Entre diciembre de 1977 y agosto de 2015 se cometieron en Colombia 152 asesinatos de periodistas por razón de su oficio. En ese mismo periodo, Colombia ocupó en varias ocasiones el primer puesto en el listado mundial de delitos contra la libertad de expresión y más concretamente de periodistas asesinados. Durante lustros, el país no pudo salir de este ranking oprobioso y se convirtió en una de las sociedades más violentas para ejercer el periodismo en el planeta. Numerosos periodistas, particularmente de las regiones, han sido objeto de amenazas, secuestro y expulsión hacia el exilio. Pero 152 murieron en sus casas hasta donde penetraron con sevicia sus asesinos; en la calle o en carreteras o en las propias instalaciones de sus medios de comunicación, a donde llegaron narcos, paramilitares, guerrilleros, integrantes de bandas delincuenciales e inclusive agentes del Estado para cumplir su objetivo. Detrás de las autorías materiales —no siempre conocidas—aún se oculta una buena parte de las autoras o autores intelectuales reales. Un gran conjunto de periodistas trabajaba en pequeñas emisoras y periódicos de provincia y su tiempo y su pasión los dedicaban a rastrear hechos de corrupción o sucesos que formaban parte del conflicto armado interno que se vivía intensamente en sus poblaciones de origen.

Documento de actualización de los ideales fundamentales de la profesión bibliotecaria para la era de Internet. El Manifiesto sobre internet de la IFLA se fundamenta en el Artículo 19 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, y hace hincapié en que los usuarios de las bibliotecas tienen derecho a esperar el mismo grado de libertad de expresión y de libertad de acceso a la información en Internet del que disfrutan para los materiales impresos.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the prevalence pattern of anemia among Indigenous children in Latin America. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed. Records were identified from the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Lilacs by two independent researchers between May and June 2021. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: a) studied Indigenous people b) was about children (from 0 to 12 years old); c) reported a prevalence estimate of anemia; d) had been conducted in any of the countries of Latin America; e) was published either in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; f) is a peer-reviewed article; and g) was published at any date. Results: Out of 2,401 unique records retrieved, 42 articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 39 different Indigenous communities were analyzed in the articles, and in 21 of them (54.0%) child anemia was a severe public health problem (prevalence ? 40%). Those communities were the Aymara (Bolivia); Aruak, Guaraní, Kamaiurá, Karapotó, Karibe, Kaxinanuá, Ma-cro-Jê, Suruí, Terena, Xavante (Brazil); Cabécar (Costa Rica), Achuar, Aguaruna, Awajún, Urarina, Yomybato (Peru); Piaroa and Yucpa (Venezuela); and Quechua (Peru and Bolivia). Children below two years had the highest prevalence of anemia (between 16.2% and 86.1%). Among Indigenous people, risk factors for anemia include nutrition, poor living conditions, access to health services, racism, and discrimination. Bolivia and Guatemala are scarcely studied, despite having the highest proportion of Indigenous communities in Latin America. Conclusions: Anemia constitutes a poorly documented public health problem among Indigenous children in 21 Indigenous communities in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. In all Indigenous communities included in this study child anemia was an issue, especially in younger children. Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el patrón de prevalencia de anemia en niños indígenas de América Latina. Métodos: Se siguieron las directrices PRISMA. Los registros fueron identificados en las bases de datos PubMed, Google Scholar y Lilacs por dos investigadores independientes entre mayo y junio de 2021. Los estudios se incluyeron si cumplían los siguientes criterios: a) estudiaban a indígenas; b) eran sobre niños (de 0 a 12 años); c) reportaban una estimación de prevalencia de anemia; d) se habían realizado en cualquiera de los países de América Latina; e) se publicaron en inglés, portugués o español; f) eran artículos revisados por pares; y g) se publicaron en cualquier fecha. Resultados: De los 2.401 registros únicos recuperados, 42 artículos cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Un total de 39 comunidades indígenas diferentes fueron analizadas en los artículos, y en 21 de ellas (54,0%) la anemia infantil era un problema grave de salud pública (prevalencia ? 40%). Esas comunidades eran aymara (Bolivia); aruak, guaraní, kamaiurá, karapotó, karibe, kaxinanuá, macro- jê, suruí, terena, xavante (Brasil); cabécar (Costa Rica), achuar, aguaruna, awajún, urarina, yomybato (Perú); piaroa y yucpa (Venezuela); y quechua (Perú y Bolivia). Los niños menores de dos años presentaban la mayor prevalencia de anemia (entre el 16,2% y el 86,1%). Entre los indígenas, los factores de riesgo de la anemia son la nutrición, las malas condiciones de vida, el acceso a los servicios sanitarios, el racismo y la discriminación. Bolivia y Guatemala están escasamente estudiados, a pesar de tener la mayor proporción de comunidades indígenas de América Latina. Conclusiones: La anemia constituye un problema de salud pública poco documentado entre los niños indígenas de 21 comunidades indígenas de Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, México y Perú. En todas las comunidades indígenas incluidas en este estudio, la anemia infantil era un problema, especialmente en los niños más pequeños.

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the reliability of the ExSel® self-questionnaire to detect an excess salt intake (≥12 g/24h) in patients consulting for hypertension and/or renal failure. Methods: Results of the ExSel® self-questionnaire were compared to 24 h sodium excretion using the Cohen’s kappa test and a Chi² test. Sensitivity, specificity, VPP and VPN were calculated. A ROC curve was realized to find an accurate cut-off.Results: Mean characteristics of the 101 patients with reliable results were: age of 67+12 years, Body Mass Index 28.4+5.6 kg/m², SBP/DBP 139+23/74+13 mmHg (98% were hypertensives. Mean salt intake was 7.5+3.1 g/24h and mean creatininuria was 13.9+20.1 mmol/24 h. An excess salt intake (≥12 g/24h) was observed in 8% of the patients. The Kappa test at 0.17 and the Chi² at 0.66 signify that the agreement was very low. Sensitivity was 37%, specificity 90%, PPV 20% and NPV 94%. The AUC under the ROC curve was too low (0.665) to determine a threshold adapted to the renal patients. Conclusions: The ExSel® auto-questionnaire is not adapted to outpatients, mainly hypertensives (98%) followed in a nephrology consultation to detect an excess salt consumption.

Abstract: This review aimed at evaluating the state of availability, accessibility and model of delivery of oral health services in prisons, globally. Five databases of peer-reviewed literature and potential sources of gray literature were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria encompassed oral health papers related to prisons globally, with exclusion of certain article types. Selection involved independent evaluations by two researchers, followed by quality assessment. Data on the availability of oral health interventions in prisons came from18 countries, while information on the model of delivery of the services is scarce. In addition, two sets of individual and organizational barriers toward oral health service uptake in prisons were revealed and discussed in the text. Lack of oral health services in prisons affects people living in prisons and jeopardizes their reintegration. Urgent and concrete international actions are required to ensure the availability, accessibility, and quality of oral health services among people living in prisons.

Resumen: Tras una cirugía de reemplazo articular, la presencia del material protésico, la intervención quirúrgica y los factores de riesgo del paciente predisponen la aparición de una infección protésica. En general las tasas de infección rondan el 1,5% en las prótesis de cadera y el 2,5% en las de rodilla. Los protocolos de tratamiento consisten en una combinación de medidas quirúrgicas junto con un tratamiento farmacológico sistémico de rifampicina y fluoroquinolonas en monoterapia o en combinación durante al menos 3-9 meses. El desarrollo de nanopartículas cargadas con antibióticos permite la administración selectiva en el lugar de la infección, reduciendo los efectos adversos sistémicos del antibiótico y logrando la liberación controlada del mismo. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue el desarrollo de una formulación de nanopartículas poliméricas de ciprofloxacino por el método de doble emulsión (W/O/W) extracción-evaporación del solvente para su administración local en el tratamiento de infecciones protésicas. Para el desarrollo y optimización de las formulaciones se ha empleado el diseño experimental. Se ha realizado un diseño factorial completo (L12) de dos niveles para evaluar y determinar el grado de influencia de diversos parámetros del proceso de elaboración en las características de estos nanosistemas. Gracias a este diseño se determinó que la hidrofobicidad del polímero y la cantidad de ciprofloxacino fueron los únicos factores que mostraron una influencia estadísticamente significativa en el tamaño de partícula y carga de antibiótico de las nanopartículas, respectivamente. Por último, se ha estudiado el perfil de liberación del ciprofloxacino en las formulaciones seleccionadas. Con el fin de garantizar las condiciones sink, previamente se evaluó la solubilidad del fármaco en tampón fosfato a distintos valores de pH. Este estudio demostró que el ciprofloxacino presenta baja solubilidad a pH >6 y forma soluciones sobresaturadas metaestables a pH 6 y 5.5. La formulación elaborada con PLGA-502, 15mg de ciprofloxacino y NaCl en la fase externa acuosa, se seleccionó como la formulación más adecuada, mostrando un tamaño de partícula de 307 nm, un PDI de 0.28, una eficacia de encapsulación de 62.46% y una liberación controlada del ciprofloxacino durante al menos 7 días.

Abstract: At the present time, climate change and antimicrobial resistance are considered as the most critical threats, affecting human, animal, plant, and environmental health. Although these terms may initially appear different, they are interconnected and share similarities in their causes (human interventions and natural cycles), health, and societal consequences. Climate change is associated through direct and indirect pathways with an increase in infectious diseases. Nonetheless, the association between global warming and antimicrobial resistance requires a comprehensive summary of evidence exploring it. Methods: A literature review was conducted to identify and describe the association between climate change and the rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Epistemonikos, and Google Scholar. The search period was restricted to articles published from January 2010 to June 2021. Additionally, a snowballing approach was conducted to identify any additional papers. Data extraction included study location, weather factors, environmental elements, antibiotics, and bacteria analysed, as well as the results. Results: 29 articles were included (ten literature or systematic reviews, eight experimental, six ecological, four observational, and one quasi-experimental). In terms of location, all the studies were conducted in countries between 35° and 75° north latitude. The results suggested some evidence of the effects of climate change (alterations in temperature, precipitation, and humidity) on the emergence and rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance in different environments (water, soil, cryosphere, and air). Temperature was described as a main effect of climate change that had effects on antibiotic resistance (increasing bacteria growth, altering metabolism, inducing crossprotection, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer between bacteria). Additionally, results also described the association between altered rain patterns and humidity and antimicrobial resistance, through the runoff of antibiotic molecules or the transport of antibiotic resistance mechanisms to other areas. Conclusions: This literature review has underscored the association between climate change and antimicrobial resistance. According to the results shown in the selected studies, the alterations in weather factors resulting from climate change have varying effects on the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. However, further research is imperative to decipher the complex interactions between other environmental processes, pollutants, patterns of antibiotic consumption, wastewater, animal migration, and regions below the latitudes covered in this literature review.

En esta cartilla se da la información necesaria sobre la estructura y funcionamiento del cuerpo humano para el mejor cumplimiento de las funciones de todo socorrista  durante los primeros auxilios en el salvamento minero.

Insulin hormone is produced by pancreatic beta-cells and its biosynthesis, secretion, and intracellular degradation is tightly regulated. Newly formed SGs are preferentially released upon glucose stimulation while aged SGs are less competitive to be released and are more prompt to degradation mainly within lysosomes. The most assumed mechanism leading aged SGs to lysosome is autophagy, a degradation system for altered proteins and damaged organelles. The autophagic marker LC3 has facilitated the detection of autophagy through LC3-based biochemical and microscopic assays, as well as the possibility to experimentally manipulate the autophagy pathway. Here, we intended to establish a model for the further study of mechanism that target aged Ins-SNAPTMR-Star+ SGs to GFP-LC3+ autophagosomes in INS-1 cells by using three different approaches. Our results show that in INS-1 cells, modulation of autophagy with chemical agents can be detected by western blot. Likewise, TIRF Microscopy allowed for the detection of positive GFP-LC3+ aged Ins-SNAPTMR-Star+ objects in the cortical region of INS-1 cells. Additionally, we implemented SIM microscopy to gain more detail in the morphological aspect of autophagosomes vesicles. Despite some hints about the autophagosomal structures were uncovered through these approaches, further experiments should be performed to complement and confirm our findings. Thus, establishment of a suitable model for the study of autophagy, will allow us to further study the mechanisms behind the targeting process of aged SGs and to better understand how impairment of autophagy contributes to deterioration of pancreatic beta-cell function and subsequent onset of type 2 diabetes.