El presente trabajo, pretende realizar una caracterización de los avances, retos y recomendaciones que presentan las políticas de seguridad y convivencia ciudadana en los municipios que conforman el Aburrá sur del Área Metropolitana del Valle del Aburrá (AMVA). Para ello, el texto ubica algunas de las aproximaciones teóricas a los enfoques y elementos que estructuran las políticas de seguridad y convivencia ciudadana, seguido de algunas reflexiones en torno a los contextos normativos y antecedentes político-territoriales de la seguridad y convivencia ciudadana. Posteriormente, realizará un ejercicio descriptivo respecto al desarrollo de las políticas de seguridad y convivencia ciudadana en los casos Itagüí, Envigado y Sabaneta que integran parte de la franja sur de AMVA; para finalmente esbozar algunos de los procesos de articulación metropolitana en las políticas de seguridad y convivencia, destacando en ellos algunos avances, retos y perspectivas de mejoramiento en el alcance de un enfoque integral y orientado por lo elementos que constituyen la seguridad humana.

The research contains the analysis of the results, implications and effects of the incorporation of risk management in the first generation of Bogotá POT and the configuration of risk conditions in the context of climate change from the population perspective of the new project of POT within the general review provided for in Law 388/1997. The balance of the Bogotá experience concludes that the measures adopted with the incorporation of risk management in the first generation of POT are instrumental to the development model and although they were met efficiently, the level of incidence in the risk reduction of the city was very low, economic losses increased and the population exposed to risks increased during its validity. The tensions that contribute to the configuration of the risk conditions (population growth, reduction of the load capacity, expansion of the city, socio-spatial segregation and speculation of the value of the land) increase with the new project of POT 2018 and the projection of occupancy of risk areas to cover the housing deficit, quadrupling the population exposed to risk by 2050.

The changes in the ground usage as well the economic vocation of a town can bring benefits as serious difficulties. In this way, it is important to highlight the benefits and suppress, mitigate or at least identify the damages that occur in the process of change. The results of the research presented here, focus precisely on those damages, especially in fisical and social toppics, seeking to develop recommendations that help solve these conflict situations in the current change of economic vocation of the town of ltagüí, in addition to a better projection of the ordinance plans.

El Plan Corregimental El Manzanillo de ltagüí, es un instrumento de planeación que busca implementar acciones en el corto, mediano, y largo plazo para la Gobernanza ambiental que superen las barreras de las competencias legales y administrativas para hacer énfasis en la sostenibilidad y desarrollo territorial del suelo rural del Municipio de ltagüí. El documento Acciones gubernamentales del Plan Corregimental El Manzanillo para la Gobernanza Ambiental en el suelo rural de ltagüí, pretende identificar y profundizar sobre dichas acciones, y proponer otras que desde la perspectiva de sus autores se consideren complementarias, con criterios de pertinencia y que sean del resorte de la Municipalidad.

In this dissertation I will analyze twenty four novels which inquire into the topics of drug trafficking and contract killings in Colombia. I will enter these novels into the widest sphere of the narrative of Colombian violence; I will discuss the denomination “sicaresca” and the approach of literary analysis to this narrative. I will also propose a definition of said literature according to the connections with socio-historical referents that their works of fiction deal with. This is necessary because some of the critical approaches to this corpus carry an inheritance of prejudices that mar these analyses. I approach this narrative through the individual analysis of each of these novels and the cross-analyses of groups of novels according to the emphasis on the topics of drug trafficking and contract killing. I find that although these corpuses (drug trafficking novels and contract killing novels) have connections most of the times, they maintain substantial differences in their understanding of the phenomena of drug trafficking and contract killings, the city-violence relationship and the configuration of delinquents and their social impact. It is necessary to take into account that the social perception of the phenomenon of drug trafficking is determined by cultural, historical and regional conditions that determine the construction of literary fictions and the perception of the world that these entail. For this, I propose a literary cartography that examines the sociocultural influences and determinations in the construction of the world that these novels perform in five regions: the Atlantic coast, Valle del Cauca, Antioquia, Eje Cafetero and Bogotá. In regard to the contract killer novels, I inquire into the construction of the figure of the assassin, the city-violence relation, the phenomena of drug trafficking and contract killings, and the implications of the narrative in the reading matter of the reality that these works of fiction put forward. Finally, I perform a reading of the novel La Virgen de los Sicarios in which I present the existence of a criminal thinking of the narrator that determines the evaluation of the world that the text proposes. At the end of this chapter, I examine the cinematographic adaptation of this novel and the deep transformations that are entailed in the construction of the learned narrator and his perception of reality.

Resumen: La principal contribución de la economía a las ciencias sociales es la idea según la cual el mecanismo de libre mercado es capaz de organizar las actividades económicas privadas en un modo favorable para todos los miembros de la sociedad. En este sentido, una completa y satisfactoria teoría sobre el funcionamiento del mercado es el principal desafío para los economistas. Sin embargo, el análisis económico ha restringido la teoría de mercado al estudio del equilibrio general competitivo y sus características, a pesar de la ausencia de una demostración de su estabilidad y de no contar con una tecnología de intercambio que explique la dinámica del mercado. En este sentido, es nuestro propósito presentar una historia sobre la evolución de un modelo dinámico en el cual las transacciones pueden conducir a precios de desequilibrio, y en el que es posible obtener resultados robustos en términos de estabilidad. Dicho modelo, conocido como el ‘Proceso de Hahn’, evolucionó en el periodo comprendido entre 1962 y 1971 con la introducción de un medio de intercambio. Esta evolución, a pesar de su interés para la teoría del mercado, ha sido apenas abordada por los teóricos e historiadores del pensamiento económico. El argumento que desarrollamos muestra cómo, en la versión original del Proceso de Hahn (Hahn y Negishi 1962), hay que admitir la posibilidad de que los agentes sean forzados por el Subastador para que se lleven a cabo las transacciones que garantizan la estabilidad de los intercambios en torno a un equilibrio general competitivo (Veendorp 1969). No obstante, admitir que los intercambios sean forzados, va en contra del principio de interés privado que es base de la teoría del mercado. Siguiendo a Negishi(1982), mostramos que la introducción de medios de intercambio puede resolver tal problema al mismo tiempo que introduce una tecnología de intercambio en el modelo (Arrow and Hahn 1971).Concluimos esta historia con las preguntas y alternativas que surgen de la versión “monetaria” del Proceso de Hahn a la luz de los obstáculos que enfrenta el análisis en desequilibrio. Este ejercicio muestra el interés y la fecundidad de la historia del pensamiento económico como un recurso para la renovación y la la innovación teórica. Abstract: The main contribution of economics to social sciences is the idea that the free market mechanism is capable of organizing private economic activities in a way that is favorable to all members of society. In this sense, a complete and satisfactory theory about the function of the market is the principal challenge for an economist. However, the economic analysis has restricted market theory to the study of the competitive general equilibrium and its characteristics, despite the absence of a demonstration of its stability and despite not having a technology of exchange to explain the market dynamics. In this sense, it is our purpose to present a story about the evolution of a dynamic model in which transactions might lead to disequilibrium prices, and in which it is possible to obtain robust results in terms of stability. The latter model, known as the Hahn Process, evolved in the period between 1962 and 1971 with the introduction of a means of exchange. This evolution, in spite of being of great interest for the market theory, has been approached marginally by theoreticians and historians of economic thought. The argument we develop shows how, in the original version of the Hahn process (Hahn and Negishi 1962), one must admit the possibility of agents being forced by the auctioneer to carry out transactions that guarantee the stability of exchanges towards a competitive general equilibrium (Veendorp 1969). However, to admit that exchanges are forced, breaks down the principle of private interest that is at the very base of market theory. Following Negishi (1982), we show that the introduction of a means of exchange solves the latter problem and simultaneously introduces a transactional technology to the model (Arrow and Hahn 1971). We conclude this story with the questions and alternatives that arise from the “monetary” version of the Hahn Process in light of the obstacles established by the equilibrium analysis. This exercise shows the interest and the fecundity of the history of economic throught as a source of renewal and theoretical innovation.

The thesis is a collection of six stand-alone chapters aimed at setting the foundations for the philosophy of computational social science. Agent-based modelling has been used for social research since the nineties. While at the beginning it was simply conceived as a methodological alternative, recently, the notion of ‘computational social science’ has started to be used to denote a separate disciplinary field. There are important differences with mainstream social science and traditional social research. Yet, the literature in the field has not accounted for these differences. Computational social science is a strongly practice-oriented field, where theoretical and philosophical concerns have been pushed into the background. This thesis presents an initial analysis of the methodology, epistemology and ontology of computational social science, by examining the following topics: 1) verification and validation 2) modelling and theorising 3) mechanisms 4) explanation 5) agency, action and interaction 6) entities and process philosophy. Five general conclusions are drawn from the thesis. It is first argued that the wider ontological base in agent-based modelling allows for a new approach to traditional social dualisms, moving away from the methodological individualism that dominates computational social science. Second, the need to place a distinction between explanation and understanding and to make explanatory goals explicit is highlighted. Third, it is claimed that computational social science needs to pay attention to the social epistemology of the field, for this could provide important insights regarding values, ideologies and interests that underlie the practice of agent-based modelling. Fourth, it is suggested that a more robust theorisation regarding the experimental and model-based character of agent-based modelling should be developed. Finally, it is argued that the method can greatly contribute to the development of a processual account of social life.

Abstract: Overture is a project developed under the concept of Sensible Geometry which explores how information can be represented beyond a two-dimensional form. By transforming it into sensitive objects it becomes more perceivable. Overture is a reactive surface that responds to the presence of people through motion. The panels on the wall represent values through movement - they wave in and out in correlation to the amount of movement sensed. This breathing and pulsing geometric skin shows how much activity goes on in a space, performing a continuous weaving pattern that goes on in a loop unless there is nothing being sensed. Resumen: Overture es un proyecto desarrollado bajo el concepto de geometría sensible que explora cómo la información puede ser representada más allá de una forma bidimensional. Mediante su transformación en objetos sensibles se hace más perceptible. Overture es una superficie reactiva que responde a la presencia de las personas a través del movimiento. Los paneles de la pared representan los valores a través del movimiento que ondea adelante y atrás en correlación con la cantidad de movimiento detectado. Esta respiración y el pulso de la piel geométrica muestra la cantidad de actividad que ocurre en un espacio, mostrando un movimiento continuo hasta que deje de percibir la presencia de personas en el espacio.

Abstract: This study explores the livelihood possibilities of avocado farmers, within a broader examination of the political economy of avocados. It exposes a state-capital arrangement that is promoting a way of organizing society in which livelihood agriculture is being displaced by investment agriculture. Drawing on the systems of provision sop approach under the question of the production of nature, the study examines the links taking avocados from a farm to the hands of a consumer, and inquires about the ways in which the people and places involved have come to occupy a specific role in those processes. For this purpose, a general depiction of the avocado sop exposes how consumer preferences, requirements for international trade, and agricultural policies shape avocados and, consequently, the practices of farmers growing them. The research focuses on the experience of farmers and the ways in which the mentioned state-capital arrangement shapes their livelihood possibilities. Resumen: Este estudio explora las posibilidades de sustento de los productores de aguacate, dentro de un examen más amplio sobre la economía política de esta fruta. Expone cómo la interacción entre la demanda de aguacate y las políticas de exportación promueven una forma de organizar la sociedad en la que la agricultura de inversión está desplazando la agricultura de subsistencia. Con base en el enfoque de sistemas de provisión y la idea de producción de la naturaleza, el estudio examina los vínculos entre el cultivo y los consumidores, e indaga sobre las formas en que las personas y los lugares involucrados han venido a ocupar un papel específico en esos procesos. Una descripción general del sistema de provisión del aguacate expone como las preferencias de consumo, los requerimientos del comercio internacional y las políticas agropecuarias moldean el aguacate y, como consecuencia, las prácticas de los productores. La investigación se centra en la experiencia de los productores y las formas en que los mercados y políticas configuran sus posibilidades de sustento.

Airways and lung parenchyma are distensible anatomical structures and in healthy subjects dilate with each inspiration. This process is even more evident during deep inhalations (DI). The bronchodilatory and bronchoprotective effect of a DI depends on the tethering forces on the airway wall by the expanding parenchyma, and the loss of this function appears to be associated with airway hyperresponsivenes - a characteristic feature of asthma. Models have assumed that the peribronchial parenchyma expansion (EPB) equals that of the subtended parenchyma (ESL). However, the changes in EPB during bronchoconstriction and its relationship with ESL have not yet been characterized. In this thesis, EPB and ESL were measured at baseline and then studied as they changed during bronchoconstriction and DI, and a novel distensibility measurement was proposed. HRCT scans from subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma (AS) and healthy controls (NA) were acquired in 3 conditions in supine position: at baseline, following a methacholine challenge, and with a DI to TLC. ESL and EPB were quantified as the average of the regional voxel-gas-to-tissue-ratio for each segmental region, and for a spherical region around each of the corresponding segmental airways. The difference in parenchymal expansion (E), the vertical-distance between airway’s center point and the respective segment’s center-of-gravity, and the relative distensibility were also measured. E varied among segments with a systematic vertical-distance dependency for all conditions and subjects, significantly higher in NA than AS (P < 0.05). At baseline average segmental E adjusted by vertical-distance was near zero and increased monotonically with bronchoconstriction and after a DI, following closely a linear relationship with average expansion of the lung (ELung) for all AS and NA subjects and conditions. No significant differences were found in this relationship between AS and NA but E adjusted tended to be higher for AS at TLC. We found that EPB, adjusted for the relative-vertical-distance, was lower than ESL (E > 0) with a difference that increased with average-lung-expansion. The spontaneous increase in lung volume following bronchoconstriction or DI increased peribronchial expansion up to a half of the increase in segmental expansion at the same height. This difference represents a type of airway-parenchyma-uncoupling that has not been described, can have important mechanistic implications on the effects of a DI on airway distensibility, and suggests that in clinical asthma a lack of homogeneous parenchymal stiffening may also contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness.