Abstract: Colombia’s development model based on economic growth has favoured nature exploitation and unequitable power relations over rural land. This has led to violent conflicts, land disposition, migratory dynamics and poverty, which has delayed rural development. Colombian rural regions are characterized by limited access to political, social, and economic resources, poor basic services, detriment on cultural and environmental values, as well as undervalued traditional productivity activities and life style; in sum, they have limited development opportunities and capabilities. In turn, the country’s decentralized planning system undermines territorial comprehensiveness, urban/rural articulation and rural sustainable development. Limitations and contradictions caused by overlaps and gaps amongst governmental levels, laws and decrees, which goes hand in hand with urban-oriented planning policies that have undermined rural development, environmental sustainability and social well-being. Within this context, the signing of the Peace Treaty of 2016 gave origin to new trends and revalued rural Colombia as the privileged space for peace making. Therefore, the country is in the process of reconsidering rurality not only as land for agriculture or nature exploitation, but also as a space for community opportunities and the protection of nature. In order to comprehend rural development models and planning limitations and contradictions for rural and territorial development in Colombia, this work proposes a conceptual approach on the basis of theories on development, rural development, rurality and political ecology. A state of the art of current history of political and economic conflicts over rural land and the evaluation of the planning systems are presented in this thesis in order to orient planning perspectives for policy transformation and to search for urban and rural development alternatives. The review of various international examples of nature exploitation unveils links between the exploitation of nature and the potentials of spatial development. The analysis of Colombia’s region Casanare shows how critical aspects caused by fast-growing demographic and economic dynamics due to extractivist industries, which have generated unjust resource distribution and planning decisions, have impaired rural development and social improvement. Based on evidence on these variables, recommendations to reorient planning policies for rural and regional development alternatives in Colombia will be provided. This dissertation proposes alternatives, redefining objectives and spatial planning principles centred on nature- mankind relationships that can also be internationally applicable.

Resumen: La crisis mundial causada por la pandemia puso sobre la mesa cuestiones acerca de lo que es esencial y no para nosotros como especie humana. Encuestas realizadas durante la pandemia evidenciaban que si bien el consumo de producciones culturales había aumentado a través de plataformas digitales, las personas catalogaban como no esencial el trabajo del artista. Si bien el arte y la cultura estaban más presentes que nunca en el centro de nuestras vidas aun cuando todo había parado, una especie de disonancia en la percepción de la gente se veía reflejada en las encuestas. Con un título inspirado en las canciones más escuchadas en Spotify durante los primeros meses de la pandemia, (Dance Monkey de Tones and I y The Box de Roddy Rich); Monos danzantes en una caja, alude a lo que fuimos durante el confinamiento: Monos danzantes encerrados en cuatro paredes, y hace un recorrido por el papel del arte en tiempos de crisis. Cuando consideramos el artista como una profesión no esencial, la pregunta que surge es, ¿que entendemos por arte? Acaso ¿quiénes componían las canciones que escuchábamos en Spotify, los guiones o las bandas sonoras de las películas que veíamos en Netflix? ¿Qué factores sociales, económicos, políticos, tecnológicos y sociales influencian nuestra percepción y como damos valor al arte y la cultura? Dentro de la civilización occidental (y esto incluye a una Latinoamérica altamente influenciada por la tradición cultural europea) cultura es entendida entre la tensión del concepto antropológico (cultura como forma de vida), y cultura equiparada al arte: el conocimiento de una serie de objetos culturales privilegiados, un sistema creado en el siglo XVIII ligado a disciplinas como historia del arte, estética y mercado. Este ha sido el discurso dominante durante siglos que ha conceptualizado el arte como algo elitista producido por genios y asequible solo a unos cuantos. A esto se contrapone la visión de la antropología y el psicoanálisis que nos muestran como el arte es una dimensión fundamental en el ser humano. La separación del arte en una esfera aparte de la vida cotidiana, hace además que constantemente se tenga que abogar por el valor de este. En Reino Unido anualmente se realizan decenas de investigaciones acerca del valor del arte y la cultura en un esfuerzo por instrumentalizarlos y para justificar la adjudicación presupuestal. El arte entonces se utiliza para satisfacer intereses externos generalmente políticos como bienestar de la comunidad, diplomacia cultural (soft power), creación de identidad nacional o como una herramienta de transformación social. Otros de los factores que han influenciado nuestra relación con el arte, es por un lado la apropiación de la cultura por parte del capitalismo, quien la utiliza para transmitir sus ideologías y por otro lado la forma en la que consumimos, en donde las producciones culturales son simplemente un medio para sumar clicks y reproducciones, permitiendo que mucho del contenido se vuelva “gratis”, e invisibilizando y trayendo a menos el trabajo de los creadores y artistas. (Recordemos que el verdadero producto es el consumidor y su atención). Después de exponer este panorama general, hago un llamado a volver a entender el arte desde su esencia particular como vector fundamental en el ser humano. ¿Que pasaría en un mundo sin arte? Geertz nos da luces: “No ocurriría nada especialmente destacable (...) De hecho, la sociedad no se desmoronaría; algunas de las cosas que experimentaron simplemente no podrían expresadas -y quizás, después de algún tiempo, tampoco podrían ser experimentadas y, por tanto, la vida sería más gris”. El arte nos devuelve la humanidad cuando solo somos monos danzantes en una caja, experimentando la vida a través de luces enceguecedoras. (pantallas de ordenadores, teléfonos móviles, televisores e Ipads).

Abstract: To ensure a sustainable future, climate and biodiversity emergencies must be addressed together. Photovoltaic energy has emerged in the EU as a very attractive alternative to conventional energy production to achieve the objectives of the United Nations 2030 Agenda. However, clean energy sources can also have significant negative impacts on the environment and conflict with other interests in the territory, such as habitat fragmentation and contamination, loss of productive soil and pressure on agricultural uses. We have created and evaluated two contrasting conflict scenarios between the efficiency of photovoltaic production, agricultural uses and biodiversity by using a sensitivity analysis of hotspots and coldspots of conflict. Our results showed that a low efficiency scenario was the one that reduced the incidence of conflicts the most, but also the one that required slightly larger areas that are also more expensive to reach an exploitation target. We consider that the conflict analysis provides a guarantee of the areas suitable for photovoltaic projects in scenarios of low conflict with land uses and conservation interests and it contributes to the sustainable development of society, since it identifies the conflicts generated by the most important productive activities such as the provision of basic services as energy and food. We emphasize this work does not indicate all the areas of opportunities for the installation of photovoltaics, since this work focused on analyzing two extreme scenarios, it is necessary to evaluate new scenarios considering the complexity of the trade-offs.

Abstract: Fluid storage capacity measurements of core plugs in the laboratory consider pore volume as a function of effective stress. The latter is equal to applied confining pressure – n × applied pore pressure. However, the results are often reported as a function of difference in the applied pressures, because the effective stress coefficient (n) is an unknown. This creates confusion during the interpretation of laboratory data and leads to added uncertainties in the analysis of the storage capacity of the samples under in-situ conditions. In this paper, we present a new laboratory method that allows simultaneous prediction of the sample pore volume, the coefficient of isothermal pore compressibility, and the effective stress coefficient. These quantities are necessary to predict the fluid storage as a function of effective stress. The method requires two stages of gas (helium) uptake by the sample under confining pressure and pore pressure and measures pressure-volumedata. Confining pressure is always kept larger than the equilibrium pore pressure, but their values at each stage are changed arbitrarily. The analysis is simple and includes simultaneous solutions of two algebraic equations including the measured pressurevolumedata. The model is validated by taking the reference pore volume near zero stress. The reference volume predicted matches with that measured independently using the standard helium porosimeter. For sandstone, shale, and carbonate samples, the estimated pore compressibility is, on average, 10−6 psi−1. The effective stress coefficient is higher than unity and is a linear function of the ratio of the applied pressure values. We present a new graphical method that predicts the Biot coefficient (α) of the rock sample, a fundamental quantity used during the strain calculations that indicates the tendency of the rock to deform volumetrically. A new fundamental rule is found between the applied pressure difference and the effective stress: σe/α = pc − pp. Interestingly, the predicted Biot coefficient values for the shale samples show values between 0.46 and 1.0. This indicates that features of the shale sample, such as mineral variability, fine-scale lamination, and fissility, come into play during the fluid storage measurements. Resumen: Las mediciones de capacidad de almacenamiento de fluidos en tapones de núcleo en el laboratorio consideran el volumen poroso como una función del esfuerzo efectiva. Esta última, es igual a la presión de confinamiento aplicada - n × presión de poro aplicada. Sin embargo, los resultados a menudo se reportan como función de la diferencia en las presiones aplicadas, porque el coeficiente de esfuerzo efectivo (n) es desconocido. Esto crea confusión durante la interpretación de los datos de laboratorio y genera incertidumbres adicionales en el análisis de la capacidad de almacenamiento de las muestras en condiciones in situ. Resumen: En este artículo, presentamos un nuevo método de laboratorio que permite la estimación simultánea del volumen poroso de la muestra, el coeficiente de compresibilidad de poro isotérmico y el coeficiente de esfuerzo efectivo. Estas cantidades son necesarias para predecir el almacenamiento de fluido en función del esfuerzo efectivo. El método requiere dos etapas de absorción de gas (helio) por la muestra bajo presión de confinamiento y presión de poro y mide los datos de presión-volumen. La presión de confinamiento siempre se mantiene mayor que la presión de poro de equilibrio, pero sus valores en cada etapa pueden cambiar arbitrariamente. El análisis es simple e incluye soluciones simultáneas de dos ecuaciones algebraicas, incluidos los datos de presión-volumen medidos. El modelo se valida tomando el volumen de poro de referencia cerca de la tensión cero. El volumen de referencia estimado coincide con el medido de forma independiente utilizando un porosímetro de helio estándar. Para las muestras de arenisca, lutita y carbonato, la compresibilidad de poro estimada es, en promedio, 10−6 psi − 1. El coeficiente de esfuerzo efectivo es mayor a la unidad y es una función lineal de la relación de los valores de presión aplicados. Presentamos un nuevo método gráfico que predice el coeficiente de Biot (α) de la muestra de roca, una cantidad fundamental utilizada durante los cálculos de deformación que indica la tendencia de la roca a deformarse volumétricamente. Se encuentra una nueva relación fundamental entre la diferencia de presión aplicada y el esfuerzo efectivo: σe / α = pc - pp. Curiosamente, los valores del coeficiente de Biot estimado para las muestras de lutitas muestran valores entre 0,46 y 1,0. Esto indica que las características de la muestra de lutita, como la variabilidad mineral, la laminación a escala fina y la fisibilidad, entran en juego durante las mediciones de almacenamiento de fluidos.

Abstract: Mixed microbial cultures have become a preferred choice of biocatalyst for chain elongation systems due to their ability to convert complex substrates into medium chain carboxylates. However, the complexity of the effects of process parameters on the microbial metabolic networks is a drawback that makes the task of optimizing product selectivity challenging. Here, we studied the effects of small air contaminations on the microbial community dynamics and the product formation in anaerobic bioreactors fed with lactate, acetate and H2/CO2. Two stirred tank reactors and two bubble column reactors were operated with H2/CO2 gas recirculation for 139 and 116 days, respectively, at pH 6.0 and 32°C with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days. One reactor of each type had periods with air contamination (between 97 ± 28 and 474 ± 33 mL O2 L−1 d−1, lasting from 4 to 32 days), while the control reactors were kept anoxic. During air contamination, production of n-caproate and CH4 was strongly inhibited, whereas no clear effect on nbutyrate production was observed. In a period with detectable O2 concentrations that went up to 18%, facultative anaerobes of the genus Rummeliibacillus became predominant and only n-butyrate was produced. However, at low air contamination rates and with O2 below the detection level, Coriobacteriia and Actinobacteria gained a competitive advantage over Clostridia and Methanobacteria, and propionate production rates increased to 0.8–1.8 mmol L−1 d−1 depending on the reactor (control reactors 0.1–0.8 mmol L−1 d−1). Moreover, i-butyrate production was observed, but only when Methanobacteria abundances were low and, consequently, H2 availability was high. After air contamination stopped completely, production of n-caproate and CH4 recovered, with n-caproate production rates of 1.4–1.8 mmol L−1 d−1 (control 0.7–2.1 mmol L−1 d−1). The results underline the importance of keeping strictly anaerobic conditions in fermenters when consistent n-caproate production is the goal. Beyond that, micro-aeration should be further tested as a controllable process parameter to shape the reactor microbiome. When odd-chain carboxylates are desired, further studies can develop strategies for their targeted production by applying micro-aerobic conditions.

Abstract: Water is considered a cross-cutting resource for all the ecosystem services (ES) types, namely: for the provision of drinking water and food; regulation through flood control; guarantee of a suitable habitat for fauna and flora; and inspiration for many cultures and their intangible heritage around the planet. The evaluation of water ecosystem services has drawn much attention both in the political arena and the scientific community. Still, there is not a consensus in the approach of evaluating them. Recent notions suggest that the study of ES cannot be assessed from a single discourse but through comprehensive frameworks. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the water provision as an ecosystem service of the Conservation Area of Guanacaste (ACG, for its acronym in Spanish) by adapting an Ecosystem Services (ES)-based approach with four core elements: (1) effects on human well-being, (2) bio-physical underpinning of service delivery, (3) transdisciplinarity, and (4) assessment of services for decision-making. I have deepened in core element two by assessing all the physically-based processes involved in the hydrologic cycle, which generates the quantity of water available for the study region. As a result, here I present the first calibrated and validated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the entire ACG, including the land use and cover change (LUCC) impact on water availability. I tested seven different climatic and geospatial information resources to establish the best input data to build the SWAT model. The model showed excellent performance for both the calibration period (r2 = 0.81, NSE = 0.75, and br2 = 0.80) and validation period (r2 = 0.85, NSE = 0.82, and br2 = 0.85). I have found that the ACG has a high potential for the provision of water as an ecosystem service. I also identified the spatial and temporal patterns and changes in the water availability in this region between 1980 - 2019. I deepened in the vegetation-water dynamic understanding by evaluating the land use cover change (LUCC), finding that the recovery of forests, and decrease in grasslands and agricultural territories have a positive effect on the water availability also associated with exceptional events in Costa Rica’s history that put in place the conditions for the recovery of natural resources. I also demonstrated the advantages of using spatially explicit and physically-based models, such as SWAT, to quantify water provision as an ecosystem service. Finally, this work complements the baseline for future applications of ES-based approaches in this region.

Abstract: Floods are disastrous natural severe weather events that cause large damage worldwide each year, inducing loss of human lives, destruction of infrastructure and economical losses. Consequently, forecasting this type of events through hydrological modelling is of great importance from a civil protection point of view since it allows institutions to reduce the generated hydrological risk by means of early warning systems. Nevertheless, ungauged basins where there is lack of direct measurements of meteorological information to force the models is one encountered problematic affecting the forecasts. In the present study is evaluated the possibility of using meteorological predictions coming from MOLOCH model to force the FEST-WB hydrological model to perform discharge forecasting. This, under the hypothesis that the committed error of the prediction is negligible when using forecasts up to 24 h. The study is done in a well-known area such as the Seveso-Olona-Lambro river basins located in northern Italy. Thus, the main hydro-meteorological variables are analysed by carrying out a comparison between spatialized observed meteorological data coming from ARPA and meteonetwork weather stations and meteorological predictions. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis following the one-factor-at-time methodology is accomplished with the aim of defining which forcing mostly affects flowrate forecasts. It is shown that discreet correspondence of information with an underestimation trend – particularly for large values - is verified for discharge at hourly and daily scale, and that underestimation of precipitation - especially in summer - and overestimation of solar radiation are the main reasons of this. Hence, to improve the predictability when coupling the two models, some actions should be evaluated to enhance the correspondence of the meteorological forcings. Resumen: Las inundaciones son desastres naturales que causan una gran cantidad de daño alrededor del mundo cada año, induciendo pérdidas de vidas humanas, destrucción de infraestructura y pérdidas económicas. En consecuencia, la predicción de este tipo de eventos a través de modelos hidrológicos es de suma importancia desde el punto de vista de la protección civil ya que permite a las instituciones reducir el riesgo hidrológico creado, por medio de sistemas de alerta temprana. Sin embargo, cuencas hidrográficas sin instrumentación en las que existe una falta de mediciones directas de información meteorológica para inicializar los modelos, es una problemática encontrada que afecta a las predicciones. En el presente estudio se evalúa la posibilidad de usar predicciones meteorológicas obtenidas con el modelo MOLOCH para inicializar el modelo hidrológico FEST-WB y así realizar predicciones de caudal. Lo anterior se realiza hipotetizando que el error cometido en la predicción de caudal resulta ser insignificante cuando se utilizan predicciones meteorológicas hasta las primeras 24 h. El estudio se realiza en un área ampliamente estudiada como la cuenca de los ríos Seveso-Olona-Lambro localizados en el norte de Italia. De este modo, las principales variables hidro-meteorológicas son analizadas llevando a cabo una comparación entre información meteorológica observada y espacializada, obtenida a partir de las estaciones climáticas de ARPA y meteonetwork, y las predicciones meteorológicas. Adicionalmente, se efectúa un análisis de sensibilidad con la metodología “un factor a la vez” (one-factor-at-time) con el objetivo de definir cuál de las forzantes afecta mayoritariamente las predicciones de caudal. Se evidencia que para los caudales a escalas horaria y diaria existe una correspondencia de información discreta con una tendencia a la subestimación, particularmente para valores elevados, y que, la subestimación de la precipitación (especialmente en verano) y la sobreestimación de la radiación solar son las razones principales de este comportamiento. Por consiguiente, para mejorar la predictibilidad cuando se acoplan los dos modelos mencionados, acciones adicionales deben ser evaluadas para realzar la correspondencia de las forzantes meteorológicas.

Abstract: This paper examines how the development of digital infrastructure shapes organizations. Drawing on four case studies across the global payment infrastructure, we explain the development of digital infrastructure and organization as taking place through three causal development mechanisms—namely, architectural, institutional, and functional. Each mechanism reveals a distinct development path of digital infrastructure based on the shaping of structure, the shaping of behavior, and the shaping of services. Furthermore, we outline how each development path is mediated by the other two mechanisms and propose six consequent propositions. The contribution of the study lies in presenting a conceivable explanation for the nested evolutionary paths in the development of digital infrastructure and organization.

Abstract: The use of phytoextraction plant species to accumulate soil metals into harvestable plant parts is a method used for managing soils with high cadmium (Cd). We evaluated three Cd accumulating species recently recommended for such use in cacao farms where Cd removal is needed to maintain markets: Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Brassica napus (rapeseed), and Chyrsopogon zizanioides (vetiver). Plants were grown in two greenhouse pot experiments with different Cd-spiked growth media: (sand plus perlite) and a natural soil. Plant total Cd and Cd uptake in shoot biomass of all species, across both experiments, increased linearly with increasing amounts of added Cd. Rapeseed had the highest plant total Cd and sunflower had the highest Cd uptake in shoot biomass. The highest application of Cd corresponded to the highest plant total Cd and shoot biomass Cd uptake, regardless of species. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for each species increased in a curvilinear manner with added Cd, with maximum BCF values for plants grown in the sand and perlite matrix at 2.5 mg kg-1 added Cd and in the natural soil at 5.0 mg kg-1 added Cd. We conclude that the Cd uptake (shoot biomass only) capability of the three species examined is greatest for sunflower given its increased uptake with Cd additions, its BCF value > 1, and lack of observed visual Cd toxicity symptoms, fungus and insect damage. Although these species had BCF >1, the potential annual removal of Cd would have been too small to support a meaningful phytoextraction practice. Resumen: El uso de especies de plantas de fitoextracción para acumular metales del suelo en partes de plantas cosechables es un método utilizado para manejar suelos con alto contenido de cadmio (Cd). Evaluamos tres especies acumuladoras de Cd recomendadas recientemente para tal uso en fincas de cacao donde se necesita remoción de Cd para mantener los mercados: Helianthus annuus (girasol), Brassica napus (colza) y Chyrsopogon zizanioides (vetiver). Las plantas se cultivaron en dos experimentos en macetas de invernadero con diferentes medios de crecimiento enriquecidos con Cd: (arena más perlita) y un suelo natural. La absorción total de Cd y Cd de la planta en la biomasa de brotes de todas las especies, en ambos experimentos, aumentó linealmente con cantidades crecientes de Cd agregado. La colza tuvo el mayor Cd total de la planta y el girasol tuvo la mayor absorción de Cd en la biomasa de los brotes. La mayor aplicación de Cd correspondió a la mayor absorción de Cd total de la planta y de la biomasa de brotes, independientemente de la especie. El factor de bioconcentración (FBC) para cada especie aumentó de manera curvilínea con Cd agregado, con valores máximos de FBC para plantas cultivadas en la matriz de arena y perlita a 2.5 mg kg-1 de Cd agregado y en el suelo natural a 5.0 mg kg-1 añadido Cd. Concluimos que la capacidad de absorción de Cd (solo biomasa de brotes) de las tres especies examinadas es mayor para el girasol debido a su mayor absorción con adiciones de Cd, su valor de FBC> 1 y la falta de síntomas de toxicidad visual de Cd, hongos e insectos observados. Aunque estas especies tenían FBC> 1, la posible eliminación anual de Cd habría sido demasiado pequeña para sustentar una práctica de fitoextracción significativa.

Abstract: Botulism is caused by a potent neurotoxin that blocks neuromuscular transmission, resulting in death by asphyxiation. Currently, the therapeutic options are limited and there is no antidote. Here, we harness the structural and trafficking properties of an atoxic derivative of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) to transport a function-blocking single-domain antibody into the neuronal cytosol where it can inhibit BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A1) molecular toxicity. Post-symptomatic treatment relieved toxic signs of botulism and rescued mice, guinea pigs, and nonhuman primates after lethal BoNT/A1 challenge. This platform might enable delivery of antibodies and other protein-based therapeutics to previously inaccessible intraneuronal targets. Resumen: El botulismo es causado por una potente neurotoxina que bloquea la transmisión neuromuscular, provocando la muerte por asfixiamiento. Actualmente, las opciones de tratamiento son limitadas y no existe un antídoto. En este artículo aprovechamos las propiedades estructurales y de tráfico neuronal de un derivado atóxico de la neurotoxina botulínica (BoNT) para transportar un anticuerpo que bloquea la función al citosol neuronal, donde puede inhibir la toxicidad molecular del serotipo A de la BoNT (BoNT /A1). El tratamiento post-sintomático alivió los signos tóxicos del botulismo y rescató de la muerte a ratones, conejillos de indias y primates no humanos después de la exposición letal a BoNT / A1. Esta plataforma podría permitir la administración de anticuerpos y otros terapéuticos basados en proteínas a blancos intraneuronales que previamente eran inaccesibles.