Le désordre temporo-mandibulaire (DTM) est un terme collectif incluant un certain nombre de problèmes cliniques impliquant les muscles de la mastication, l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire (ATM) et les structures associées. Le DTM détruit la qualité de vie de la personne atteinte surtout que les fonctions assurées par cette articulation sont vitales. Actuellement, pour diagnostiquer des désordres temporo-mandibulaire on utilise l’anamnèse; l’examen clinique complet, comprenant entre autres la palpation des muscles et des articulations; l’auscultation des articulations et la mesure avec une règle millimétrée des mouvements mandibulaires; et certaines techniques d’imagerie. Néanmoins ces méthodes ne sont pas totalement fiables et peuvent atteindre des coûts élevés comme dans le cas de la technique d’imagerie par résonance magnétique. De cette façon, il devient un défi pour la médecine, ainsi que dans d’autres domaines tels que la bio-ingénierie; de rechercher des techniques alternatives plus fiables et moins coûteuses. L’acquisition de bio-signaux offre des informations vitales et importantes pour le diagnostic de différentes pathologies. De plus, ils fournissent une détection précoce des maladies et la possibilité de prévoir les traitements pour le rétablissement du patient. L’électromyographie (EMG) permet l’acquisition des bio-signaux qui mesurent l’activité électrique d’un muscle au repos et pendant une contraction volontaire. Connaître l’activité électrique générée par les muscles associés à une structure spécifique est devenue important dans les études biomécaniques et pour les applications cliniques. Les mesures EMG en parallèle avec les mesures cinématiques peuvent caractériser les mouvements et l’activité musculaire associée de l’ATM. Cela pourrait être proposé comme une technique alternative pour le diagnostic précoce des patients qui souffrent de DTM. Mon travail a été effectué dans l’équipe « Comportement adaptatif des tissus biologiques » du Laboratoire de Mécanique Biomécanique Polymère Structures (LaBPS), laboratoire de l'Université de Lorraine (Metz). L’objectif général du projet est d’étudier la cinématique et l’activité musculaire associée de l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire pendant un exercice d’écrasement d’un dynamomètre placé entre les dents.

Abstract: Institutionalization of bullerengue, which is a traditional Afro-Colombian music and dance practice, is a process that emerged in the Colombian Urabá region over the past three decades, and that has radically transformed the ways in which this musical expression was traditionally performed. In the past, communities administered bullerengue as part of their public celebrations or private festivities. However, since the 1980s, due to a decline in its practice caused by the arrival of new musics to the region hand in hand with a late modernization process, a group of institutions got involved in an institutional cultural revival project that, adhering to recent national policies of decentralization, took care of its management. The most visible expressions of this institutional framework are the bullerengue festivals, managed by local NGOs, and the local bullerengue schools, which are funded by local governments through casas de la cultura. I argue that, even though institutionalization of bullerengue in the region prevented this musical tradition from disappearing, a group of local cultural workers, regional private investors, and local politicians contextualized this musical practice within a framework of social, political, and economic relations, which many times neglect the needs of bullerengue practitioners in order to serve private interests. Bullerengue practitioners, nonetheless, contest this institutional framework through performance strategies, like street bullerengue practices, which empower them as social group and strengthen solidarity and agency within a regional community of performers. Generally speaking, though, even though practices have revitalized, the support provided by the bullerengue institutions has not empowered this community in the self-management of their cultural traditions. Therefore, its members have constructed a set of proposals and ideas to make the framework match better their felt needs. This thesis is an analysis and a critique of such power relationships in the frame of a contemporary Latin American democracy. Resumen: La institucionalización del bullerengue, el cual es una práctica musical y danzaria tradicional del Caribe afrocolombiano, se ha desarrollado en la zona de Urabá desde las últimas tres décadas y ha transformado radicalmente esta expresión artística. En el pasado, las propias comunidades administraban la práctica bullerenguera y la apropiaban como parte de sus celebraciones públicas o privadas. Sin embargo, desde la década de 1980, un marcado declive en su práctica causado por la llegada de nuevas músicas y procesos de modernización tardía, llevó a un grupo de instituciones locales iniciar un proceso de revivalismo cultural institucional. Este proyecto, manejado por entidades del estado y la sociedad civil, se adhirió a las más recientes políticas públicas sobre descentralización de la cultura y se hizo cargo de la administración regional del bullerengue. Las instancias más visibles de este marco institucional son: los festivales de bullerengue, gestionados por ONGs locales, y las escuelas de bullerengue, que por lo general tienen apoyo de los gobiernos locales a través de las casas de la cultura. Mi argumento es que, a pesar de que la institucionalización en la región impidió la desaparición de esta tradición musical, un grupo de gestores culturales, inversionistas privados y políticos locales, contextualizaron al bullerengue dentro de un marco de relaciones socioculturales, políticas y económicas que muchas veces marginaliza las necesidades de los sabedores tradicionales y beneficia sobre todo intereses privados. Sin embargo, los bullerengueros disputan y contienden este marco institucional a través de estrategias de performance, como por ejemplo prácticas de bullerengue callejero, las cuales empoderan a estos sabedores y fortalecen su solidaridad y agencia. En general, aunque el bullerengue se ha revitalizado, el apoyo proporcionado por las instituciones del bullerengue no ha empoderado a esta comunidad de músicos y bailarines en la administración de sus propias tradiciones populares. Empero, los bullerengueros han desarrollado una serie de ideas y propuestas para mejorar este marco institucional y hacerlo más a tono con su propias necesidades. Esta tesis es un análisis y una crítica de estas relaciones de poder en el contexto de una democracia latinoamericana contemporánea.

Adaptable Morphodynamics addresses the development of complex high density urban systems over space and time. Building morphologies can be conceived as living organisms that change in form, shape and structure through the interaction of physical, informational and geometrical processes. This research focuses on density, environmental quality and spatial identity. These studies are extended to present-day Hong Kong and addresses a design system that aims to reinterpret spatial logics, connected with local socio-cultural attributes, into a set of rules and code for an “intelligent densification”. From the data gathered, two strategies are developed in parallel and as they become more defined, they begin to inform one another until a holistic urban approach is developed. Urban porosity and Urban growth at different scales (neighbourhood, plot and building) become the key design tools to achieve environmental performance, in terms of urban ventilation, housing public programmes, and maximizing pedestrian and bicycle accessibility for all people through a fluid mobility network at ground and multiple layers of connectivity. Existing building morphologies are transformed computationally into porous organisms and are used to construct accurate models of growth for regaining the lost demographic pressure. Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms are employed to generate a complex urban design model. This is characterized by the emergence of public green areas, integration of socio-cultural amenities within the existing building morphologies and by generation of a comfortable outdoor microclimate, at different operational scales. The improvement of the well-being of the urban population could be achieved through a spatial approach based on principles of social inclusion, especially in the most deprived areas of the patch, characterized by illegal and informal settlements, known as “rooftop villages or sky-slums”. The main target, in the long term, will be to develop an “urban intelligence” that takes into account the mutual relation between demographic demand, site constraints and the potentialities and limitations of the architectural targets.

Recent projections estimate that the Netherlands needs circa 33 GW of offshore wind capacity in the North Sea to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. To this end, the Dutch government has very ambitious plans to create new wind sites far from shore and integrate that power generation to the high-voltage power grid in the next years. Due to the challenges of connecting future massive amounts of offshore wind power into the grid TenneT operates it becomes urgent to investigate new alternatives for this purpose. A grid topology with transmission capacities above 1 GW connecting offshore wind farms at distances close to 100 km in a standardized, modular, and cost-efficient manner is the focus of this thesis. With eight point-to-point HVDC links in operation in Germany and more expected in near future, TenneT TSO is analysing new offshore grid connection concepts to achieve a reliable and secure operation of the infrastructure connecting wind energy both in Germany and the Netherlands. A solution is presented in this thesis report in which new wind farms are connected with 66-kV cables to a centralised platform with a connection capacity of 1050 MW. This platform will utilise HVDC technology based on VSC conversion techniques and MMC topology. It is expected that the 66-kV cables will not be connected to a single busbar through paralleled converter transformer, but that this will be done with at least three converter transformers connected to each other on the valve side but not connected on the 66-kV side. A dynamic performance study of a test network with the novel connection topology developed in PSCAD has been done. Each component of the system was studied to obtain a complete overview and understanding of the overall behaviour. All the associated control loops for the MMC terminals and wind turbines were modelled in detail. Through several simulations based on eight cases and scenarios the performance of the offshore 66-kV ac grid and the MMC-HVDC link using the control schemes of MMC converters as in a typical grid connection topology for OWFs was assessed. Proyecciones recientes estiman que los Países Bajos necesitan alrededor de 33 GW de capacidad eólica marina en el Mar del Norte para cumplir los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Para este fin, el gobierno holandés tiene planes muy ambiciosos de crear nuevas plantas eólicas lejos de la costa e integrar esa generación de energía a la red eléctrica de alto voltaje en los próximos años. Debido a los desafíos de conectar cantidades masivas de energía eólica marina a la red que opera TenneT en el futuro, es urgente investigar nuevas alternativas para este propósito. El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar una nueva topología de red con capacidades de transmisión por encima de 1 GW que conecte parques eólicos marinos a distancias cercanas a 100 km de manera estandarizada, modular y rentable. Con ocho enlaces HVDC punto a punto en operación en Alemania y más esperados en el futuro cercano, TenneT TSO está analizando nuevos conceptos de conexión a la red en el mar para lograr una operación confiable y segura de la infraestructura que conecta la energía eólica tanto en Alemania como en los Países Bajos. En este reporte de tesis se presenta una solución en la que los nuevos parques eólicos están conectados con cables de 66 kV a una plataforma centralizada con una capacidad de conexión de 1050 MW. Esta plataforma utilizará tecnología HVDC basada en las técnicas de conversión VSC con topología MMC. Se espera que los cables de 66 kV no se conecten a un solo punto eléctrico a través de transformadores convertidores en paralelo, sino que esto se hará con al menos tres transformadores convertidores conectados entre sí en el lado del convertidor, pero no en el lado de 66 kV. En este documento se presentan los resultados de un estudio dinámico de una red de prueba con la nueva topología de conexión desarrollada en PSCAD. Cada componente del sistema se estudió para obtener una visión general completa y una comprensión del comportamiento de toda la red. Todos los lazos de control de las estaciones convertidoras MMC y las turbinas eólicas se modelaron en detalle. A través de varias simulaciones basadas en ocho casos y escenarios se evaluó el comportamiento de la red de ac de 66 kV en alta mar y el enlace MMC-HVDC utilizando los esquemas actuales de control de los convertidores MMC de las topologías típicas de conexión de red para granjas eólicas marinas.

Conventional agricultural practices are often contrary to human health and environmental conservation. Use of and exposure to pesticides in agricultural communities in tropical countries is a pressing public health problem and an important facet of environmental degradation. This research project was undertaken by documenting use and exposure behaviors among agricultural communities in San Cristobal, Antioquia (Colombia). The research questions were: (1) What are the primary factors associated with the use of pesticides and do those factors differ between pesticide users and agroecological adherents? (2) How do campesino pesticide users and agroecological adherents(non-pesticide users) differ in their attitudes and beliefs with regards to pesticide use and exposure? and (3) How do these factors influence campesinos‟ behaviors associated with pesticide use and exposure? I implemented qualitative and quantitative methods in this investigation. The qualitative approach was based on community participatory ethnographic research. The latter involved participant observation, interviews, and focus groups aimed at existing pesticides users and agroecological adherents. The quantitative approach used questionnaires to derive demographic information, scale-based evaluations of attitudes and beliefs, pesticides decision making, perceived confidence, and perceived control. Findings showed that the most relevant factors related to pesticide use and their categories included: a) individual: beliefs, attitudes and knowledge; b) interpersonal: family support and cultural acceptance of pesticide use; c) economic: fear of living within financially unviable constraints, market conditions and lack of economic support from the government; d) cultural: collective acceptance or tolerance of pesticide use and exposure and onset of negative reactions when stopping pesticide use; e) political: deficient regulations for controlling pesticide use control and adequate utilization of protective equipment. Pesticide users experienced the most apprehension regarding stopping pesticide use as they often believed pesticides allow them to obtain better crop yields and, therefore, higher monetary gains. Pesticide users lacked a positive attitude toward personal protectionequipment, regardless of the risks to which they may be exposed. Pesticide training was deficient in this population showing a clear need to improve safety conditions and training to reduce occupational hazards. Future studies should explore with greater detail these attitudes and beliefs so as to promote mid- to long-term public health interventions that directly address the sense of food and income insecurity found among the population of pesticides users, which blocks their transition into a non-pesticide scenario for agricultural production. Over the short-term, public health programs should continue to educate the population of pesticide users on the immediate risks of exposure. The decision making process surrounding pesticide use in the studied population was influenced by a variety of factors. Campesinos who were prone to use pesticides for their crops often exhibited diminished degrees of knowledge about adverse effects of pesticides on human health, believed pesticides are necessary for their crops, had negative attitudes about stopping pesticide use, had a strong family influence toward the use of pesticides, experienced economic fear of stopping pesticide use, cultivated flowers as their main source of income, expressed strong social acceptance of pesticide use, experienced negative community reactions when attempting to stop pesticide use, received government subsidies for pesticide use, and had never received any training on the use of required protective equipment. Campesinos who showed more proclivities towards the use of pesticides were convinced that pesticides are necessary for their crops as they guarantee substantial yields and larger specimens of the different crop varieties. They also exhibited low perceived control, low perceived confidence, and a low perception of adverse pesticide effects on human health and the natural environment. Future studies are required to fully comprehend the unique occupational health and safety needs of these campesinos. Additionally, future studies should be aimed at designing and introducing long-term, well-structured public health interventions to increase awareness about the harmfulness of pesticides on human and environmental health so as to promote a well-established behavioral change in relation to pesticides use reduction among these communities.

The objective of the present work was to develop a business model for nautical cartography offered by the Colombian General Maritime Directorate (DIMAR), in order to contribute to its consolidation as a modern, efficient and competitive entity, which promotes the safety of navigation for the seas of the world. A contextualization was made about DIMAR and its close relationship with the Colombian National Navy (ARC). It was explored about the types of nautical charts that DIMAR can trade, a diagnosis of nautical cartography was developed as a value proposition, aspects that served as inputs to generate a business model CANVAS which allows observing how it captures value for Colombia and delivers value to customers within the field of nautical cartography. This work was framed in a theoretical research at the descriptive level, with a documentary field design based on interview or structured questionnaire, non-experimental and cross-sectional questionnaire for the analysis of data from the empirical evidence. The results showed that only four countries in Latin America (Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Colombia) have the capacity to produce nautical charts, but as Commander Ramírez (2017) stated on his interview, only Mexico has attempted to manage it as a lucrative business, without achieving any resounding success to date, as a result, these countries are dedicated only to cartographic production, with a focus on domestic maritime safety. The rest of the countries of the region, due to economic, technological and human resources deficiencies to carry out their cartographic surveys, appeal to Hydrographic powerful Offices such as the United Kingdom, the United States or Japan, with whom they face barriers such as the language and stagnation of alliances and agreements due to delayed diplomatic procedures. The business model Canvas placed in this work aims to serve two segments. The first segment is the countries which are geographically close to Colombia and have a high maritime activity and the second segment aims to countries geographically close to Colombia, without a significant commercial flow through their maritime ports and which have problems or limitations to carry out all their hydrographic surveys in order to ensure a safe navigation on their waters in spite of their acquired international obligations. In other words, this business model will allow Colombia to cooperate with countries and contribute to the maritime safety in the region among other benefits. The appendices include the survey, all the notes of the unstructured interviews carried out, as well as all the interviews that were done in a structured way, including personnel who worked or still work in DIMAR, interviews with international organizations such as the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO), as well as interviews with people from some Central American countries who are responsible to the IHO on issues related to the hydrography of their countries. The interviews that were carried out in Spanish, are in the appendices in the original language with translation to English. The appendices have also taken into account a contextualization of the reader with a political map of Central America and additionally annexed a gallery of photos of the ships with which DIMAR currently carries out its naval operations.

Since the dawn of the digital age, our society has experienced big cultural changes. Questions have arisen as to how to manage this new digital world surrounding us and influencing our daily lives, how to deal with its purposes and the associated phenomena, both positive and negative. It seems undeniable that this new media is here to stay and won‟t cease to impregnate our social spheres and our human spaces in many ways, so it‟s crucial to understand it as much as possible. In this research particularly, cases of virality online are analyzed. These cases are content (or people) that gain widely and rapidly, popularity and exposure online, for many different reasons. How does this virtual fame influence the lives of these people? What does it mean to be popular online for a reason which seems positive? What does it mean to be popular online for a reason which seems negative? Does „going viral’ suppose a risk for the person involved in it? Given the contemporary nature of these events, it is important to take a look at them from an academic perspective, in order to understand our online behavior and therefore ourselves as a social species. The novelty of this topic supposes an interesting look on our communication style and our culture as well. An ethnographic perspective constitutes the approach of study elected, because virality implicates masses, masses that follow with individuals that feel the need to be part of something, to be informed about a common knowledge. Through the method of interviews, this topic will be address. Three people involved in viral cases online will be questioned; some of them went viral for good reasons, some of them for not very good ones. A contrast is expected to emerge. Desde el surgimiento de la era digital, nuestra sociedad ha experimentado grandes cambios culturales. Varias preguntas se han presentado con respecto al manejo de este nuevo mundo que nos rodea e influencia, cómo lidiar con sus propósitos y fenómenos, tanto positivos como negativos. Es inevitable la presencia de estos nuevos medios, los cuales permean nuestras esferas sociales y espacios humanos de muchas maneras. Es crucial alcanzar un entendimiento sobre esto. En esta investigación particular, se analizaron casos de viralidad online. Estos casos se refieren a contenidos (o personas) que adquirieron una amplia y rápida popularidad online, por muchas razones. ¿Cómo influye entonces esta fama en la vida de estas personas?, ¿Qué significa ser popular online por una razón que parece positiva?, ¿Qué significa ser popular online por una razón que parece negativa?, “volverse viral” ¿supone un riesgo para la persona involucrada? Dada la contemporaneidad de estos episodios, es importante mirarlos desde una perspectiva académica, para poder entender nuestro comportamiento digital y por ende entendernos a nosotros mismo como especie. La novedad de este tema supone un interesante estudio sobre la comunicación y la cultura humana. Este estudio se lleva a cabo desde una perspectiva etnográfica, debido a que la viralidad implica el análisis de masas, masas compuestas por individuos que desean ser parte de algo, desean conocer un conocimiento común. Este proceso se lleva a cabo por medio de entrevistas. Tres personas involucradas en casos virales son cuestionadas; unos individuos se volvieron famosos online por razones positivas, y otros por razones no tan buenas. Emerge entonces un contraste interesante.

Nowadays, intensive longitudinal data gathering that acknowledge the dynamic nature of human characteristics such as ecological momentary assessment or experience sampling methods have become more and more popular. Conceptually, the variability and stability of human characteristics are acknowledged by the concepts state and trait, which are the basis of several longitudinal structural equation models. In this study, we explore how to apply some of these models to intensive longitudinal data. For this purpose, an empirical dataset and three models were used: The multistate-singletrait model, the trait-state-occasion model, and the common and unique trait-state model. Each model was fitted to the data using different constraints. The results showed that fitting these models to intensive longitudinal data is possible. In general, the models are useful to identify whether the variables were more trait-like or state-like on certain measurement occasions, however, different models may lead to different conclusions. Moreover, at the individual level, the predicted scores seem to be fairly close to the observed scores. Nevertheless, an important drawback was that the goodness of fit of the models was considerably poor. In the conclusions, we argue that these state-trait longitudinal structural equation models did not seem to be suitable to analyze the intensive longitudinal data at hand. However, a simulation study is necessary to obtain a definitive answer on this matter in general. En los últimos años, métodos para la recolección de datos longitudinales intensivos que reconocen la naturaleza dinámica de las características del ser humano como evaluación ecológica momentánea o métodos de muestreo de experiencias se han vuelto más y más populares. Conceptualmente, la variabilidad y la estabilidad de ciertas características del ser humano se ha explicado con los términos estado y rasgo, los cuales han sido la base para el desarrollo de diversos modelos longitudinales de ecuaciones estructurales. En este estudio, se explora como aplicar algunos de estos modelos a datos longitudinales intensivos. Para esto, se utilizaron datos empíricos de un estudio que utilizó métodos de muestreo de experiencias y tres modelos longitudinales de ecuaciones estructurales: El modelo multiestado-multirasgo, el modelo de rasgo-estado-ocasión y el modelo de rasgo-estado común y único. Cada modelo fue ajustado a los datos con diversas restricciones. En los resultados se observó que estos modelos pueden ser ajustados a datos longitudinales intensivos y que pueden identificar cuando una variable psicológica se caracteriza más por ser de rasgo o de estado. Sin embargo, los modelos usados pueden resultar en conclusiones contradictorias y la bondad de ajuste de los modelos es considerablemente mala. Finalmente, se discute que estos modelos longitudinales de ecuaciones estructurales parecen no ser adecuados para el análisis de datos longitudinales intensivos. Aun así, es necesario un estudio de simulación con el propósito de dar conclusiones certeras frente a la utilidad de los modelos utilizados.

Modern data acquisition techniques such as Global positioning system (GPS), Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and mobile phones have resulted in the collection of huge amounts of data in the form of trajectories during the past years. Popularity of these technologies and ubiquity of mobile devices seem to indicate that the amount of spatio-temporal data will increase at accelerated rates in the future. Many previous studies have focused on efficient techniques to store and query trajectory databases. Early approaches to recovering information from this kind of data include single predicate range and nearest neighbour queries. However, they are unable to capture collective behaviour and correlations among moving objects. Recently, a new interest for querying patterns capturing ‘group’ or ‘common’ behaviours have emerged. An example of this type of pattern are moving flocks. These are defined as groups of moving objects that move together (within a predefined distance to each other) for a certain continuous period of time. Current algorithms to discover moving flock patterns report problems in scalability and the way the discovered patterns are reported. The field of frequent pattern mining has faced similar problems during the past decade, and has sought to provided efficient and scalable techniques which successfully deal with those issues. This research proposes a framework which integrates techniques for clustering, pattern mining detection, postprocessing and visualization in order to discover and analyse moving flock patterns in large trajectory datasets. The proposed framework was tested and compared with a current method (BFE algorithm). Synthetic datasets simulating trajectories generated by large number of moving objects were used to test the scalability of the framework. Real datasets from different contexts and characteristics were used to assess the performance and analyse the discovered patterns. The framework shows to be efficient, scalable and modular. This research shows that moving flock patterns can be generalized as frequent patterns and state-of-the-art algorithms for frequent pattern mining can be used to detect the moving flock patterns. This research develops preliminary visualization of the most relevant findings. Appropriate interpretation of the results demands further analysis in order to display the most relevant information.

Green technology developments bring public managers to the table with entrepreneurs who want to promote new technologies and share regard for the public good. The introduction of green technologies to the general public evidences that the challenge of technological change spans to a sphere of social interactions that operate in the breakthrough. This phase is best characterized as an inter-organizational process and my research explores the patterns that emerge through it. My research focuses on the development of a solar energy venture, the Solar-to-market initiative based in Massachusetts. By treating the creation of this venture as a dynamic system, I will highlight the role of public-private and third sector partnerships in shaping policies and technology innovation. The core question of the research is addressed by mapping out the networks that emerge throughout the process from project design to implementation. I urge public managers and entrepreneurs to consider the following aspects when managing green technological environmental ventures: (1) Design a framework for setting goals, policies, responsibilities and negotiation terms during the technological development and implementation phase, from design to commercialization. (2) Because of the complexity involved in green technological innovation, organizations demand a high degree of interdependence to share knowledge, complementary operational capabilities and joint action; thus creating the mechanisms to maintain these interactions is crucial. (3) A shift from traditional energy systems requires a change of social structures and institutional settings that demand the participation of the various stakeholders to co-produce and adopt the technological developments. (4) The societal change that technology demands, can be reached by mobilizing civic groups and social structures without threatening public institutions. (5) Green technological environmental ventures can be managed through an experimental and learning-oriented approach that enables a strategic niche management. Learning from small systems provides basis for policy innovations that are necessary for paving the way to sustainability as practices, such as energy consumption demand not incremental changes but a system transformation. In brief, I consider that a system of adaptive technology developments based on smaller operating parts within larger systems, which have acquired valuable knowledge and experience while working cooperatively, can contribute to a more equal and sustainable development.