Abstract: One of the recurring problems in the construction industry is its recognised lack of productivity due to different factors, among which could be highlighted the fragmentation of the information flow between the different phases of the project life cycle and the difficulty in communication between the different stakeholders. To address this, the industry has reacted through the use of prefabrication and the implementation of new technologies such as Building Information Modelling. The aim is to improve both productivity, through mass customisation, and the flow of information between phases and stakeholders in the projects, through the use of software and platforms, which also give the possibility of automation with processes such as Generative Design. The dissertation investigates the use of these technologies in the area of prefabrication in construction, focusing on the current implementation of configurators and the associated automation that could be derived from their use for the development of projects. Taking a hybrid prefabrication system (wood and concrete) currently used by CASAIS company as a case study, the research seeks to develop a framework that exploits the modular characteristics of these systems, especially in the design phase. It is in this phase where it is possible to take advantage of the limited number of parameters of the prefabricated elements in automating the generation of design proposals and in obtaining information related to KPIs, which would, in turn, allow a more objective feasibility analysis during this first phase of the project. The indicated solution is, firstly, the proposal of a methodology to develop a configurator applied to the case study, which uses tools and/or platforms, that are currently present in the market related to BIM and the construction industry. Then the dissertation continues with the specific development of the section of the methodology corresponding to the generation of the computational model, and for this purpose visual programming is used, taking as initial information the relevant parameters and data to be obtained that are typical of the prefabrication system studied. The research seeks to make a contribution to the current progress in terms of productivity and information flow that has been developed in the construction industry with the implementation of prefabrication and BIM. With the use of configurators, associated with these new technologies, an incursion into automation methods is proposed, especially in the project gestation phases through Generative Design. Thus, by making use of the mass customisation possibilities offered by prefabrication systems and the integration of nonprofessional agents, (taking advantage of the ease of use of the configurators), a more integrated design process and a more objective decision-making process can be achieved, since it is based on more accurate data related to the feasibility of the projects.

Abstract: Changes in demographics and epidemiology have made non-communicable diseases (NCDs) a global and highly relevant problem. Globally, oral diseases cause serious health and economic burdens, leading to a substantial reduction in quality of life for those affected. Oral diseases and other NCDs share modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets, as well as the same socioeconomic determinants. The oral cavity provides valuable insights into overall health, as systemic diseases such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and autoimmune disorders often presents oral manifestations. However, in prison settings, where access to healthcare is limited and challenging as a human right, individuals experience exacerbated oral health outcomes and complications. Oral health status serves as a mirror of overall health, highlighting the interconnectedness between oral health and general well-being. The involvement of health authorities in prison settings plays a significant role in promoting and maintaining optimal oral health, which in turn has a profound impact on the physical and mental health of PLP. The World Health Organization's Oral Health Report of 2022 emphasizes the importance of addressing oral health inequalities as a crucial step in achieving fairness and implementing preventive interventions. Therefore, coherent and comprehensive regulation and legislation in oral health are needed to achieve social justice, ethical public health policies and professional practice. This study used a combination of methods with a focus on qualitative research. The first phase involved following the guidelines set out in “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA)” to conduct a comprehensive and systematic scoping review addressing the primary and secondary objectives of the study. The third objective was covered by semi structured interviews involving purposive sampling, identified by three target groups: dentist personnel working in prisons; prison health experts; harm reduction policymakers, to gain insight from global prison health experts on potential areas of improvement for oral health in prison. In the first phase of this study, scientific articles published between January and August 2022 were gathered and reviewed. Subsequently, in 2023, a series of interviews were conducted involving fifteen participants. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Ruprecht Karls Faculty of Medicine in Heidelberg (S 288/2023). The data collection instrument was carefully designed to accommodate the specific profiles of the participants, all owing for necessary adjustments to ensure the relevance and effectiveness of the study. Online in depth semi structured interviews were conducted via Zoom with relevant health prison experts. The combination of inductive and deductive approaches was used to design the study, collect and analyze data, and answer the research questions. The major findings of this study shed light on the persistent neglection of oral health into the health systems across different settings. Challenges and limitations in addressing oral health in prison, remains with a focus on the provision of emergency treatments and dental mutilations as services provided instead of conservatives approaches. Comprehensive and specialized dental care is necessary to avoid burdens on the health system, mostly from preventable oral disorders. Oral care and basic dental hygiene are still on the list of necessities in prison settings, as well as lack of resources, committed staff, and infrastructure to support the delivery of comprehensive dental services in prisons. In order to increase access to quality dental care, address oral health disparities, and promote the overall well-being of PLP, policy reforms, capacity building, and collaboration are necessary.

Abstract: Technology, events, and sustainability are three interconnected concepts that play a key role in influencing our society and business landscape. Technology has changed various aspects of our lives and the events industry is no exception. The advent of advanced digital tools and platforms has transformed the way events are organized, conducted, and experienced. Events such as festivals, conferences and celebrations traditionally pose significant environmental problems due to their resource-intensive nature. The mass gatherings of people combined with excessive energy consumption, waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions have contributed to the global climate crisis. Faced with this problem, sustainability has become a key factor in event management. Sustainable development in the context of events refers to the adoption of practices that minimize negative environmental, social, and economic impacts. It encompasses a range of strategies including resource efficiency, waste reduction, carbon neutrality and promoting social responsibility. Incorporating sustainability principles into event management helps to take environmental concerns into account and aligns with the growing demand for responsible and ethical practices from consumers and stakeholders. The importance of this research lies in its potential to provide valued insights into how technology can be used to increase sustainability in the events industry. This study examines the intersection of these three concepts and aims to contribute to the development of innovative approaches and best practices for organizing green events. Additionally, understanding the sustainability perspectives and expectations of event attendees will provide valuable guidance to industry leaders in meeting changing market demands. At a time when the climate crisis requires urgent action and when consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of businesses and industries on the environment, it is important to seek innovative solutions that respond to these challenges.

Abstract: Peace education, pivotal in shaping national identities particularly in post-conflict settings, fosters mutual understanding, dialogue, and reconciliation. In Colombia, the 2016 Peace Agreement represented a major milestone in ending decades of violence, leading to the establishment of the ‘Cátedra de Paz’ in 2015. This initiative mandates its inclusion in the curricula of all educational institutions to instill peace values in youth and promote a culture of engagement among new generations. Despite the progress, this study identifies persistent challenges in program implementation, such as inadequate teacher training, excessive teacher workloads, and insufficient resources, alongside cultural barriers like resistance to change. Semi-structured interviews emphasize the necessity for significant restructuring and enhanced institutional support to effectively incorporate peace education into the national curriculum. Recommendations from participants include specialized teacher training, student-centered pedagogical approaches, rigorous program monitoring, and inclusive educational resources, particularly for marginalized communities. There is widespread agreement on the importance of equipping educators with the skills needed to handle sensitive topics and encourage critical thinking. Although challenges persist, participants concur that ‘Cátedra de Paz’ promotes dialogue and empathy, enabling students to contribute to more peaceful societies. Continued effort and comprehensive strategies involving all stakeholders, from educators to community members, are crucial for achieving post-conflict harmony and equity in Colombia.

Abstract: This thesis analyzes how former Colombian Presidents Laureano Gómez Castro and Álvaro Uribe Vélez utilized their speeches to advance autocratic agendas under the guise of protecting democracy and pluralism. This research employed Discourse Analysis as proposed by Teun Van Dijk, aiming to detail symbolic violence through speeches that, although seemingly promoting democracy, concealed attacks on their opponents. It was discovered that both leaders, through their rhetoric and actions, persuaded the political space towards an exclusive regime, promoting a state that, under promises of inclusion and democracy, fostered exclusion and weakened democratic institutions. The results also suggest that while in power, the 3 former presidents moderated their speeches to include the opposition, a practice not observed while they were in opposition, where they were more visceral in their attacks. The analysis of the information was conducted on two levels. First, the concepts that appear most frequently in each one's speeches were recovered to explain their existence. Then, the information was classified according to the categories proposed by the researcher to understand how they used their speeches for two main purposes: first, to empathize with most of the population, and second, to create an internal enemy to attack. When referring to the former, they depict a plural country where everyone can participate, and when discussing the latter, which grouped the opponents of their mandate, their eradication was justified because they opposed the democratic regime. In creating their nemesis, both knew how to use the population's fears: communists, in the case of Gómez; and terrorists, in the case of Uribe. Resumen: La presente tesis analiza cómo los expresidentes de Colombia, Laureano Gómez Castro y Álvaro Uribe Vélez, utilizaron sus discursos para avanzar en agendas autocráticas bajo la apariencia de proteger la democracia y el pluralismo. Esta investigación usó el Análisis de Discurso como lo planteó Teun Van Dijk y buscó detallar la violencia simbólica, a través de discursos que, aunque parecían promover la democracia, escondían ataques a sus opositores. Se descubre que ambos líderes, a través de su retórica y sus acciones, persuadían el espacio político hacia un régimen excluyente, promoviendo un estado que, bajo promesas de inclusión y democracia, fomentaba la exclusión y debilitaba las instituciones democráticas. Los resultados también sugieren que mientras estuvieron en el poder, los expresidentes moderaron sus discursos para incluir a la oposición, lo que no ocurrió mientras estuvieron en la oposición, en la que fueron más viscerales en sus ataques. El análisis de la información se hizo en dos niveles. Primero, se recuperaron los conceptos que más aparecen en los discursos de cada uno para explicar la existencia de estos. Después, se clasificó la información de acuerdo con las categorías propuestas por el investigador para entender cómo utilizaron sus discursos con dos fines principales: primero, para empatizar con el grueso de la población, y segundo para crear un enemigo interno al que atacar. Cuando se refieren al primero, muestran un país plural en donde todos pueden participar, y cuando hablan del segundo, que agrupaba a los opositores de su mandato, se justificaba su erradicación porque se oponían al régimen democrático. En la creación de su némesis, ambos supieron usar los miedos de la población: los comunistas, en el caso de Gómez; y los terroristas, en el caso de Uribe.

Abstract: This project presents three-dimensional conceptual and numerical flow models of a gascondensate field in the foothills region of the Eastern Llanos Basin in Colombia. The Eastern Llanos Basin has been the subject of diverse studies for hydrocarbon exploitation. Over the past decade, this region has been assessed for its geothermal potential in currently exploited oil & gas fields. A gas-condensate field located in the foothills of the basin represents a promising opportunity to produce geothermal energy. The conceptual and numerical models integrate geological, geophysical, geochemical and well data to enhance the understanding of the geothermal system in a sedimentary environment. The Leapfrog Geothermal model shows that the gas-condensate field presents a structurally complex architecture, where hydrocarbons and water accumulate in an relatively permeable reservoir. Well data exhibit a constant geothermal gradient, indicating conductive heat transfer. Based on geochemical data and hydrological analyses, it is identified that meteoric recharge occurs in the Andean orogenic belt and fluid flows from NW to SE. TOUGH2 numerical simulations are developed to generate a natural state model and geothermal production scenarios, which give an estimation of water extraction in the field. The thermal and hydraulic parameters were extracted from published experimental and well data. In order to simplify this first geotermal model, and reduce the number of parameters, it is assumed that the field is completely saturated with water. The natural state model temperature field is concordant with measured well data and simulated mass flow direction confirm expected patterns. Production scenarios demonstrate that it is possible to extract water at more than 90 °C without termal breakthrough during the 30 years simulation. Thermal power calculations yield two optimistic scenarios with more than 30 MWth of heat production, and a conservative scenario with approximately 6 MWth. The conservative scenario provides a better approach to reality with current water production. Thus, this project presents the basis for further studies on geothermal development in actively exploited hydrocarbon fields.

Abstract: Agriculture plays a crucial role in food security as it increases the food production, employment, and income of a country. Agriculture provides 54% of Ghana’s GDP. Inorganic fertiliser is commonly used to increase production. However, this is costly and can deplete the soil in the absence of other land husbandry techniques, affecting soil health and yield. There is an environmental benefit derived from using organic fertiliser, as it improves soil structure, but there is a need to understand the socioeconomic implications of introducing sustainable practices in farm production. This study develops a financial model to assess the effect of different fertiliser practices (fully organic, fully inorganic, and integrated organic and inorganic) on farmers’ net revenue over time and compares them to the opportunity cost of holding capital in a bank. The analysis identifies increasing yields for all practices over 19 years, but the fully organic yields grow faster than the others. Additionally, all practices show a positive net present value, implying that maize production generates better revenue than returns provided by local banks. Over time, the integrated practice produces the highest yields and net profit. The research further shows that farmers are willing to include organic fertiliser in their land management, but there is limited availability of raw materials to produce it, which represents a major barrier to adoption. Additional research on fertiliser environmental impacts in the area and changes in other capital and labour inputs caused by the different fertiliser practices is recommended. Resumen: La agricultura juega un papel fundamental en la seguridad alimentaria, debido a que contribuye a la producción de alimentos, el empleo, y los ingresos de un país. La agricultura en Ghana aporta el 54% del PIB. Los fertilizantes orgánicos son usados comúnmente para aumentar la producción. Sin embargo, aplicar fertilizantes es costoso y puede erosionar el suelo si se hace sin acompañarse de otras técnicas agrícolas, afectando la salud del suelo y el cultivo. Hay un beneficio ambiental derivado del uso de fertilizantes orgánicos, pues se mejora la estructura del suelo, pero es necesario entender las implicaciones socioeconómicas de introducir prácticas sostenibles en el campo. Este estudio desarrolla un modelo financiero para evaluar el efecto que tienen diferentes prácticas de fertilizante (completamente orgánico, integrado y completamente inorgánico) en la utilidad neta de un campesino a lo largo del tiempo, y las compara con el costo de oportunidad de invertir en un banco. El análisis identifica un incremento en las cosechas bajo todas las prácticas de fertilizante durante 19 años, y señala que la práctica completamente orgánica crece más aceleradamente que las demás. Adicionalmente, todas las prácticas demuestran un valor presente neto positivo, lo cual implica que cultivar maíz genera mayores utilidades que invertir en un banco local. Una práctica integrada produce más cosecha y mejores ganancias a lo largo del tiempo. El estudio además muestra que los campesinos están dispuestos a incluir fertilizante orgánico en su programa de administración de tierras, pero hay una disponibilidad limitada de materia prima para producirlo, lo cual representa una barrera importante para la adopción de esta práctica. Es recomendable realizar estudios adicionales para estimar el impacto ambiental que generan los fertilizantes en el área que son aplicados, y los cambios en capital y mano de obra ocasionados por un cambio en la práctica de fertilizante.

Abstract: Pixel art has been the constitutive visual language in video games for almost five decades. Despite being relegated to a 'retro' or 'vintage' style with the 3D arrival, pixel art has been increasingly relevant again since the rise of independent game development in the 2010s. Moreover, the video game industry's dominant trades aim for a continuous invigoration of hyper-realistic representations. In these circumstances, What is the cultural value that pixel art experience offers within the contemporary aesthetical conditions of the video game industry? This research intends to answer this question in two moments. First, determine the phenomenological experience that occurs when individuals get in contact with pixel art imagery. Secondly, evaluate the features of the phenomenological experience under philosophical terms to estimate its cultural relevance. Due to the intrinsic conditions of information disunity and unconventionality of the images, imagination appears as the fundamental driver that guides the comprehension of pixel art. The cognitive process is active and subjective, requiring the participation of the player’s imaginary mental referents. Furthermore, the qualities of this experience are congruent with philosophical aesthetical values such as the state of play, harmfulness and anaesthetization. Therefore, pixel art could be depicted as a limited, abstract and challenging proposition that needs to be expanded through the player’s productive thinking. In this way, pixel art stands as a medium that offers a distinctive and potent experience fueled by our imagination. Resumen: El pixel art ha sido el lenguaje visual constitutivo de los videojuegos durante casi cinco décadas. A pesar de quedar relegado a un estilo 'retro' o 'vintage' con la llegada del 3D, el pixel art ha vuelto a ser cada vez más relevante desde el surgimiento del desarrollo de juegos independientes en la década de 2010. Además, las producciones dominantes de la industria de los videojuegos apuntan a un fortalecimiento continuo de las representaciones hiperrealistas. En estas circunstancias, ¿cuál es el valor cultural que ofrece la experiencia del pixel art dentro de las condiciones estéticas contemporáneas? Esta investigación pretende responder a esta pregunta en dos momentos. Primero, determinar la experiencia fenomenológica que ocurre cuando las personas entran en contacto con imágenes de pixel art. Y en segundo lugar, evaluar las características de la experiencia fenomenológica en términos filosóficos para estimar su relevancia cultural. Debido a las condiciones intrínsecas de desunión de la información y la no convencionalidad de las imágenes; la imaginación aparece como el motor fundamental que guía la comprensión del pixel art. El proceso cognitivo es activo y subjetivo, requiriendo la participación de los referentes mentales imaginarios del jugador. Además, las cualidades de esta experiencia son congruentes con valores estéticos filosóficos como el estado de juego, la nocividad y la anestesia. Por lo tanto, el pixel art podría representarse como una propuesta limitada, abstracta y desafiante que debe expandirse a través del pensamiento productivo del jugador. De esta manera, el pixel art se erige como un medio que ofrece una experiencia distintiva y potente, alimentada por nuestra imaginación.

Resumen: El Cap de Creus y sus masías: una vocación del paisaje” es un proyecto que pretende reactivar el paisaje productivo dentro del parque natural del Cap de Creus a través de preservarlo y hacerlo sostenible a través del tiempo. El proyecto busca a través de la rehabilitación productiva de los campos que fueron gestionados por las masías catalogadas en el ámbito del Port de la Selva cumplir con tal cometido. Bajo una visión conjunta y holística del territorio el proyecto ordena los elementos del paisaje que están a plena vista y aquellos que están escondidos, para que en su puesta de valor garanticen paisajes heterogéneos y de muy alto atractivo ecosistémico. Así, se re-encontrará la vocación del paisaje de cara a los retos que traerá el futuro trastornado por el cambio climático. Se entiende que la mejor manera de preservar un paisaje es habitándolo, por tal motivo se plantea la intervención del paisaje a través de tres ideas principales, productividad, resiliencia, y autosuficiencia como ejes proyectuales estructurantes, de esta manera, el proyecto tiene unos objetivos en la gran escala (mitigar la perturbación a causa de los incendios por medio de la gestión de los hábitats de interés comunitario.) y otros a escalas intermedias (reactivación productiva y autosuficiencia). Los valores expuestos del paisaje a través de este proyecto son múltiples (productivos, culturales y ecosistémicos) una mirada diferente y potencial de estos paisajes abandonados y en subestimación dentro de un parque natural con una gran herencia patrimonial.

Abstract: This research questions how ‘human rights’ are used in a parliamentary inquiry on the coercive or involuntary sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia. Throughout three chapters, the thesis breaks down ‘human rights’ as a concept and as a practical approach in development programming. Chapter two delves into the multiple understandings of rights in the development literature and incorporates contributions from legal anthropology and the field of the social studies of science and technology to understand human rights in the development context. Chapter three proposes an “ethnography in the archives” as a methodological design that pushes disciplinary boundaries to understand the value of documents and arguments in how different stakeholders inside and outside of the development field engage with issues such as the coercive sterilisation of people with disabilities. Finally, chapter four offers an analysis derived from 82 documents presented in the parliamentary inquiry in Australia. This chapter shows this thesis’s main argument: That human rights differ from what this research calls ‘everyday rights’, which are the claims articulated by people drawing upon their lived experiences rather than human rights treaties or arguments. This argument sheds light on how development practice often faces a gap between what the stated outcomes are in terms of Human Rights-Based Approaches and the practical realities of rights claims. Resumen: Esta investigación cuestiona cómo se utilizan los 'derechos humanos' en una investigación parlamentaria sobre la esterilización coercitiva o involuntaria de personas con discapacidad en Australia. A lo largo de tres capítulos, la tesis desglosa los 'derechos humanos' como concepto y como enfoque práctico en el mundo del desarrollo. El capítulo dos profundiza en las múltiples interpretaciones de los derechos en la literatura sobre desarrollo e incorpora contribuciones de la antropología jurídica y el campo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología para comprender los derechos humanos en el contexto del desarrollo. El capítulo tres propone una “etnografía en los archivos” como un diseño metodológico que traspasa los límites disciplinarios para comprender el valor de los documentos y argumentos sobre cómo diferentes actores dentro y fuera del campo del desarrollo se involucran con temas como la esterilización forzada de personas con discapacidad. Finalmente, el capítulo cuatro ofrece un análisis derivado de 82 documentos presentados en la investigación parlamentaria en Australia. Este capítulo muestra el argumento principal de esta tesis: que los derechos humanos difieren de lo que esta investigación llama “derechos cotidianos”, que son los reclamos articulados por personas basándose en sus experiencias vividas en lugar de tratados o argumentos de derechos humanos. Este argumento arroja luz sobre cómo la práctica del desarrollo a menudo enfrenta una brecha entre los resultados esperados de los enfoques basados en los derechos humanos y las realidades prácticas de los reclamos de derechos.