Este escrito pretende analizar un ejemplo de cómo se presenta el Derecho en los periódicos colombianos. Para lograrlo me centraré en analizar cómo se presentó en cuatro periódicos colombianos un nuevo código (Código de Policía y Convivencia, Ley 1801 de 2016). Empezaré presentando el marco teórico de quienes han hablado del Derecho en los medios de comunicación, posteriormente traeré a colación a los autores que recientemente han estudiado la relación entre Derecho y Policía ya que algunas de sus ideas son relevantes para entender cómo se ha presentado este nuevo código en los periódicos. Por último haré referencia a la relación cercana que existe entre los medios de comunicación y la Policía. Continuaré presentando las características, límites y ventajas de la metodología con la que me aproximaré, siendo esta el Análisis Cualitativo de Contenido, y describiré mi proceso de aplicación de dicha metodología haciendo énfasis en lo que Krippendorf llama el ciclo hermenéutico de Análisis Cualitativo de contenido. Para terminar, aplicaré esta metodología a cada periódico por separado lo cual me permitirá encontrar las tendencias particulares con las que estos medios se refieren al código que estudiaré. Se concluye lo siguiente: El código se presenta dentro de los límites típicos de los periódicos; Los periódicos presentan superficialmente los aspectos legales del código y le dan más importancia a los resultados de la aplicación de la norma; Las sanciones que trae el código se presentan de manera cándida; y Las actuaciones de la Policía autorizadas por el código se presenta paralelamente como heroicas y abusivas.

The digits on equine forelimbs withhold a great variability of weight overload, mainly caused by motion. Bones are linked through tendons and ligaments, which receive the greatest loads during the different phases of the stride. Ultrasound has become an important aid on evaluating these structures, since they are highly prone to lesion. To that purpose, we ought to evaluate tendinous and ligamentous lesions associated to distal limb lameness in horses by ultrasonographic examination of the distal limb. Furthermore, we studied the incidence of ungular cartilages ossification through radiographic examination. Tendinous and ligamentous structures were assessed on longitudinal and transversal planes. Colateral ligaments of the distal interfalangeal joints were also evaluated at the dorsal aspect of the limb, over the coronary band of the hoof. Aditionally, transcuneal examinaition was performed following trimming the hoof and levelling the frog. Dorsopalmar radiographs of both forelimbs were taken in order to grade ossification of the ungular cartilages by using the Ruohoniemi scale. Palmar structures such as oblique sesamoidean ligaments (46,66%), straight sesamoidean ligament (53,33%) also presented ultrasonographic signs of disruption. Suprasesamoidean, sesamoidean and infrasesamoidean lessions were observed on the deep digital flexor tendon. There were correspondence between the grade 1 and 3 of the ossification of the ungular cartilages and the desmopathy of the collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint, characterized by loss of the echographic pattern and the presence of fibrotic or mineralized areas. The desmopathies of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint, does not always have correspondence relationship with the ossification of the ipsilateral ungular cartilage. When the ossification of the cartilages is severe, can disturb the ability to dampen.

The equines have an appendicular skeleton which has a group of long bones, to develop high speeds, and avoid predators. These bones are targets for traumas and fractures. Their treatment and prognosis are direct influenced by the body weight. The external skeletal fixation is a therapeutic method used in horses for the treatment of third metacarpal / metatarsal bone fractures, and conminuted distal fractures. The external fixation methods mix the use of transcortical pins and a periferic structure, to direct the force to the proximal portion of the fractured region while the limb bears weight, a very important aspect in horses, because they need to bear weight although it exists an osseus injury. With the use of a sinthetic cast, three transcortical smooth pins with 4 mm of diameter, inserted with a range of 15 to 30° on the dorsal/palmar plane of the distal third of the radius, and three transcortical smooth pins of 4,5 mm of diameter, inserted with a range of 15 a 30° on the dorsal/palmar plane of the proximal third of the third metacarpal bone, was reduced a fracture in the proximal portion of the third metacarpal bone. In addition, it compromised the fourth carpal bone and the carpometacarpal joint of the left forelimb of a thoroughbred weanling foal of five months old. The goal of the procedure, was to allow the allignment of the limb and stabilize the joint which has less movement in the carpus. The external fixation was maintained during two months, and then, it was determined the use of the specimen for breeding aims.

The low-level jet over the Orinoco River basin is characterized using finer horizontal, vertical, and temporal resolution than possible in previous studies via dynamical downscaling. The investigation relies on a 5-month-long simulation (November 2013–March 2014) performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model, with initial and boundary conditions provided by the Global Forecast System analysis. Dynamical downscaling is demonstrated to be an effective method to better resolve the horizontal and vertical characteristics of the Orinoco low-level jet, not only improving its diurnal and austral-summer evolution, the identification and location of low-level jet streaks inside the stream tube, but also in determining the mechanisms leading to its formation. The Orinoco low-level jet (OLLJ) is found to be a single stream tube over Colombia and Venezuela with wind speeds greater than 8 m s-1, and four distinctive cores varying in height under the influence of sloping terrain. The OLLJ has its maximum monthly mean wind speed (13 m s-1) and largest spatial extent (2100 km × 400 km) in January. The maxima mean wind peeds (13–17 m s-1) in the diurnal cycle occur in the early morning above the nocturnal inversion; wind speeds are a minimum (8–9 m s-1) in the late afternoon when a deep, approximately unstratified boundary layer is present. The momentum balance analysis performed in a streamwise- and crosswise-rotated coordinate system reveal that the OLLJ is the result of four phenomena acting together to accelerate the wind: a sea-breeze penetration over the Orinoco River delta and Unare River depression, katabatic flow down the Coastal Cordillera, three expansion fans from point wakes in topography, and diurnal variation of turbulent diffusivity. La corriente en chorro de bajo nivel sobre la cuenca del río Orinoco es caracterizada, a través de una reducción dinámica de escala, con mayor resolución horizontal, vertical, y temporal que la obtenida en investigaciones previas. El estudio está basado en una simulación de 5 meses (noviembre 2013-marzo 2014) realizada con el modelo de investigación meteorológica y pronóstico WRF-ARW, y con condiciones iniciales y de frontera provenientes de los análisis del sistema de pronóstico global GFS-Analysis. La reducción dinámica de escala demuestra ser un método eficaz para resolver de una mejor manera las características horizontales y verticales de la corriente en chorro de bajo nivel del Orinoco, no sólo mejorando la descripción de su evolución diurna y estacional (verano austral), la identificación y localización de los núcleos de velocidad máxima del viento, sino también en la determinación de los mecanismos que conducen a su formación. Se encontró que la corriente en chorro de bajo nivel del Orinoco (OLLJ) es un tubo de corriente sobre Colombia y Venezuela con velocidades de viento mayores a 8 m s -1 , que tiene cuatro núcleos característicos que varían en altura debido a la influencia de la topografía circundante. En enero, el OLLJ presenta su máxima velocidad media mensual del viento (13 m s -1 ) y mayor extensión espacial (2100 km x 400 km). La máxima velocidad media del viento (13 – 17 m s -1 ) en el ciclo diurno ocurre temprano en la mañana por encima de la inversión nocturna, mientras que la velocidad mínima (8 – 9 m s -1 ) ocurre en la tarde cuando la capa de límite es profunda y aproximadamente neutra (i.e., sin estratificación). El análisis de balance de momento realizado en un sistema de coordenadas orientado en el sentido del flujo (coordenadas naturales), revela que el OLLJ es el resultado de cuatro fenómenos que actúan juntos para acelerar el viento: una penetración de la brisa de mar sobre el delta del río Orinoco y la depresión del río Unare, vientos catabáticos descendientes de la cordillera de la Costa, tres ventiladores de expansión que se desprenden de puntos topográficos, y la variación diurna en la difusión de la turbulencia.

This work analyses the repertoire for solo cello and cello with electronic media from 2000 to 2015 by Colombian composers, focusing on timbre as the main musical element explored. Nevertheless, a historical view on the European and non-European repertoire is included. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part includes chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chapter 1 classifies the cello playing techniques used in the most well-known pieces and studies the solo cello from the 17th century onwards, emphasising so-called extended playing techniques. Such classification serves as a tool for the further musical analyses in this work and as a foundation for the methodological framework in chapter 2, which discusses the notions of timbral modulation, timbral polyphony, and timbral re-signification. Chapter 3 discusses a new timbral development in the solo cello and cello with electronic media repertoire in the 20th and 21st century. This chapter surveys the crucial historical facts that generated a paradigm shift in the cello repertoire. This includes the emergence of different musical tendencies and the work of pioneer composers and performers. The second part of this study includes chapters 4 and 5, where the solo cello and cello with electronics repertoire from 2000 to 2015 by Colombian composers is analysed. The pieces involved emphasise a new timbral development within the repertoire. To summarise, this thesis emphasises how timbre was one of the elements that bifurcated the cello repertoire in the 20th and 21st century. Furthermore, this study describes how progressive composers and performers have deeply expanded playing techniques and the timbre of the instrument, and the exploration and combination of the medium with apparatus, artefacts, and new instruments into new ways of making music.

LGBTQ issues have been mainstreamed in media and academic literature, especially in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, where homosexuality has been said to be criminalized through the commonly known “sodomy laws”. This has fueled an international social movement, led by Western human rights organizations, with cultural, political and economic goals seeking to advance LGBTQ rights globally. However, research on these issues in Sri Lanka re-mains limited. This study seeks to overcome this gap by exploring the LGBTQ movement in its capital, Colombo, conducting a series of interviews to LGBTQ leaders, activists and active members of the community. The study uses social movement theory (with the concepts of grievances, collective identity and strategy) and postcolonial theory. Hence, the following research question is answered: How is the politics of the LGBTQ movement expressed in postcolonial Sri Lanka? Findings indicate that the movement’s grievances are connected to the country’s colonial history, as well as to the human rights discourse. Additionally, collective ‘identity’, a complex concept in Sri Lanka, was found to be “hybrid” among activists, and was contested by activists themselves. Lastly, it was found that there is an insinuation of concern in terms of mimicry in the strategies and a suggestion to decolonize from Western models of activism. Los temas LGBTQ han sido ampliamente debatidos en los medios de comunicación y en la literatura académica, especialmente en los países de la Mancomunidad de Naciones, donde la homosexualidad es criminalizada a través de las “leyes de sodomía”. Esto ha alimentado un movimiento social internacional, liderado por organizaciones occidentales de derechos humanos con propósitos culturales, políticos y económicos que busca promover derechos para personas LGBTQ a nivel global. Sin embargo, la investigación académica sobre estos temas en Sri Lanka es limitada. Este estudio busca llenar este vacío explorando el movimiento LGBTQ en la capital del país, Colombo, por medio de entrevistas a líderes, activistas y miembros activos de la comunidad LGBTQ. El estudio usa conceptos de la teoría de movimientos sociales (agravios, identidad colectiva y estrategia) y de la teoría postcolonial. Así, se responde la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cómo se expresan las dinámicas políticas internas del movimiento LGBTQ en Sri Lanka postcolonial? Los resultados indican que los agravios del movimiento están conectados con la historia colonial del país, así como el discurso de derechos humanos. Adicionalmente, la ‘identidad’ colectiva, un complejo concepto en Sri Lanka, fue identificada como “híbrida” entre los activistas y se configuró como un concepto controvertido entre los mismos activistas del movimiento. Finalmente, se encontró que hay una preocupación en términos de la imitación en las estrategias utilizadas por el movimiento, así como una insinuación para descolonizarlo de los modelos occidentales de activismo. El autor de esta tesis fue nominado al Hydén Award de Lund University, otorgado a las mejores tesis de pregrado y maestría en asuntos socioeconómicos y políticos en países de ingresos bajos y medios.

In the last years Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) has received an increasing attention in academic research due to its ability to achieve optimal process operation of nonlinear processes. NMPC has been applied to several pilot plants; however major obstacles like plant model mismatch and disturbances have to be overcome in order to allow industrial applications. Multi-stage NMPC (MSNMPC) is a robust NMPC approach which achieves optimal process operation under uncertainties of the process model. A complete workflow from simulation studies to real application of MSNMPC has been developed to overcome the mentioned obstacles. However, explicit knowledge from the fields of mathematics, optimization theory, and process control is required. Therefore, efficient methods for evaluation of MSNMPC that support the transition from simulation to application in the real process are required. In this master thesis a module that applies several evaluation methods to offline simulations of MSNMPC is developed. The effectiveness of the module is shown in the case study of an industrial batch polymerization reactor.

Youth suicidality is a worldwide major concern; even more, if a specific population of youth, as young people in the child welfare system, are likely to be at higher risk. Therefore, emerge the need to identify particular characteristics that may be predictors of these suicidal behaviors in order to provide better prevention and intervention programs. Portugal is a country that does not have information regarding youth suicide in care. Seeking to contribute to this matter this study aims to make a profile of young Portuguese people (of 16- and 17- years old) in residential care with suicide attempts, identifying the relation between suicidality and sociodemographic variables, type of placement and maltreatment, mental health problems and risk behaviors. Comparisons of the data gathered were made on adolescents in residential care with suicide attempts and adolescents without it, bivariate analyzes were carried out to identify the difference between samples. Results supported a statistical relationship with physical neglect as a type of maltreatment, and alcohol and drugs abuse as factors that may increase the risk of suicide attempts. Regarding mental health, treatments do not cover the whole population with suicide attempts, with lightly less of half of the adolescents with suicidality not receiving psychiatric treatment. Further analysis is needed to identify if more rigorous mental health treatment might reduce suicidality. La tendencia suicida en los jóvenes es una preocupación importante a nivel mundial; aún más, si una población específica, como aquellos quienes están en el sistema de bienestar, tienen probabilidades de tener riesgos mayores. Por esta razón, surge la necesidad de identificar características particulares de los jóvenes en el sistema de bienestar que puedan predecir comportamientos suicidas con el fin de proporcionar mejores programas de prevención e intervención. Portugal es un país que no tiene información sobre el suicidio juvenil en el sistema de bienestar. Buscando contribuir a esta área, el siguiente estudio pretende hacer un perfil de jóvenes portugueses (de 16 y 17 años) en acogimiento residencial con intentos de suicidio, identificando la relación entre la variable tendencias suicidas y variables sociodemográficas, perfil del acogimiento y tipo de maltrato, problemas de salud mental y comportamientos de riesgo. Se compararon los datos de adolescentes en acogimiento residenciales con intentos de suicidio y adolescentes sin intentos, llevando a cabo análisis bivariados para identificar la diferencia entre las muestras. Los resultados revelaron una relación estadística entre negligencia física como un tipo de maltrato, y abuso de alcohol y drogas como factores que pueden aumentar el riesgo de intentos suicidas. En cuanto a la salud mental, se identificó que los tratamientos no cubren a todos los jóvenes con intentos de suicidio, hallando que no reciben tratamiento psiquiátrico un poco menos de la mitad de los adolescentes con tendencias suicidas. Por esta razón, se considera necesario realizar más análisis para identificar si un tratamiento de salud mental más riguroso podría reducir las tendencias suicidas.

A monitoring was performed around water bodies associated to the El Quimbo Dam that is located on the Magdalena river, at the south of Huila Department, Colombia. This monitoring study was part of the Ecological Restoration Project of Tropical Dry Forest that is being executed by the Fundación Natura and Enel-Emgesa, which are joining efforts to restore ecosystems that have been affected by the construction of El Quimbo Dam. The construction of El Quimbo Dam began in February, 2011 and the dam was opened in 2015. It is suggested that construction of dams has caused upstream/downstream environmental impacts along river continuums, for example, along the Magdalena-Cauca basin. The Fundación Natura and Enel-Emgesa have been taking measures to mitigate the environmental impacts of El Quimbo Dam´s construction. One of these measures has been the reforestation of 40 km 2 of vegetation, to compensate the loss of 30 km 2 of vegetation that was cut down to construct the dam. The reforestation, performed by people from the Fundación Natura and Enel-Emgesa, is being developed in three specific zones around El Quimbo Dam. In 2016, the Fundación Natura performed previous studies of biotic and abiotic characterization of water reservoirs located in these three specific zones. Afterwards, in 2017, researchers from the Universidad Surcolombiana and Enel-Emgesa performed water quality studies on water bodies located in the high basin of Magdalena River. The present internship aimed at supplementing those studies executed in 2016 and 2017. During the present internship, biotic and abiotic aspects were analysed in 16 new water bodies to answer the following questions: -Are there differences in animal diversity among the 16 water bodies studied? -Is there similarity in the vegetation composition among the 16 water bodies? -Are there differences in abiotic conditions among the water bodies monitored? The 16 water bodies comprised 3 lakes and 13 streams. For all these water bodies, a field form was used, which consisted in a table organized in 8 columns. Each column contained data of depth, degree of shading, color of water, substrate, vegetation, fauna, water discharge (in the streams) and wind presence (in the lakes). A Shannon index was calculated to measure the fauna diversity along the 16 water bodies located around El Quimbo Dam. For vegetation, the number of trees was counted among the water bodies to find the richest ones in numbers of tree species. Analyses of similarity in composition of tree species were performed between pairs of water bodies as a well as a likely estimation of the most abundant tree species.Finally, environmental impacts of human activities were related to the animal diversity and abiotic aspects observed in the water bodies.

The study set out to shed light on the key drivers and barriers that influence leaders deciding whether or not to invest in legal tech. Understanding these factors is a starting point to reduce the uncertainty that surrounds the future of the law industry. Accordingly, the fundamental question in the study asks what are the main drivers and barriers that influence the decision-making process to allocate resources on legal tech. The following sub-questions are discussed through the dissertation to find a reasonable answer: - What is legal tech, and why is it relevant? - How do the barriers/drivers found in the research influence the innovation-decision process? La tesis busca indagar acerca de las motivaciones y barreras clave que influencian a los altos gerentes de las firmas de abogados al momento de tomar la decisión de invertir en legal tech. Entender estos factores es un punto inicial para reducir la incertidumbre que rodea el futuro de la industria del derecho. De acuerdo con lo anterior, la pregunta central que hace el estudio es cuáles son las causas que influyen el proceso de toma de decisión para destinar recursos en legal tech. Adicionalmente y con el propósito de encontrar una respuesta a la inquietud planteada, la investigación aborda las siguientes sub-preguntas: - Qué es legal tech, y por qué es relevante? - Cómo influencian los motivos y las barreras encontrados en la investigación, el proceso de decisión de innovación.