In the last decade, growing recognition has been given to the reparation of the harmful experiences of victims of armed conflicts as a way to transform war torn societies into sustainable peace. In the Colombian case, reparation measures have been introduced within the peace agreements from the mid-2000s onwards. Such initiatives have been oriented towards the reparation of rights, socio-economic improvements and cultural practices of people that have suffered the immediate effects of conflict; namely peasants and inhabitants of rural areas. However, many victimized groups still await reparation and continue to experience the absence of the state in regions, which are formally identified as successful post-conflict scenarios due to the absence of war. Therefore, daily life experiences of those are still being influenced and negatively affected by long-term effects of conflict. Despite the fact that the internal displacement phenomenon has long been addressed by academia, the trajectories and outcomes of unsupported returning processes on victims remain underdeveloped. Thus, this research aims to contribute to these matters by exploring the ways in which the effects of conflict have shaped victims’ livelihoods. Utilizing a mixed methods design, this article combines a variety of interviews and surveys conducted among rural families and key stakeholders. This research reveals how by returning to their territories, people of Pitacapacho found a claim on their agricultural vocation, and a way to avoid being an “urban poor”. However, the transition from self-consumption to wage labor and the change of the agricultural land use to the development of extractive industries are issues that indicate how peasant's ideas and practices towards the territory have been challenged and transformed.

Current sustainability models rely on the triple line approach, in which economic growth, environmental sustainability and social are fundamental pivots. In recent years, the model of Biomimicry has emerged as a sustainable option of production, challenging the industrial revolution in which resource depletion and maximization of profits are key .At present , economic growth and environmental benefits has been well documented, however little is known about how social justice can be impacted by this biomimicry production systems. In the present study, a framework has been created with the purpose of assessing biomimicry production systems (BPS) in terms of social justice. In specific, an approach of poverty that has been gaining attention in the past decades and which represent poverty as a result of social relations has been used for its construction. The framework has then been done to understand the extent to which BPS can disrupt relational poverty (RP). As a study case, the polyculture quinoa production systems in the South America altiplano is presented. Evidence shows that these ancient farming systems have disruption effects on RP mechanisms with different intensities. This model of production rivals monocroping areas in areas like the Peruvian coast in terms of the avoidance relations that perpetrate poverty and of diversity, a fundamental aspect of Biomimicry. Other beneficial relations relate to moral economy were found as opportunities for these BPS’s. The framework generated here can be used to analyse other BPS in terms of social justice, it is robust and covers much of the aspects involved in power relations, agency and empowerment.

Abstract: A piracanjuba Brycon orbignyanus é um peixe da ordem Characiformes, nativo da América do Sul. As mudanças no curso do rio, urbanização, poluição e construção de hidrelétricas são algumas das razões pelas quais o B. orbignyanus está atualmente classificado como uma espécie ameaçada de extinção. A criopreservação de sêmen de peixes fornece uma ferramenta pela qual a reprodução é otimizada, melhorando os programas de conservação e melhoramento genético das espécies. Um meio de congelamento ideal deve evitar o início da motilidade espermática, durante o armazenamento. Objetivouse, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito da composição e da osmolalidade do diluidor, na qualidade do sêmen criopreservado de B. orbignyanus. Os machos de B. orbignyanus foram selecionados em tanques de terra na Estação de Piscicultura da CEMIG, em Itutinga, durante o período reprodutivo (Dezembro a Fevereiro). Os machos receberam dose única de extrato pituitário de carpa e o sêmen foi coletado 8-10 horas depois. A osmolalidade do plasma seminal foi mensurada (249 mOsm kg-1). Oito diluidores compreendendo a combinação de duas composições (NaCl e Glicose) e quatro osmolalidades (285, 325, 365 e 405 mOsm kg-1) foram testados. O metilglicol foi usado como agente crioprotetor. O sêmen diluído foi envasado em palhetas de 0,25mL, congelado em botijão de vapor de nitrogênio (dry shipper) e armazenado em botijão de nitrogênio líquido. As palhetas foram descongeladas em banho- maria a 60°C por três segundos e o sêmen foi imediatamente avaliado quanto à taxa de motilidade e velocidades (curvilinear = VCL; linear = VSL e média de percuso= VAP), utilizando-se o sistema CASA. A composição e osmolalidade do diluidor afetaram a qualidade espermática pós-descongelamento. Em geral, o sêmen criopreservado em NaCl foi de melhor qualidade do que o sêmen criopreservado em glicose, e a 285 e 325 mOsm kg-1 melhor do que a 365 e 405 mOsm kg-1 . A maior qualidade pós-descongelamento foi observada apenas nas amostras congeladas em NaCl a 285 mOsm kg-1, com motilidade acima de 60% e VCL acima de 140 μm s-1. O sêmen de B. orbignyanus deve ser criopreservado em solução de NaCl preparada em uma osmolalidade superior a do plasma seminal e usado, tanto para fins de aquicultura, quanto para programas de conservação, uma vez que B. orbignyanus é uma espécie ameaçada. Resumen: La piracanjuba Brycon orbignyanus es un pez Del orden characiformes, nativo de América del Sur. Los cambios en el curso del rio, la urbanización, polución y construcción de hidroeléctricas son algunas de las razones por las cuales Brycon orbignyanus está actualmente clasificada como una especie amenazada de extinción. La criopreservación de semen de peces ofrece una herramienta por la cual la reproducción es optimizada, mejorando los programas de conservación y mejoramiento genético de las especies. Un medio de congelamiento ideal debe evitar el inicio de la movilidad espermática, durante el almacenamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la composición y de la osmolalidad del diluidor, en la cualidad del semen criopreservado de B. orbignyanus. Los macho de B. orbignyanus fueron seleccionados en tanques de tierra en la Estación de Piscicultura de la CEMIG, en Itutinga, durante el periodo reproductivo (Diciembre a Febrero). Los machos recibieron dosis única de extracto pituitario de carpa y el semen fue colectado después de 8 – 10 horas. La osmolalidad del plasma seminal fue mensurada (249 mOsm kg-1). Ocho diluidores comprendiendo la combinación de dos composiciones (NaCl y Glucosa) y cuatro osmolalidades (285, 325, 365 e 405 mOsm kg-1) fueran evaluados. El metilglicol fue usado como agente crioprotector. El semen diluido fue envasado en pajillas de 0,25mL, congelado en tanque de vapor de nitrógeno (dry shipper) y almacenado en tanque de nitrógeno liquido. Las pajillas fueron descongeladas en baño maria a 60°C por tres segundos y el semen fue inmediatamente evaluado en cuanto a tasa de movilidad y velocidades (curvilinear = VCL; linear = VSL y media = VAP), utilizando el sistema CASA. La composición y osmolalidad del diluidor afectaron la calidad espermática pos descongelación. En general, el semen criopreservado en NaCl fue de mejor calidad que el semen criopreservado en glucosa, y a 285 y 325 mOsm kg-1 mejor que a 365 y 405 mOsm kg-1. La mayor calidad pos descongelación fue observada apenas en las muestras congeladas en NaCl a 285 mOsm kg-1,, con movilidad encima de 60% y VCL encima de 140 μm s-1. El semen de B. orbignyanus debe ser criopreservada en solución de NaCl preparada en una osmolalidad superior a la del plasma seminal y usando, tanto para fines de acuicultura como para programas de conservación, teniendo en cuenta que B. orbignyanus es una especie amenazada.

The discussion whether indigenous peoples have or have not determined collective and individual rights related to the environment, within international and regional instruments, will be addressed within the chapters of the thesis. Thus, here we will devote special attention to the right to a healthy environment, considering also if the paternalistic point of view that has been given to this minority is currently necessary. Consequently, for reaching a final conclusion we will develop in a logical order the topic, starting from the root, which is the origin of the term indigenous and its scope, going through determinant historical events and how this will mark the current legal instruments and state practice around the world. Afterwards, we will dedicate the second part to the explanation of the ancestral bound of peoples and their native lands, as well as how modern events, such as climate change, and not so modern events, such as the exploitation of natural resources and the building of mega projects are still affecting their territories. Hence, we will explain how this vulnerability has to deal with the procedural and substantive rights, exposing for these purposes the different international instruments, which develop both collective and individual rights of peoples. Finally, we will bring selected cases regarding the developed topics.

«El avión de papel» es un método para la enseñanza del francés como lengua extranjera (FLE) a niños. Esta propuesta metodológica para la enseñanza del FLE a niños en condición de discapacidad cognitiva fue creada con el fin de identificar y poner en práctica estrategias didácticas para promover una verdadera inclusión pedagógica desde la clase de francés en el colegio IED Villemar el Carmen de Bogotá. Durante esta investigación – acción se siguieron cinco etapas fundamentales: - En primer lugar, se hizo una exploración del contexto educativo a través de la implementación de dos encuestas, teniendo por objetivo conocer características específicas del colegio y de los estudiantes. - Posteriormente, se realizaron observaciones en todos los grupos de educación especial durante la clase de lengua materna con el fin de reconocer ciertos elementos sobresalientes con respecto a estrategias metodológicas y situaciones de interacción. (Estudiantes-docentes) - La tercera etapa comprende una revisión de nociones teóricas referentes a tres temas esenciales para la promoción de la inclusión educativa a partir de la clase de FLE: La pedagogía de la inclusión, el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños y los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de lenguas a niños, incluso aquellos en condición de discapacidad cognitiva. - La siguiente etapa hace referencia a la concepción y creación de la propuesta metodológica teniendo en cuenta el programa de educación especial como punto de referencia. - La última etapa es dedicada a la experimentación del manual “El avión de papel” en dos grupos de educación especial, específicamente segundo y tercero de primaria. A lo largo de este proceso, se logró la creación del libro para los estudiantes junto a la guía pedagógica para orientar a los docentes a utilizar mejor este método. Finalmente, algunos puntos fuertes y posibles remediaciones para el manual son considerados a partir de las 300 de enseñanza.

The construction of an LNG facility implies a considerable expenditure the capital, generally, the process simulators are used to estimate the operating parameters of the liquefaction plant and to size the equipment needed. Although, natural gas data has been widely studied under non-cryogenic conditions, the availability of thermodynamic data for multi-component mixtures at high pressure, and cryogenic temperatures is still poor (Laskowski L., 2008). Therefore, accurate vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE), and calorific data for multi-component mixtures at LNG process conditions would enhance the simulations.Measurements of VLE data for binary mixture consisted of methane and butane and also a multi-component mixture; methane, ethane, propane and butane were performanced. Furthermore, a comparison of these data with the predictions given by Aspen HYSYS software, using the Peng-Robinson (PR), Soave Redlich Kwong (SRK) and the GERG equations of state (EOSs). Moreover, an improvement in the performance of cubic EOSs in HYSYS is studied by anchoring these data using a tuning code. Finally, analyse the impact of those finding in the LNG scrub column.The experimental part of the project has completed using a cryogenic VLE apparatus, while the modelling part has done by using a tuning code that interacts between HYSYS and MS Excel; it optimizes an objective function by the modification of binary interaction parameters in the equation of state.

Studying abroad implies not only academic interaction, but also living through life experiences in a new country. Thus, this qualitative research attempts to be a starting point for those interested in students’ perceptions about studying abroad and how this develops their global citizenship skills. Four student experiences were analysed through semi-structured interviews, to examine the opportunities and challenges the students faced while living and studying abroad and what their perceptions are towards global citizenship. Furthermore, it is explored how their global citizenship skills are developed, after the living abroad experience. There were three significant findings of the study: firstly, student ideas of global citizenship were more positive among the students from developing countries, than those who came from developed countries. Secondly, students from developing countries experienced more academic and social challenges than those from developed countries. Thirdly, it was evidenced that the experience of studying abroad developed students’ global citizenship skills, regardless of their countries background – developed or developing. The four participants were a male and a female from developed countries and a male and a female from developing countries. All of them were pursuing their MA degree in education at Bath Spa University at the time of this research.

During the last decade massive immigration of people, regardless of its reason has been a new challenge for many countries around the world. People leave their homes in pursuit of safety and protection but in many cases they fail and not only do not find a new home but also unintentionally/intentionally affect the quality of the hosting country and jeopardize its vitality. On the one hand immediate (short term) effects of immigration need to be considered in order to define the structure of the emerging community and also its interaction with the existing one (hosting country). On the other hand, since there is no clear prediction for life expectancy of these communities, in long term what is left of these transitions can be very decisive for the future of the existing community. According to the United Nations refugee commission ACNUR, Latin America and the Caribbean is the third region most affected due to migration issues with 3.99 million compared with the rest Africa 13.5, Asia 20, Europe 2.6. Inside the region Colombia is the country with the highest number of people that have been displaced, and Ecuador as the host country with the biggest refugee population. Colombian farmers leave their homes in the countryside to live in the suburbs of big cities. The forced change of residence transforms the idea of own self and about the space occupied, their physical location in the place of arrival shows the precarious conditions surrounding them, lying outsourced and crumbled from this space they built for themselves and their family. This physical and emotional transit characterizes the notion of displacing, because it becomes key to understand the struggle to reinvent a place for them in the urban space where new ways of appropriation of space emerge. Such transit also brings the conflict of coexistence between newcomers and resident migrants, the territory appears as a space where they must acquire their own house and stabilize their living conditions. In this project firstly immigration and its short/long time effects on several cases will be studied. Afterwards considering the life span of these settlements (future Identity) a proposal based on integration of communities through specific arrangement of housing (based on introducing modular design) that encourage the public participation in development of the habitat, a prototype will be suggested.

Abstract: Since the late 90s Colombia decided to actively ratify Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT´s) in order to strengthen its treaty network and promote the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment. At the international level arbitral tribunals deciding Investor-State disputes under such Agreements have produced decisions severely affecting the financial stability of host States. As a result, some have decided to denounce such instruments or to implement changes in their wording and scope to safeguard their “right to regulate”. Some cases have been brought under the argument of host States producing and enforcing regulatory expropriation measures in some cases related to tax, environmental and public health matters. Resumen: Desde finales de los años noventas Colombia inició de forma activa la ratificación de los denominados Acuerdos para la Promoción y Protección de Inversiones (APPRI´s) a fin de fortalecer su red de tratados y brindar seguridad jurídica a inversionistas extranjeros interesados en desarrollar proyectos en el país. A nivel internacional los casos decididos por tribunales de arbitramento Inversionista-Estado a la luz de dichos Acuerdos han acarreado consecuencias cada vez más onerosas para los Estados condenados por su violación, a tal punto que muchos están denunciándolos o realizando modificaciones de fondo a sus textos a fin de salvaguardar su capacidad regulatoria. Gran parte estos casos han tenido como fundamento la violación del estándar de “expropiación” a través de la implementación, por parte del Estado receptor de la inversión, de medidas relacionadas con la imposición y cobro de tributos, medidas sobre el medio ambiente y asuntos de salud pública.

Climate change, environmental legislation and binding targets for renewable energy, alongside an increased focus on the economic benefits of energy and fuel conservation, are driving the adoption of new technologies as sources of energy. With these dynamics, it is evident that waste heat recovery technologies can play a key role in reducing in reducing indirectly the CO2 footprint of existing fossil power generation and achievement of renewable energy targets. Since the recovered heat is effectively ‘free of charge’, there is a direct positive impact on the energy costs to the end user. This project aims to implement a Organic Rankine Cycle system in a Petrochemical plant, in this case a Low density Polyethylene Plant because is generated hug quantities of heat waste in the polymerization reaction during 8000 hours/year. Also is evaluated the Technical and economical advantages in order to check the feasibility of the implementation of Organic Rankine Cycle System in a Petrochemical Plant. The impact of this Project could give a good guide of the feasibility of the implement ORC system in Industrial process, because the most projects launched with this Technology have been usually used in Geothermal Applications.