificar cuestionamientos de situaciones concretas de su práctica. La reflexión se estudia desde una perspectiva sociocultural que considera que el aprendizaje se da como un proceso mediado social y culturalmente. Metodológicamente, el trabajo desarrolla un estudio exploratorio de carácter cualitativo en el que participaron 30 profesores, 15 del área académica y 15 del área técnica, de la Escuela Tecnológica Instituto Técnico Central, ubicada en Bogotá (Colombia). La recolección de datos se realizó a través de los siguientes instrumentos y procedimientos: entrevistas semiestructuradas, narrativas escritas, registro audiovisual de sesiones de reflexión conjunta del profesorado en dos grupos de 5 profesores/as cada uno, y grupos de discusión de valoración de las sesiones de reflexión conjunta y de valoración final de todo el proceso de reflexión individual y reflexión conjunta desarrollado. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados, esencialmente, a través de análisis temático y del modelo de análisis de la interactividad. Los principales resultados en cuanto a la reflexión individual y la reflexión conjunta evidencian que dialogar sobre las situaciones inciertas de la práctica facilita el proceso reflexivo que favorece el desarrollo y la formación docente. Se encontraron diferencias en la reflexión de los profesores académicos y técnicos, aspectos que son necesarios profundizar ampliando la investigación. Abstract: Today's world is undergoing many changes that challenge education. Teacher training and continuous professional development are placed as central elements in the improvement programs of educational systems. In this regard, research has shown that reflection on teaching and, specifically, on practice situations, allows teachers to develop new knowledge to face the teaching reality. From this point of view, the general objective of the present study is to understand how expert secondary education teachers reflect individually and with other colleagues, in order to clarify questions about specific situations in their practice. Reflection is studied from a sociocultural perspective that considers learning as a socially and culturally mediated process. Methodologically, the work develops an exploratory study of qualitative nature in which 30 teachers participated, 15 from the academic area and 15 from the technical area, from the Escuela Tecnológica Instituto Técnico Central, located in Bogotá (Colombia). The data collection was carried out through the following instruments and procedures: semi-structured interviews, written narratives, audiovisual record of joint reflection sessions of the teaching staff in two groups of 5 teachers each, and discussion groups of evaluation of the joint reflection sessions and final evaluation of the whole process of individual reflection and joint reflection developed. The data obtained were analyzed, essentially, through thematic analysis and the interactivity analysis model. The main results regarding individual reflection and joint reflection show that dialoguing about uncertain situations of practice facilitates the reflective process that favors teacher development and training. Differences were found in the reflection of academic and technical teachers, aspects that need to be deepened by expanding the research.

Abstract: The lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) is the second largest mammal in South America and occupies a wide variety of ecosystems where fulfills key functional roles. Is mainly folivorous, supplementing its diet with fruits, insects, and aquatic invertebrates. The lowland tapir is considered fundamental in shaping forest undergrowth and in seed dispersal processes. Despite its functional importance, ecological aspects related to diet, habitat use, and food preferences are still unknown in much of its geographic range. Currently, these aspects in the Colombian Orinoquia are still unknown. We wanted to develop an approximation to the diet of the lowland tapir in the Colombian Orinoquia based on fecal samples analysis and traditional knowledge derived from citizen science monitoring. Fecal samples were collected between October 2015 and July 2018, vegetation monitoring and interviews with local communities were implemented. In total, 37 species of plants were recorded, where 23 species were determined through traditional knowledge. The most representative species in fecal samples were Rudgea crassiloba, Attalea butyracea, Inga alba and Cecropia peltata. The most recognized plants by human local communities were Mauritia flexuosa, A. butyracea, Bellucia grossularioides and I. alba. Our results provide an insight about the importance of tapirs in the consumption of large seeds such as M. flexuosa and A. butyracea, that are considered of economic relevance for human local communities. Incorporating citizen science monitoring allowed us identify plant species that are taxonomically difficult and to evaluate new information related to the natural history of cryptic species such as tapirs. This information is crucial to begin the construction of conservation strategies for the lowland tapir in the Orinoquia region of Colombia. Resumen: La danta de tierras bajas (Tapirus terrestris) es el segundo mamífero más grande de Sur América y habita una alta variedad de ecosistemas en donde cumple papeles funcionales claves. Es principalmente folívora, complementando su dieta con frutas, insectos e invertebrados acuáticos. Debido a esto, la especie es considerada importante en el moldeamiento del sotobosque y en la dispersión de semillas. A pesar de su importancia ecológica, aún se desconocen aspectos ecológicos relacionados con dieta, uso de hábitat, y preferencias alimentarias en gran parte de su rango geográfico. Actualmente estos aspectos son aún desconocidos en la Orinoquia colombiana. El trabajo buscó realizar una aproximación a la dieta de la danta en la Orinoquia colombiana basada en el procesamiento de muestras fecales y recopilación del conocimiento tradicional a través del monitoreo comunitario participativo. Fueron recolectadas muestras fecales entre octubre de 2015 y julio de 2018, se implementaron monitoreos de vegetación y entrevistas a las comunidades locales. Fueron registradas 37 especies de plantas en la dieta de la danta, donde 23 especies fueron determinadas por medio de conocimiento tradicional. Las especies más representativas en las muestras fecales fueron Rudgea crassiloba, Attalea butyracea, Inga alba y Cecropia peltata. Las plantas mayormente reconocidas por la comunidad local fueron Mauritia flexuosa, A. butyracea, Bellucia grossularioides e I. alba. Se evidenció la importancia de las dantas en el consumo de semillas grandes y de relevancia económica para las comunidades locales. Adicionalmente, la incorporación del conocimiento tradicional permitió el registro de especies de difícil determinación taxonómica y que son difíciles de identificar en las muestras fecales. Esta información es crucial para construir estrategias de conservación para la danta en la Orinoquia colombiana.

Abstract: Reconciliation is a phenomenon explored in the recent literature on conflict and postconflict and in public policies in several ways. However, there is no agreement about the factors that create better conditions for reconciliation. Therefore, this research seeks to explore how different state and non-state actors affect the subnational dynamics that allow the creation of conditions for reconciliation, providing evidence from Colombia. In this post-conflict country, the analysis of those conditions is very relevant. The dissertation contains three chapters analysing the factors and conditions that shape reconciliation, providing quantitative and qualitative evidence. The second chapter analyses the relations between foreign aid and the creation of conditions for reconciliation by exploring the European Union interventions and their effect on the local conditions for reconciliation at the subnational level in Colombia, observing differences in the victimisation levels behaviour between the municipalities intervened and not intervened by the European Union. This chapter concludes by finding that municipalities intervened by the European Union show lower levels of victimisation than municipalities that did not intervene, creating better conditions for reconciliation when fostering community capacity building. The third chapter analyses the relations between armed actors’ repertoires and the likelihood of victim mobilisation for reconciliation, finding that victims are more likely to mobilise for reconciliation when armed actors attack civilians rather than official targets. This is because the first repertoire has a positive effect on social cohesion. The final chapter assesses beneficiaries’ satisfaction with foreign aid interventions for peacebuilding and reconciliation, finding that top-down approaches perform better long-term results and the highest level of satisfaction because it promotes recognition and community integration. The research concludes by stating the main findings, the discussion of the research and its methodological implications, the respective policy implications, as well as the limitations and suggestions for future research derived from the research findings and limitations.

Abstract: This review aimed at evaluating the state of availability, accessibility and model of delivery of oral health services in prisons, globally. Five databases of peer-reviewed literature and potential sources of gray literature were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria encompassed oral health papers related to prisons globally, with exclusion of certain article types. Selection involved independent evaluations by two researchers, followed by quality assessment. Data on the availability of oral health interventions in prisons came from18 countries, while information on the model of delivery of the services is scarce. In addition, two sets of individual and organizational barriers toward oral health service uptake in prisons were revealed and discussed in the text. Lack of oral health services in prisons affects people living in prisons and jeopardizes their reintegration. Urgent and concrete international actions are required to ensure the availability, accessibility, and quality of oral health services among people living in prisons.