Abstract: The continuous development and upgrading of computational methods has allowed for great advances in scientific research in fields like astrophysics. The capacity of this methods to accurately reproduce processes and environments that can not be directly observed makes them specially useful in areas like planet formation, as the stages of planetary growth can be rarely observed and directly studied. From dust to planetesimals, protoplanetary embryos and terrestrial planets, planetary growth is still a field of open research, specially as many processes like the formation of planetesimals and the origin of water in terrestrial planets remains unclear. Specially for the origin of water a number of hypothesis have been postulated including both endogenous and exogenous sources, such that the most plausible source of the water accreted by the inner planets of the Solar System corresponds to bodies originated in the outer asteroid belt. The delivery of water is most likely carried out by massive and decisive collisions of similar sized bodies during the late-stage accretion phase of planetary growth. In this master thesis, the focus is placed on studying in detail this type of collisions, utilizing a post-collisional processing python code using the N-body integrator REBOUND, which determines a wide array of parameters for the resulting fragments, as final mass and number of collisions, while at the same time performing a gravitational analysis of the system in order to obtain gravitationally bound aggregates, their orbits and their respective orbital parameters. For a scenario consisting of four collisional events, initially performed by Burger et al. (2020), we obtain unique gravitational systems as a direct consequence of the different impact parameters presented by each collision of the scenario, where the impact angle has the greatest incidence on the outcome of the collision, such that scenarios with large grazing angles result in systems that are completely gravitationally bound, while scenarios with smaller straight-on angles result in systems with numerous fragments in independent trajectories. Additionally, from the analysis of the post-collisional system we obtain a protoplanetary embryo with a growth path consistent with a viable candidate for a terrestrial planet in the Solar System, presenting a final stable co-planar circular orbit located in the habitable zone.

Résumé: Cet article vise à observer les manifestations émotionnelles qui émergent dans le discours radiophonique informatif d’une station colombienne, Caracol Radio et, plus particulièrement, de son émission matinale «6 AM Hoy por hoy». Dans une démarche ethnographique, cette recherche s'appuie sur un corpus où les enregistrements vidéo réalisés en studio donnent accès à des détails spécifiques du professionnalisme journalistique. Avec une approche d'étude qualitative et longitudinale, cette contribution vise à analyser le traitement des émotions dans deux extraits. Cette étude a été réalisée sous le prisme du « parcours émotionnel », tel que défini par Plantin, Traverso et Vosghanian, et la différence entre une émotion intentionnellement manifestée et une émotion intentionnellement cachée. Dans l'analyse effectuée, la multimodalité est prise en compte. En effet, l'aspect corporel des acteurs médiatiques ainsi que les changements phono-prosodiques sont considérés comme significatifs, car la visée pathémique est construite par la situation dans son ensemble. Resumen: Este artículo pretende observar las manifestaciones emocionales que surgen en el discurso informativo radiofónico de una emisora colombiana, Caracol Radio y, más concretamente, de su programa matinal "6 AM Hoy por hoy". Con un enfoque etnográfico, esta investigación se basa en un corpus en el que las grabaciones de vídeo realizadas en el estudio permiten acceder a detalles concretos de la profesionalidad periodística. Con un enfoque de estudio cualitativo y longitudinal, esta contribución pretende analizar el tratamiento de las emociones en dos fragmentos. Este estudio se ha realizado bajo el prisma del "parcours émotionnel", tal y como lo definen Plantin, Traverso y Vosghanian, y la diferencia entre la emoción manifestada intencionadamente y la oculta intencionadamente. En el análisis realizado se tiene en cuenta la multimodalidad. De hecho, el aspecto corporal de los actores mediáticos, así como los cambios fono-prosódicos, se consideran significativos, ya que el objetivo patémico lo construye la situación en su conjunto.

Abstract: Reinjection of excess water from the power production process in the Nesjavellir geothermal field has increased the temperature of shallow groundwaters, posing a risk to cold water wells used for the power plant as well as the ecosystem in Lake Thingvellir. Here, we present a numerical model of fluid flow and heat transport in the shallow reinjection zone to elucidate the flow path of reinjected liquid and the impact of reinjection on the temperature of groundwaters. The permeability structure of the model is based on a 3D geological model of the area. The numerical simulation is calibrated against underground water temperature data measured between 1998 and 2018 and data from a tracer test performed in 2018–2019. The model reproduces the overall temperature field and shows how a highpermeability lava flow together with rift-parallel normal faults act as permeable channels controlling fluid transport. If injection continues, the temperature along the lava flow increases considerably and spreads vertically to much deeper levels, generating a narrow warm zone along the main fault. If shallow injection ceases, temperature drops rapidly at the surface, but decreases slowly around the reinjection zone over 20 years. The numerical model in this study allowed a better characterization of the fracture–matrix interface and the porosity of post-glacial lava flows, contributing to sustainable management of the geothermal resource and the surrounding environment.

Abstract: This research was conducted in the Global South, based on three cases from the Colombian Andean Mountains. The cases illustrate mistrust, poverty and inequality and other social disparities that institutional entrepreneurs have addressed by building path-transformative alternatives. In this frame, and despite the low and sometimes the total lack of state support, policy programs emerged to foster inclusive innovation (InIn) processes in those communities. However, little is known about the role of Institutional Entrepreneurs in building path-transformative alternatives in the Global South and about their role in inclusive innovation initiatives supported by national entities. This research answer to the question: what is the role of Institutional Entrepreneurs in Inclusive Innovation Initiatives supported by National Entities in local communities? This study is supported by three literature branches: inclusive innovation, path dependence and creation, and institutional entrepreneurship. As part of this cruise, it was found that in inclusive innovation initiatives supported by national entities (ie Colciencias) in local communities, institutional entrepreneurs work as channelisers. This role was crucial for two reasons: i. It prevents the initiatives from hampering or undermining the path-transformative process; ii. It contributes to exploiting the positive effects of the initiatives. Thus, this channeliser role of institutional entrepreneurs aligns the inclusive innovation initiatives supported by Colciencias, with the pathtransformative processes led by them in their communities. In performing this role, institutional entrepreneurs channelled the initiatives to strengthen their vision of change and simultaneously cope with pressures that resist change. Three critical activities support this role: i. A strategic analysis; ii. bargaining; and iii. surveillance. Resumen: Esta investigación fue adelantada en el Sur Global a partir de tres casos en las montañas andinas colombianas. Estos ilustran condiciones de desconfianza, pobreza, desigualdad y otras disparidades sociales que emprendedores institucionales tienen que enfrentar para construir caminos alternativos de transformación. En este marco, y a pesar del poco o a veces ausente apoyo estatal, aparecen programas que impulsan procesos de innovación inclusiva (InIn) en esas comunidades. Sin embargo, poco se conoce del papel de los emprendedores institucionales en la construcción de caminos alternativos de transformación en el Sur Global, así como tampoco de su papel en el desarrollo de iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional. Esta investigación responde a la pregunta ¿Cuál es el papel de los emprendedores institucionales en iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional en comunidades locales? Este estudio se apoya en tres ramas de la literatura: innovación inclusiva, dependencia y creación de trayectorias, y emprendimiento institucional. Como parte de esta investigación se encontró que en las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional (ie Colciencias/Minciencias) en comunidades locales, los emprendedores institucionales fungen como canalizadores. Este papel fue crucial por dos razones: i. permite evitar que las iniciativas obstaculicen o afecten los procesos de transformación de caminos; ii. contribuye a explotar los efectos positivos de las iniciativas. Así, el papel de canalizador de los emprendedores institucionales permite alinear las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por Colciencias, con los procesos de transformación de caminos liderados por ellos en sus comunidades. Se observó que los emprendedores institucionales canalizan las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva para fortalecer su visión de cambio y afrontar las presiones de resistencia al cambio. Este papel de canalizadores implica tres actividades: i. Análisis estratégico; ii. negociación; y iii. supervisión.

Abstract: The Nesjavellir geothermal power plant is the second largest in Iceland, with a district heating capacity of 300 MW and electrical generation of 120 MW. Reinjection of the excess water from the Nesjavellir geothermal plant, derived from separated water from high enthalpy wells and condensed steam, has affected the temperature of the shallow groundwater in the area. These discharges of warm water present a risk to cold water production for the power plant as well as the ecosystem in Lake Thingvellir, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This study investigates the flow path of reinjected liquid and temperature of impacted groundwater for a better management of the discharge and injection in the area. A numerical model of the Nesjavellir warm wastewater reinjection zone was developed using the TOUGH2non-isothermal flow simulator program and incorporates a 3D geological model developed with Leapfrog Geothermal modeling software. The model was calibrated against underground water temperature data measured between 1998 - 2018 from several monitoring stations located to the north of the power plant. Hydrological parameters such as porosity and permeability were further calibrated against data from a tracer test carried out in tharea between 2018-2019. Both models use the Multiple Interactive Continuum (MINC) method, which is a generalization of the dualporosity method. Compared to the single-porosity model, the MINC method better replicates the fast and strong recovery of tracers found in the monitoring stations. The temperature model showed acceptable results that match the temperature field. While the tracer model closely matches the overall tracer return in some wells, the model underestimates tracer returns in others. However, the model reproduces the overall trend, with similar tracer arrival and concentration peaks for monitoring stations located over main structures acting as permeable channels. Two future scenarios were simulated for a period of 20 years, one in which injection continues and another in which the injection is completely stopped. The numerical model in this study improves understanding of the connections between injection wells and monitoring stations, along with better characterization of the fracture matrix interface and the porosity of postglacial lava flows. Therefore, it can be useful in providing a basis for sustainable management of the geothermal resource and the surrounding environment.

Abstract: Undoubtedly climate change is already impacting and changing natural and human systems. However, climate change has just started to happen, and more severe and frequent impacts are expected to happen in the next decade. Therefore, climate change adaptation is an immediate and imminent need for future development options. Among the various approaches to adapting to climate change, Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures are seen as a no-regret or low-regret option. But like any other anthropogenic intervention, adaptation measures such as EbA can have detrimental impacts and side effects that adversely affect human and natural systems. This unintended process is called maladaptation. Since recent evidence about maladaptation has been studied, EbA practitioners are increasingly concerned about avoiding maladaptation risks in adaptation projects. Yet, there is not enough literature that explores maladaptation in EbA measures. Responding to this gap, the purpose of the present thesis was to propose a prospective participatory tool for identifying, diagnosing, and avoiding maladaptation risks in EbA measures to support practitioners in designing more holistic, resilient, and sustainable adaptation projects. As a result, the maladaptation concept was initially analyzed using the existing related literature to develop a conceptual framework consisting of drivers, mechanisms, dimensions, attributes, forms, outputs, and outcomes of maladaptation. At the same time, a harmonized and integrated definition of maladaptation was developed based on its current understanding. Following that framework, a tool for analyzing maladaptation risks was drafted, validated with various experts, and tested in a pilot EbA measure to conserve, sustainably use, and restore mangroves in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Through the case study, not only the proposed tool was tested for analyzing maladaptation risks, but also the conceptual framework was used to understand maladaptation in an EbA measure better. By doing that, this master’s thesis expects to contribute to the emerging climate change adaptation discipline while providing means to practitioners to improve the design of future EbA measures using the maladaptation lens.

Resumen: La idea de ciudad en el contexto del poblamiento hispanoamericano puede encontrarse en tratados políticos y urbanísticos del siglo XVI. No obstante, este no es un discurso que deba analizarse unilateralmente, como algo impuesto desde arriba por la Corona o por sus oficiales reales. Más bien, puede cuestionarse el hecho de que los tratados reflejaban el pensamiento extendido en la población o cómo circulaban las ideas y el conocimiento en torno a la ciudad en diferentes esferas de la sociedad. Este artículo no intenta definir lo que era la ciudad sino llamar la atención sobre uno de los aspectos que no ha sido atendido por la historiografía: la apropiación social y política del concepto de ciudad a partir de su definición como civitas, como comunidad política. Para ello se toma como referencia centros urbanos que atravesaron momentos de crisis o coyunturas en las que sobresale el arraigo y aprovechamiento de la idea de ciudad por sus habitantes hispanos. Así, se busca analizar la idea de ciudad desde abajo, desde los pobladores de los núcleos urbanos, soldados, oficiales de cabildo y gobernación que estaban construyendo las ciudades o villas en territorio americano para notar cómo se configuró la realidad política. Estos tenían una visión particular de la esencia de la ciudad, la ponían en práctica en sus diversas manifestaciones y negociaciones con la Corona.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza el traslado de la ciudad de Santiago de las Atalayas, en 1780, a la luz del ideal de ciudad y de las condiciones ambientales y físicas que expresaron quienes estuvieron a favor o en contra de esta determinación, lo cual permite comprender cómo una comunidad entendía la ciudad y procuraba su sostenimiento y perdurabilidad por medio de diferentes estrategias y de los argumentos que expuso cada bando. Un traslado del centro urbano genera interrogantes orientados a conocer qué factores contribuían al sostenimiento o permanencia de los mismos y por qué eran aceptados o rechazados cuando se procuraba su conservación.

Abstract: As we move deeper into the 21st century, reggaeton has expanded to become a major genre in US mainstream media culture. Because it is so versatile, it blends easily with other Latin American genres, as well as US pop music styles. It is a transnational and intercultural genre, adopting aspects from an amalgamation of styles, sounds, and aesthetics. What is the appeal of reggaeton music in the midst of the 21st century? Is it the rhythm or beat? Or the controversial lyrics, and the machismo (hypermasculinity) that they express? Both producers and consumers agree that Reggaeton is more than a music genre, and that its appeal is due not only to the characteristics outlined above, but to the fact that it represents a complete lifestyle. While Latin American producers are attempting to market a generic Latin American lifestyle, US. Latino consumers understand reggaeton as a lifestyle that is emblematic of both their heritage and their contemporary identity within the larger US culture. This thesis aims to understand how different groups of people within the US consume, understand and identify with reggaeton in order to begin to explain the growing phenomenon of Latin American popular music as a means of mass expression at a global level. Resumen: A medida que nos adentramos en el siglo 21, el reggaetón se ha instaurado como uno de los géneros más importantes en la cultura de los medios de comunicación en los Estados Unidos. Debido a su versatilidad, se mezcla fácilmente con otros géneros latinoamericanos, así como con estilos de música pop estadounidense. Es un género transnacional e intercultural que adopta aspectos dentro de una amalgama de estilos, sonidos y estéticas. ¿Cuál es el atractivo del reggaetón en pleno siglo XXI? ¿Será su ritmo o el sonido? ¿O serán las letras controversiales y el machísmo (hipermasculinidad) que expresan? Tanto los productores como los consumidores coinciden en que el reggaetón es mucho más que un género musical y que su atractivo se debe no solo a las características descritas anteriormente, sino al hecho de que representa un estilo de vida completo. Mientras que los productores latinoamericanos intentan comercializar un estilo de vida latinoamericano genérico, los consumidores latinos que crecieron en Estados Unidos entienden el reggaetón como un estilo de vida emblemático tanto de su herencia como de su identidad contemporánea dentro de la cultura estadounidense en general. Esta tesis busca entender cómo diferentes grupos de personas en Estados Unidos, consumidoras del reggaetón, se identifican con el género para así buscar la manera de empezar a explicar el fenómeno de la música pop (y popular) latinoamericana como medio de expresión masivo a nivel global.

Abstract: While there is strong evidence of the association between oil wealth and internal armed conflicts, the literature is less conclusive about the processes linking the two. Despite myriad mechanisms hypothesised by the literature, much uncertainty still exists about the causal pathways between oil and armed conflicts. How does oil revenues affect the occurrence and course of internal armed conflicts in contexts of political decentralisation? The main argument of the thesis is that the control of abundant oil revenues by subnational governments contributes to shape the strategies undertaken by armed groups at the local level. Subnational governments become a prize for armed groups, which pursue oil revenues through the political capture of local democracy. The armed groups interfere with democracy through a mix of violent and non-violent strategies. The thesis identifies political connections between oil revenues and armed conflicts and traces mechanism which I term the subnational-government-astarget. The pathway contributes to explain how oil revenues can undermine the workings of the subnational government through the dynamics of the armed conflict. A comparative case study approach was implemented to examine how oil revenues affected conflict and public management at the subnational level in Colombia. Drawing on data collected over five months of fieldwork in oilroyalty-abundant municipalities, the thesis also constitutes one of the first studies to examine the effects of oil revenues accrued by non-oil-producing municipalities in Colombia. The qualitative and quantitative data was triangulated to carry out a process-tracing analysis covering the period from the early 1960s to 2017.