This paper analyzes the methodological problems inside the Project public sector, specific in formulation and evaluation, which are related to the investment resources of the Nation’s General Budget. In this approach, we analyze the information systems that support the public investment cycle (Adjusted General Methodology - MGA and Unified System of Investments and Public Finance - SUIFP), and it proposes what new elements should be included in both systems, with the purpose that the public projects are executed according to the objectives set, it has given a big benefits to the population studied.

The National Agency of Public Hiring Colombia Compra Eficiente is the Colombian entity in charge of studying how the public purchasing of the country works, and it has set at the disposal of the public entities the SECOP 11 (electronic system of public hiring) which allows to do online transactions and to get enough quality information in order to make decisions by promoting the competition, the transparency and guarantying the access to the information of the hiring process of the Colombian state. This case of business is consolidated in the necessity of designing productive strategies to the efficient and effective display of SECOP 11 to ali the participants of the public purchasing system of the country.

The current global context is characterized by a growing importance on relations and the creation of links between different actors. Contemporary artists have to deal with different connection’s skills to succeed in their carriers and to make their work visible to a wider audience and potential collectors. However these opportunities are not constant because the system is very competitive. There is high offer and low demand, which is also affected by the economical crisis. Additionally, art continues to be considered a luxury item for few ones. In developing countries, low demand is not only due to crisis, but also to the fact that art is a secondary issue for common people. Moreover the culture of appreciating and acquiring art is under development. From this scenario, the thesis aims to answer the following question; how to make visual arts more accessible to common people and at the same time to bring to the artist new markets and visibility for his work? A product-service system is proposed to give answer to the main question. “Unframed” provides an innovative space to show murals, where artists become the protagonists and art becomes accessible to everyone in different ways. The service is based in an online platform which is feed by artists’ portfolios and temporal murals made in the city. It is also complemented by limited series of mural reproduction; touch points in common places and a closer relation artist-user. The system uses different strategies to make it valuable for the artist, the user, the city and stakeholders. Reducing the gap between artists and the public, it establishes lasting relationships and encourages fresh market scenarios.

The e-Invoicing has become a subject of great importance and source of several benefits for the European industry, however there isn`t an realistic and clear view about the status of the e-Invoicing adoption in each country, by the contrary exists different figures and reports with unrealistic statistics and rates that creates uncertainty by the stakeholders inside the country. On this basis, this thesis pretends to go deeply in this subject, researching and analyzing the e-Invoicing European landscape, characterized with different regulations and conditions by each country, but without indicators and realistic figures to identify crucial factors and best practices that facilitate the interoperability and increase the adoption. The main objective of this research is to obtain a reliable and updated view of the e-Invoicing adoption in Europe, confronting the data with local stakeholders and establishing a methodology and criteria that permits compare and classify the different European countries and its behaviors and patterns. Is also a concern of this thesis, to identify the conditions, best practices, barriers and enablers that characterize the e-Invoicing in Europe with the aim of increase the interoperability and enable the interchange cross border of e-Invoices, especially in Italy. Contributing with the studies and research of The Observatory in Electronic Invoicing, in which the idea of this research was born and its support allowed the completion of this work. The methodology followed for perform this research is divided basically in two phases, the data collection and the empirical analysis that allows at the end identify summary notes, facts, measures that create awareness about the actual situation in Europe of the e-invoicing and suggestion to increase the adoption and diffusion of the e-Invoicing. Finally as part of the purpose of this thesis is to show and highlight the best practices, conditions and problems that have presented the electronic invoicing in Europe during the last years, in the summary notes are shown, analyzed and explained the most relevant results of this research that will be useful for further project of the observatory and also for the different experts and stakeholders of electronic invoicing in other countries that helped with this works and are interested in the results to take measures and propose new projects in their own countries. In this section also are described the different clusters and shown the countries that belongs to each one, highlighting the common facts, problems and conditions of the electronic invoicing in Europe. Also are identified and summarized the enablers and barriers of the electronic invoicing in Europe suggesting measures to incentive them and to overcome them respectively.

The shift from government to governance has committed its goal to realize a more inclusive and plural way to govern contemporary societies. It has allowed the different actors to interrelate themselves in decision-making processes around strategic metropolitan projects. Citizen participation is also increasingly playing a role in the planning domain, as the traditional role of government as the main decision-maker, becomes challenged or accompanied by new and emerging participatory structures. The recent literature on governance in the Latin American metropolitan context is just developing, as the term first appeared in the region in the 1990s. Although the region is advancing into the consolidation of governance structures, the metropolitan institutional framework is still deficient in the region for its short-lived background in democracy. By delving the context of the Aburrá Valley in Colombia, the present thesis is based on a single case study investigation which uses two frameworks: governance and citizen participation. The thesis aims to answer the question: How have the different actors been interrelated in the decision-making process of Parque del Río Medellín and what were the policy outcomes? Parque del Río Medellín is a project that not only aims to enhance the deficit of public space in the city and improve mobility and quality of life conditions for its inhabit-ants, but also to challenge the current land use model which has saturated to an almost un-sustainable point the slopes of the valley. The results of the investigation achieved through elite semi-structured interviews, show that public sector actors deploy enormous amounts of resources and decision-making capacity, while civil society actors mildly influence the decision-making process. On the other hand, the role of citizen participation around the project resembles classic ‘tokenism’ or symbolic participation achieved through ‘imaginary workshops’, ‘socializations’ or round tables. Finally, the investigation reveals the role of the municipal mayor and his ‘political’ will is crucial to understand the present and future a project, that while is strategic, paradoxically receives scarce attention on behalf of the citi-zens or other civil society actors.

This Masters thesis explores burnout syndrome in nonviolent activists, focusing mainly in its psychosocial dynamic. It does so by correlating the theories of strategic nonviolent action and diverse psychological paradigms. A gender sensitive perspective is maintained throughout the research, providing necessary criticism to a subject matter that is yet not entirely understood. Usually, burnout research studies the ?who” of the syndrome. That is, the intrinsic characteristic of the individual that is affected. In the context of nonviolent resistance, asking for the ?what” makes more sense. Congruently, this research covers the elements that are causing burnout at the individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels: common stressors, risky environments, idealism, strategic planning, sanctions, and trauma. Although it is not possible to reach absolute conclusions regarding the consequences that burnout might generate in nonviolent movements, it is possible to infer that the effectiveness of a movement is in part due to the psychological wellbeing of the men and women that work for it. Therefore, the value of psychosocial support groups is a relevant part of any movement’s organizational framework. After providing an analysis of the current theoretical understanding of nonviolence and other disciplines, a burnout measurement instrument was designed for both institutional predisposing factors and activist burnout. These instruments intend to measure the impact of burnout in nonviolent action settings, taking into account that traditional burnout scales are designed for people-work professions. Subsequently, a group of nonviolent activists was evaluated on their subjective burnout experience, that was later contrasted with the characteristics of the organization they work for. This research arrives to the conclusion that there are sufficient reasons to believe that burnout might be causing or aggravating factors that nonviolent action literature considers negative for the adequate functioning of any nonviolent struggle. Further research is considered necessary to analyze this phenomenon in a wider sample, as well as in a case to case basis.

Resumen extendidoEn 2017, el porcentaje de personas viviendo en condición de pobreza monetaria en Santa Marta fue de 33%. Con este resultado, la ciudad se ubicó como la tercera con mayor pobreza en la región Caribe, superada solo por Riohacha y Valledupar. Esto contrasta con lo que se vivió tres décadas atrás. En 1985, el indicador de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI) posicionó a Santa Marta como la ciudad con menor pobreza entre las ocho capitales de la costa Caribe. La pregunta es entonces: ¿cuándo inició el retroceso? En el periodo 1985-1993, mientras que Cartagena y Barranquilla redujeron su pobreza en 9 puntos porcentuales, la de Santa Marta aumentó en 1 punto porcentual. Siguiendo esta tendencia, Santa Marta sería superada por estas dos ciudades y esto se mantendría para el dato más reciente de pobreza por NBI de 2005.El estudio de la pobreza en Santa Marta es indispensable para plantear soluciones adecuadas que permitan avanzar en su superación. Este documento tiene tres objetivos principales: (i) realizar una caracterización espacial de la pobreza en Santa Marta, (ii) investigar las razones de su rezago relativo en reducción de pobreza y (iii) proponer una serie de inversiones para llevar la pobreza de la ciudad al promedio que tendrán las 23 ciudades principales e intermedias en 2030. La información espacial y los mapas son de gran utilidad para identificar los lugares donde se concentran los más pobres, así como para conocer sus principales necesidades. Por su parte, algunos antecedentes históricos de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, permiten tener una aproximación al retroceso vivido.El trabajo encuentra que uno de los hechos relacionados con el aumento relativo de la pobreza fue la llegada masiva de desplazados a la ciudad. Según el Registro Único de Víctimas, en el periodo 1985-2017, Santa Marta fue la tercera ciudad que más recibió desplazados en el país, solo después de Bogotá y Medellín. Este crecimiento poblacional resultó en la concentración de pobreza en las faldas de los cerros aledaños y en algunas zonas del casco urbano, en donde son recurrentes la falta de servicios públicos y el bajo logro educativo de la población. Precisamente, es en este último tema donde se encuentran los principales retos de la ciudad. Santa Marta ocupa los últimos lugares en indicadores de calidad educativa: en las pruebas Saber 11 de 2017 los estudiantes samarios solo superaron a los de Quibdó.Para superar el rezago en pobreza, se deben entonces priorizar inversiones en cuatro sectores: educación, vivienda, acueducto y alcantarillado, y empleo. El costo total aproximado de estas inversiones es de 433 millones de dólares en los próximos 12 años, los cuales se podrían financiar con un mayor esfuerzo fiscal local y una mayor calidad del gasto público. Implementar esta estrategia permitirá revertir la tendencia mencionada y llevar la pobreza de Santa Marta al promedio que tendrán las 23 ciudades principales e intermedias de Colombia en 2030. Abstract In 1985, Santa Marta was the city with the lowest level of structural poverty in the Caribbean region. Three decades later, in 2017, Santa Marta had the third highest monetary poverty rate in the region, only lower than Riohacha and Valledupar. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, to characterize poverty and its spatial dimension in Santa Marta. Second, to understand the causes of the lag in poverty reduction. And third, to propose a set of investments to overcome this lag. The analysis shows that one of the main factors associated with poverty in the city was the massive arrival of displaced people starting in 1990. The maps, meanwhile, show the appearance of misery belts in the surrounding foothills and in some areas inside the urban perimeter, where poverty is correlated with informality and low educational attainment of the population. All in all, results reveal investment priorities in four sectors: education, housing, water and sewage, and employment.

En todo el mundo hay cerca de 1,5 miles de millones de personas con sobrepeso, de las que 500 millones son obesas, el sobrepeso afecta a 43 millones de niños en el mundo, de acuerdo con el Banco Mundial en 2030 la cantidad de obesos podria ascender hasta el 30% de la población latinoamericana. Se propone como contribución social la empresa lntelifruit, dedicada a la preparación y comercialización de bebidas inteligentes, consistentes en jugos de frutas y verduras orgánicas y de origen, que satisfagan las necesidades de hidratación y de alimentación; de delicioso sabor, que brinden beneficios funcionales, aportando al mejoramiento de los hábitos alimenticios. El proyecto cuenta con una VPN de 288 millones de pesos, un Payback en el mes 24, una TIR de 110%, indicadores que muestran que la inversión se ve recuperada en el segundo año con márgenes positivos como el Ebitda el cual se vuelve positivo en el mes 9 del año 1 y se mantiene durante el tiempo estimado del proyecto en promedio con un margen del 11%. La inversión requerida es de 40 millones de pesos, para realizar las adecuaciones, arriendo de local, inversiones en activos fijos, entre otros.

Los padres como las escuelas tienen una necesidad de integración entre sí, por un lado los padres deben realizar muchas búsquedas para hallar la mejor alternativa, esa que le permita a su hijo desarrollar las destrezas y habilidades que él espera, el padre desea también tener un constante monitoreo del progreso de su hijo en la escuela o academia pero muchas de ellas no cuentan con los medios tecnológicos para mantener una constante comunicación con el padre, y por el lado de las escuelas aunque le llegan niños para las actividades que ofrecen, muchos de ellos no son constantes o su permanencia no es la esperada para los procesos de continuidad que desea tener las academias con sus alumnos, esto se debe a la falta de selección de sus usuarios, la gran mayoría de estos alumnos llegan sin tener una orientación sobre sus habilidades. Con el ánimo de validar si lo planteado es verdaderamente un dolor para nuestros usuarios (padres) y nuestros clientes (escuelas o academias), se utilizó las herramientas ofrecidas por la metodología Design Thinking, para esto realizamos las siguientes actividades en cada una de las fases de la metodología.

Aplicación móvil (interactiva) para ventas de vino en Bogotá, focalizada en las localidades de Teusaquillo y Barrios Unidos como rango de acción para el servicio de entrega a domicilio de vinos, enfocado principalmente a la generación millennial (hombres y mujeres, solteros, casados o en Unión Libre, estrato 4) quienes buscan facilidad y comodidad y hoy en día son grandes usuarios del internet y sus ventajas. Adicionalmente, mediante la aplicación será posible recibir sugerencias de acuerdo con los gustos (predeterminados) y comunicarse vía chat con un sommelier (horarios fijos) para sugerencias adicionales. Así, como acceder a un portafolio único de marcas especialmente seleccionadas por un enólogo que le brindaran la posibilidad de acceder a vinos poco conocidos, en la que su oferta regularmente no se encuentra en supermercados de grandes superficies; pero, con la garantía de calidad y precio justo que espera el cliente que gusta o quiere conocer de la cultura del vino. Mediante esta aplicación se buscará proveerle al consumidor una experiencia con un excelente servicio, de calidad, novedosa y diferenciadora en la compra de vino sin necesidad de salir de su casa.