Discrete function integration is achieved at the package level with a variety of packaging solutions, mainly package on package. In this paper we review mainstream package on package technology offerings and compare them against improved versions of these packages where advances in materials properties and processing techniques are leveraged to meet increasingly tighter overall package thickness requirements while maintaining or improving the reliability, yield and cost effectiveness metrics set by the existing technologies.Different avenues to achieve very thin POP and system-in-a-package constructions are explored in detail, showing the implications in terms of material properties, new or improved processing steps and design trade-offs. Similarly, we show examples where these new techniques have been used successfully to achieve the stricter thickness targets and to prove that these technologies are ready to be applied and leveraged immediately for functionality integration without requiring extended development times or completely new processing methodologies.

The distribution of suitable habitat influences natal and breeding dispersal at small spatial scales, resulting in strong microgeographic genetic structure. Although environmental variation can promote interpopulation differences in dispersal behavior and local spatial patterns, the effects of distinct ecological conditions on within-species variation in dispersal strategies and in fine-scale genetic structure remain poorly understood. We studied local dispersal and fine-scale genetic structure in the thorn-tailed rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda), a South American bird that breeds along a wide latitudinal gradient. We combine capture-mark-recapture data from eight breeding seasons and molecular genetics to compare two peripheral populations with contrasting environments in Chile: Navarino Island, a continuous and low density habitat, and Fray Jorge National Park, a fragmented, densely populated and more stressful environment. Natal dispersal showed no sex bias in Navarino but was female-biased in the more dense population in Fray Jorge.In the latter, male movements were restricted, and some birds seemed to skip breeding in their first year, suggesting habitat saturation. Breeding dispersal was limited in both populations, with males being more philopatric than females. Spatial genetic autocorrelation analyzes using 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci confirmed the observed dispersal patterns: a fine-scale genetic structure was only detectable for males in Fray Jorge for distances up to 450 m. Furthermore, two-dimensional autocorrelation analyzes and estimates of genetic relatedness indicated that related males tended to be spatially clustered in this population. Our study shows evidence for context-dependent variation in natal dispersal and corresponding local genetic structure in peripheral populations of this bird. It seems likely that the costs of dispersal are higher in the fragmented and higher density environment in Fray Jorge, particularly for males. The observed differences in microgeographic genetic structure for rayaditos might reflect the genetic consequences of population-specific responses to contrasting environmental pressures near the range limits of its distribution.

The construction of an LNG facility implies a considerable expenditure the capital, generally, the process simulators are used to estimate the operating parameters of the liquefaction plant and to size the equipment needed. Although, natural gas data has been widely studied under non-cryogenic conditions, the availability of thermodynamic data for multi-component mixtures at high pressure, and cryogenic temperatures is still poor (Laskowski L., 2008).Therefore, accurate vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE), and calorific data for multi-component mixtures at LNG process conditions would enhance the simulations.Measurements of VLE data for binary mixture consisted of methane and butane and also a multi-component mixture; methane, ethane, propane and butane were performanced. Furthermore, a comparison of these data with the predictions given by Aspen HYSYS software, using the Peng-Robinson (PR), Soave Redlich Kwong (SRK) and the GERG equations of state (EOSs). Moreover, an improvement in the performance of cubic EOSs in HYSYS is studied by anchoring these data using a tuning code.Finally, analyse the impact of those finding in the LNG scrub column.The experimental part of the project has completed using a cryogenic VLE apparatus, while the modelling part has done by using a tuning code that interacts between HYSYS and MS Excel; it optimizes an objective function by the modification of binary interaction parameters in the equation of state.

ITALIANO La città colombiana di Santiago di Cali è stata catalogata come zona di alta pericolosità sismica. Diversi scuotimento di alti livelli di intensità nel passato hanno registrato effetti significativi sull’infrastruttura della città. In conseguenza, uno studio di pericolosità sismica è stato fatto dall’Istituto Geologico e di Mine Colombiano (INGEOMINAS), dove diverse zone di comportamento dinamico omogeneo sono state caratterizzate. Per migliorarne la conoscenza sulla risposta del sottosuolo, Otálvaro et al., (2010) hanno sviluppato diverse prove geofisiche nel campus della Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ Cali), localizzata nella zona omogenea 4e. Come risultato delle prove e dell’analisi di informazione indiretta (pozzi di estrazione nelle vicinanze), un profilo sismo-geotecnico tipico è stato proposto. L’obiettivo della presente ricerca è stato la determinazione della pericolosità in superficie, in termini di Spettro di Risposta a Pericolosità Uniforme (UHS) per la PUJ Cali, conoscendo la pericolosità di base dall’Analisi Probabilistica della Pericolosità Sismica (PSHA) e valutando la Risposta Sismica Locale (RSL) del deposito di terreno. La metodologia seguita per la definizione dello spettro UHS in superficie intende, prima, la determinazione di un numero sufficiente di accelerogrammi rappresentativi della pericolosità di base per l’analisi del comportamento sismico del deposito di terreno in PUJ Cali, tramite RSL. I risultati dalla RSL si presentano in termini di funzioni di amplificazione, ovvero l’entità dell’amplificazione subita dal profilo di terreno per diversi periodi spettrali, in funzione del livello di scuotimento. Come ultimo passaggio, bisogna integrare tali funzioni con lo spettro UHS in condizioni di riferimento (roccia), dalla PSHA. La strada scelta per questa operazione è stata il Metodo della Convoluzione (Bazzurro & Cornell, 2004b), un metodo consistente con la natura probabilistica della PSHA che intende superare le limitazioni dei “Metodi Ibridi”, dove la PSHA si integra con la RSL semplicemente tramite moltiplicazione periodo a periodo dell’UHS in roccia per dei valori deterministici di amplificazione. Inoltre, la variabilità nel profilo delle velocità delle onde di taglio (Vs) è stata introdotta tramite simulazioni Monte Carlo. I risultati per il presente caso di studio, in termini di UHS per periodi di ritorno di 475 e 1000 anni, segnalano come il metodo della convoluzione, contrario a quanto riportato in letteratura, prevede accelerazioni spettrali consistentemente minori di quelle in corrispondenza dei metodi ibridi. Tale differenza è ancora più significativa all’aumentare del periodo di ritorno. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato come l’effetto della variabilità nel profilo di Vs si tradurre in minori amplificazioni per quasi tutti i periodi spettrali, questo dovuto al fatto della non-linearità indotta nei profili randomizzati meno rigidi. Tuttavia, in termini di UHS, l’inclusione dell’incertezza genera uno spettro più conservativo dello spettro nel caso deterministico poiché il metodo della convoluzione tiene in conto della deviazione standard delle funzioni di amplificazione, significativamente maggiore considerando randomizzazione. Finalmente, è da notare come lo spettro UHS in superficie proposto per PUJ Cali in questo elaborato prevede accelerazioni spettrali minori di quelle corrispondenti agli spettri riportati da INGEOMINAS (2005a) e Otálvaro et al., (2010) sapendo che tali spettri sono inviluppi e non risposte medie. ENGLISH Colombian city Cali has been classified as a high seismic hazard zone. Several recorded ground motions have registered significant effects on the city’s infrastructure. In consequence, a seismic hazard analysis was developed by the Institute of Geology and Mines in Colombia (INGEOMINAS), where dynamically homogeneous zones were characterized. To improve the knowledge regarding the seismic response from the soil, Otálvaro et al., (2010) performed a number of geophysical surveys on the campus of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ Cali), located on the homogenous zone 4e in Cali. The outcome from the tests and some indirect information was a proposed typical soil profile. This study aims to determine the hazard in surface, in terms of Uniform Hazard Spectrum (UHS) for PUJ Cali, knowing the UHS for rock conditions from the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and evaluating the soil’s Local Seismic Response (RSL). The methodology followed to define the UHS in surface consists in first determining enough ground motions coherent with the base hazard for then performing the seismic behavior analysis for the subsoil, by RSL. Results from RSL are presented as amplification functions, that is, the entity of the amplification suffered by the soil for diverse spectral periods, as a function of the level of strain induced. The last step consists in merging said functions with the PSHA. For this operation, the Convolution Method (Bazzurro & Cornell, 2004b) was chosen, a method consistent with the probabilistic nature from the PSHA which aims to overcome the limitations from “Hybrid Methods”, where PSHA is merged with RSL by a simple multiplication, period by period, of UHS in rock and deterministic values for amplification. Furthermore, the soil’s profile variability is accounted as uncertainty in the shear-wave velocity (Vs) profile, implementing Monte Carlo simulations. Results, in terms of UHS for return periods of 475 and 1000 years, show how spectral accelerations from the convolution method, contrary as reported in literature, are consistently lower than those corresponding to hybrid methods. This difference becomes more significant as return period increases. Discussing the effect of uncertainty in Vs, it is noted how lower amplifications are experienced for most periods when considering a stochastic situation, this because of non-linearity induced in less rigid randomized profiles. Nevertheless, the UHS considering Vs variability is more conservative than the UHS from the deterministic profile due to the inclusion of standard deviation of amplification functions in the convolution method, significantly higher than those corresponding to the base profile. Finally, it is noted how the UHS proposed for PUJ Cali for this study predicts lower spectral accelerations than those spectrums reported from INGEOMINAS (2005a) and Otálvaro et al., (2010), acknowledging that these last spectrums are envelopes and do not represent a median response.

The study will be based on an anthropological view of learning in which the central idea is to find out how people become to be who they are. On that account, it will be interested in the social influences of the environment people are settled in, as well as the individual’s agency in their process of making sense of their experience. The discovery of the common practices individuals execute at a particular setting –as it is the school- will be one of the aims of this study that is to contribute to the revelation of the social relations structured within the community. Studying deeper these social relations structured in practice (Lave & Wegner, 1991) and in the material dispositions, will bring us to an understanding of how people are valued in the specific situations inside a particular society.On that account, I am concerned with the idea of what it means to be a child and how children come, in particular contexts, like educational institutions, to be valued in historically specific ways. Taking two primary school classrooms in a West London school as my case study, I analyse how value is created as the outcome of socially structured processes of interaction between teachers and children and between children themselves. Comparing and contrasting the teachers’ ideas of what makes children valued at school, I describe how the structuring influence exerted by the teachers in the classroom infringe on the formation of friendship relations among the children. 

The Colombian Seaflower marine protected area (SMPA) is the largest MPA in the Caribbean. The economy of the main island, San Andres (SAI) relies on tourism. This study conducted 1793 surveys to capture information about tourists’ experience and the value they placed on SAI’s beaches.Tourists considered beaches as the main reason for choosing SAI as a destination and expressed that they would be willing to pay additional money, US$ 997,468 annually, on top of what they had already paid for their vacation to protect SAI’s beaches. The study also showed how beach erosion could negatively impact economically the tourism sector of SAI, reducing revenue by 66.6% (estimated at US$ 73 million annually).This research contributed to the first stage in the development of a payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme to protect SAI’s beaches. The importance of beaches for SAI and the potential loss of revenue due to beach erosion create an opportunity to incentivize the private sector to invest in natural infrastructure that maintains and protects beaches.This study also informs the potential application of valuation studies for the development of innovative financing instruments, such as PES, to achieve financial sustainability for the MPA network in Colombia.

This research focuses on the value transformation of cultural heritage objects, the stakeholders involved and the relationship, mutual agreement and trust between the two contexts of the owner and borrower. The research question is, how does a cultural heritage object’s value change in the process of transferring from one context to another? This transition can either reinforce or create new value for the object or decrease its value.The Cultural Heritage Value Transformation research project was conducted from July to December 2016 as part of the internship module from the Master of Museology programme at the Reinwardt Academy, Amsterdam University of the Arts.The present research on heritage valuation is incorporate in the RCE project “Heritage in Use” lead by Arjen Kok. The use, handling or public functioning of the heritage objects is studied to learn about the effect on the valuation of the cultural heritage objects. This project is part of the RCE programme “Heritage of the Modern Age” lead by Tatja Scholte. The research is linked to a project of the RCE Collections department that studies the effects of long term loans of museum objects in non-museum environments.The research hopes to contribute to cultural heritage objects by sparking a valuation discussion that illustrates how the objects’ values are transformed by the institutions, stakeholders and communities involved in the cultural heritage transition. We must also consider the object’s environment influence in the two contexts. The stakeholders (collectors, curators, conservators and communities) affect the object’s biography, stressing on the socio-cultural implications and artistic or symbolic significance.

In many cultures palms offer a vast number of products, especially Non-Timber-Forest Products (NTFPs), which have been traditionally used by indigenous and mestizo groups in Latin America. Some species have gone beyond the domestic use and their commercialization has reached local, national and international markets. Among the palm products that are widely commercialized in South America are palm heart (Euterpe oleracea), extracted from the young unfolded spear leaves of the palms, and the handicraft woven from fibers (Astrocaryum chambira, A. malybo and A. standleyanum), all extracted from the leaflets. In Colombia, these four palm species are economically important for the harvesting communities as well as for wholesalers and retailers.However, commercialization has been based on the extraction of raw material from wild palm stands up to the point that several palm species are threatened by developing markets for their products, and the need of income for the harvest communities and industry. The general objective of this thesis is to describe the value chains of palm products from E. oleracea, A. chambira, A. malybo and A. standleyanum in different Colombian regional markets, as well as national and international markets, and to analyze the economic importance, potentials and implications of this trade.Data on the four value chains was gathered through interviewing all actors of the value chain and revising the literature about the commercialization of these palm products. This study assesses the main actors or organizations in the commercialization chains, their specific activities, different routes to trade products, and how well the chains currently work by conducting a qualitative and quantitative value chain analysis.Major results involve particular dynamics and distributions of the profits along each value chain, as well as common aspects: the value chains are short, simple, the commercialization channels need to be strengthened, the scarcity of the raw material is a crucial constraint for the commercialization of the products.Unsustainable harvest practices are common. Moreover, the marketing potential of each group of palm products as well as promised target markets are characterized. The principal contribution of this thesis consists in shedding light on the current status of the value chains of these four palm species in Colombia, and proposing possible routes of development to strive for sustainability in each of the value chains analysed. Moreover, this study provides information about the economic importance of the palm products to the local communities and the need to upgrade the commercialization channels, products and communal incentives to assign equitable incomes along the chain.

The main research question I explore is: What are the political and socio-environmental factors that can explain the Bogota’s river governance failure related to its pollution? To achieve this I analyse the relationship between society in the basin and the flow of water from a political ecology perspective. This work is divided in five sections, which includes a literature review relating the theories of the political ecology of the production of nature, common pool resource management, Tragedy of the Commons and governance. The scope of this work is limited to Bogota River’s basin in the spatial scale and the historical processes of the last 50 years.After evaluating the different interactions of the stakeholders and the river, I discuss that Bogota’s river has become a political object, using Robbins (2012) theses of political ecology. I arrive at this conclusion after analysing Bogota River’s situation following the flow of the water in spatial and temporal dimensions, seeing the production of nature (and in this case a polluted river as a result) as a historical spatial-ecological transformation that expresses the contradictions and tensions of modern times by the transformation of nature and society. I follow the water creating a narrative, to explore modernity as a geographical and socially contested project. Finally, I analyse how the sentence published in March 2014, by the Colombian State’s Council, currently tackles the issues that undermine good governance, identified in the rivers narrative and how it might help or hinder river restoration.

Abstract:In England 11% of households are considered to be fuel poor, however, this figure reached 12.4% in Yorkshire and the Humber in 2015. Nonetheless, improvements in energy efficiency are a powerful tool for reducing energy bills, allowing households to keep a higher residual income, reducing the proportion of people living in fuel poverty. This paper shows the results of the assessment of thermal insulation of a community building in Sheffield along with the simulation and economic analysis of a set of viable improvements to increase energy efficiency. Thermal imaging along with energy analysis software were the main tools used. Results show that energy savings could reach 72% by improving insulation in external walls and roofing. However, there is a funding challenge as investments required are significantly high and the payback periods are over 5 years. On the other hand, measurements and analysis in the building assessed shown that basic changes in behaviour related to the operation of the heating system could reduce energy consumption by up to 49%. This finding motivated occupants to take action in order to see reduction in energy bills immediately with no investment required. Additionally, results shown the impacts of overheating the building; a 1°C increase could boost energy requirements by up to 15%. All these findings show the potential benefits of improving energy efficiency to reduce fuel poverty.Resumen:En Inglaterra 11% de los hogares se considera que viven en pobreza energética, sin embargo, esta cifra alcanzó 12.4% en Yorkshire and the Humber en 2015. Las Mejoras en eficiencia energética son una herramiento ponderosa para reducer las facturas de energía, permitiendo a los hogares conservar un mayor ingreso residual, reduciendo la proporción de gente viviendo en pobreza energética. Este artículo muestra los resultados de la evaluación del aislamiento térmico de un edificio comunitario en Sheffield junto con la simulación y análisis económico de un conjunto de mejoras viables para incrementar la eficiencia energética. Las principals herramientas usadas fueron imágenes térmicas y software de analisis energético. Los resultados mostraron que se puede alcanzar ahorros del 72% mejorando el aislamiento en las paredes externas y el techo. Sin embargo, la financiación es un reto ya que se require inversions significativamente altas y los periodos de recuperación de la inversion superan los 5 años. Por otra parte, las mediciones y analisis realizados en el edificio evaluado mostraron sencillos cambios cambios en el comportamiento, en relación con la operación del Sistema de calefacción pueden reducer el consume de energía hasta en un 49%. Este hallazgo motive a los ocupantes del edificio a tomar acciones con el fin obtener inmediatament una reducción en las facturas de energía sin ninguna inversion. Adicionalmente, los resultados mostraron los impactos de sobrecalentar el edificio; un increment de 1°C podría elevar consume de energía hasta en un 15%. Todos estos hallazgos muestran los potentials beneficios de mejorar la eficiencia energética para reducir la pobreza energética.