Resumo: Após décadas das primeiras publicações sobre a plasticidade transcricional do sistema digestivo dos insetos polífagos, ainda não se conhece em profundidade como os genes são regulados e as vias de sinalização envolvidas neste mecanismo adaptativo. Inicialmente, foi mostrado que a adaptação de lagartas de H. armigera à alimentação com inibidores de peptidase de soja (IPs) se deve à alteração do perfil transcricional de genes codificadores de serino peptidases do sistema digestivo. A presença dos IPs na dieta causou mudanças na regulação de genes de um amplo repertório de enzimas proteolíticas, principalmente com o aumento de genes de tripsinas. A regulação diferencial de enzimas digestivas foi associada à adaptação da H. armigera ao efeito anti-nutricional dos IPs. Além disso, a análise de dados de expressão gênica em larga escala (RNA-seq) mostrou que aproximadamente 40% dos transcritos (cerca de 500 epialelos potenciais) induzidos pelos IPs foram transmitidos à geração seguinte, apesar das lagartas desenvolverem-se em dietas desprovidas de IPs. A fim de caracterizar um possível mecanismo epigenético responsável por este mecanismo adaptativo, foi realizado o metiloma do sistema digestivo das lagartas da primeira geração (alimentadas com e sem IPs) e das progênies de lagartas expostas aos IPs. Epialelos de metilação do DNA foram associados aos controles transcricional e traducional, sugerindo um possível envolvimento da alteração do padrão de metilação na adaptação de H. armigera aos IPs. Este trabalho abre novas perspectivas no entendimento do polifagismo e a plasticidade dos insetos na alimentação de um amplo número de plantas hospedeiras, influenciando o seu curso evolutivo.

Resumen: Las aplicaciones de la electrónica exigen mayor eficiencia de los dispositivos electrónicos que se utilizan hoy en día. Entre los aspectos mas importantes esta el área ocupada por un circuito: Se busca que los dispositivos electrónicos ocupen el menor espacio posible. La tecnología que se utiliza hoy en día para fabricar dispositivos semiconductores está llegando a un punto limite, donde cada vez es mas difícil obtener reducción en el tamaño sin afectar otras características del dispositivo. La nanoelectrónica está evolucionando a un punto donde se hace posible la construcción de dispositivos semiconductores que presenten mejores características que los fabricados en la actualidad. Este documento muestra una revisión bibliográfica sobre nanotecnología, con el fin de presentar una propuesta de investigación para implementar transistores basados en nanotubos de carbono. Este trabajo está en su fase inicial, se espera que a finales del 2009 se tenga una metodología de implementación de transistores utilizando nanotecnología.

Abstract: La fabricación de las celdas fotovoltaicas inorgánicas son aquellas cuyo semiconductor es a base de material inorgánico (Si, AsGa, CuInS2, CIS, CdTe), son poco económicas, por ende, es necesario hallar una manera de producir celdas solares sin que la inversión económica sea costosa. Debido a esta dificultad tecnológica, se ha optado por usar semiconductores orgánicos en la fabricación de las celdas. Los paneles solares orgánicos no se contemplan como un sustituto a los de silicio como material semiconductor, sino un complemento para crear mejores fuentes de energía. En este caso, se plantea el uso de los nanotubos de carbono (CNT) como material semiconductor en la fabricación de celdas fotovoltaicas orgánicas.

Abstract: Terzo Valico dei Giovi is a huge railway project covered by more than 90 km of tunnels between Milano and Genova, to join the net of high speed and high capacity trains, part of the Rhine Alpine corridor of the Trans European Transport Network (TEN-T) to connect the main economical capitals of Europe improving the performance of transport and merchandise trade. The present study is according to the methodology used for ADECO-RS applied in the tunnels from Terzo Valico dei Giovi, referred about the support and the tunneling conventional method foreseen in DT2 (Direzione Tronco Piemonte) with the jobsites studied cases about DCP2 (Direzione Cantiere Piemonte 2). The thesis proposes to describe the Terzo Valico dei Giovi project with the technical and organizational aspects of conventional tunneling related to Vallemme and Moriassi jobsites. In addition, a description of the case studied about excavation in the presence of gas methane flow (Grisou) and the problem/solving encountered during the cycle excavation, the production activities and the management of Quality, Safety and Environment.

Abstract: One of the strategies to improve governments’ allocation of resources, particularly when these are insufficient to meet all the public needs, is the use of targeting indices. Generally, a targeting index is a linear combination of wellbeing indicators (for example years of education, dwelling conditions, and so forth) that orders the members of the population according to their living conditions to classify and identify the beneficiaries of social programmes. The weighting method that we propose maximises a function that depends on the number of poor beneficiaries, by income and/or expenditure, given some normative restrictions. Therefore, the indices designed with this method target poor people taking into consideration not only the income dimension, but also other dimensions, such as health, nutrition, and dwelling, although they are not correlated with income and/or correlated with one another. The method for taking these dimensions into account is to specify weighting restrictions by an indicator of wellbeing. In other words, we establish maximum and minimum values for the weights according to the number of indicators and the needs of social programmes. These values maintain the balance between income-based weights and normative weights. Because of these characteristics, we call our method Maximising Poor Beneficiaries with Normative Restrictions (MPBR). The algorithm behind MPBR can maximises or minimises any function. For instance, in the first exercise of this study, it exclusively counts the number of expenditure -poor beneficiaries, and in the second it contemplates both income-poor and expenditure-poor beneficiaries, given double weight to those that meet both conditions - thus the poorest of the poor households become the first beneficiaries of social programmes-. We find that when the function to maximise counts exclusively the number of income-poor (or expenditure-poor) households before a cutoff, it is equivalent to minimising the IE (Inclusion error) and EE (Exclusion error). In fact, we theoretically and empirically demonstrate that the models that minimise the IE and EE (considering income-poor or expenditure-poor households) are probabilistic models. Therefore, we conclude that probabilistic models are a useful tool to determine approximately the minimum IE and EE that can be obtained with a set of indicators. Applying MPBR, we find that when the increase in an indicator of wellbeing statistically increases the probability of not being expenditure-poor, the weight of the indicator converges to a specific positive value to maximise the number of expenditure-poor beneficiaries; in contrast, if the increase in an indicator statistically decreases this probability, the weight of the indicator converges to the minimum allowed weight. In the case in which the indicator is not statistically significant in the probabilistic model, its weight does not converge to a specific value. However, when the weighting restrictions become stronger (for example a greater minimum weight), most of the weights converge to a value. In a comparison of MPBR with other weighting methods (for example PCA and normative method), we conclude that the index estimated with MPBR has a smaller IE and EE and distributes the weights between indicators more equitably than the indices calculated with other methods.

Abstract: This Master thesis presents a decentralized DDC strategy for major household appliances in Berlin. It exploits their power flexibility by means of three key indicators and supported by artificial intelligence. It has been examined whether those appliances may be used in a decentralized frequency regulation successfully. The appliances have been divided into two groups according to their operating characteristics- Thermal and Sequential Loads. This work also inquiries about the suitability of the control strategy to overcome power imbalances caused by PV generation. To answer this question, different seasonal and consumption scenarios have been analyzed. The control strategy is implemented using a modular approach. For this purpose, three main stages have been defined and divided into smaller units. For the implementation of these units Pandapower, MATLAB, and its toolbox MATPOWER have been used. The first stage is the power consumption forecast using a Neural Network. A feed-forward Network has been designed to estimate a day-ahead consumption profile for each household. At the second stage the Sequential Loads optimal scheduling takes place. A Genetic Algorithm optimizes the Sequential Loads turn on time based on householder preferences and characteristics. At the last stage the Dynamic Demand Control strategy takes place. On one hand, LSI stands for the characteristics of the appliances and for the user´s comfort. On the other hand, GSI and GCI represent the grid state from a technical and economic point of view. To validate the method a suitable network has been implemented. This network has 1800 households and includes 198 residential rooftop PV systems. Besides, several scenarios have been designed to test and compare the control strategy under different conditions. Influencing factors such as Energy Consumption Patterns and the size of the higher-level distribution grid are been modified. The analysis of the simulations shows that the proposed DDC strategy succeeds in frequency stabilization with flexible loads. The Energy Consumption Patterns play a relevant role to achieve this regulation. ECP d- the most realistic pattern, allows a successful control during the entire year with a significant low X value equal 10. These positive results allow for the conclusion that a decentralized control strategy with no information exchange can be implemented in a city like Berlin. Resumen: Esta tesis de maestría presenta una estrategia de control dinámica de demanda descentralizada para los principales electrodomésticos en la ciudad de Berlín. Esta estrategia explota la flexibilidad energética de los electrodomésticos mediante tres indicadores clave y al apoyarse en inteligencia artificial. Se ha examinado si esos aparatos pueden utilizarse con éxito en la regulación de frecuencia descentralizada. Los aparatos se han dividido en dos grupos según sus características de funcionamiento: cargas térmicas y secuenciales. Este trabajo también indaga sobre la idoneidad de la estrategia de control para superar los desequilibrios energéticos provocados por la generación fotovoltaica. Para responder a esta pregunta se han analizado diferentes escenarios estacionales y de consumo. La estrategia de control se implementa mediante un enfoque modular. Para ello, se han definido tres etapas principales y se han dividido en unidades más pequeñas. Para la implementación de estas unidades se han utilizado Pandapower, MATLAB y su aplicativo MATPOWER. La primera etapa es la pronostico del consumo de energía mediante una red neuronal. Se ha diseñado una red feed-forward para estimar el perfil de consumo diario para cada hogar. En la segunda etapa tiene lugar la programación óptima de cargas secuenciales. Un algoritmo genético optimiza el tiempo de activación de las cargas secuenciales en función de las preferencias y características del hogar. En la última etapa se lleva a cabo la estrategia de control dinámico de la demanda. Por un lado, LSI representa las características de los electrodomésticos y la comodidad del usuario. Por otro lado, GSI y GCI representan el estado de la red desde un punto de vista técnico y económico. Para validar el método se ha implementado una red adecuada. Esta red tiene 1800 hogares e incluye 198 sistemas fotovoltaicos residenciales en tejados. Además, se han diseñado varios escenarios para probar la estrategia de control en diferentes condiciones. Se modifican factores de influencia como los Patrones de Consumo de Energía y el tamaño de la red de distribución de nivel superior. El análisis de las simulaciones muestra que la estrategia DDC propuesta tiene éxito en la estabilización de frecuencia con cargas flexibles. Los Patrones de Consumo de Energía juegan un papel relevante para lograr esta regulación. ECP d- el patrón más realista, permite un control exitoso durante todo el año con un valor X bajo significativo igual a 10. Estos resultados positivos permiten concluir que una estrategia de control descentralizado sin intercambio de información se puede implementar en una ciudad como Berlín.

Abstract: The A Dos Music Project is a Latin American music clarinet duet founded by professional clarinetists Ivan Valbuena and Luz Sarmiento, a Colombian couple who have been expanding the horizons of Latin music by performing traditional music with a nonconventional instrumentation and demanding arrangements. By combining the technical and artistic possibilities of the clarinet with the fresh and unique sound of Latin rhythms, A Dos Music Project displays a virtuosic, improvisatory, and innovative manner of performance that reaches all kinds of audiences. The ensemble’s mission is educational development and the promotion of music and art as a means of social transformation. This clarinet duet strives to engage new generations of audiences through interactive concerts and workshops designed to inspire young musicians in disadvantaged areas of the world, including refugee camps in Sweden and Germany and El Sistema1 -inspired programs in the US and Latin America. This initiative was inspired by the important role of the clarinet in Colombian folk music and the deep influence that this music had on the artistic development of the musicians of the ensemble. The virtuosic features and flexibility of the clarinet allow the players to perform Colombian and Latin American music with a reduced instrumentation of just two clarinets. The complexity of the rhythms and colors of the Latin Music are explored in advanced and demanding arrangements and compositions, featuring the technical and musical capabilities of the instrument. As teaching artists, the members of A Dos Music Project (ADMP) look to integrate their art and skills into a wide range of settings while engaging their audiences in learning experiences. This purpose led them to develop a workshop designed to provide young musicians with the opportunity to interact with a piece of music by using their body. By creating muscular sensations and allowing an interior perception of the sound, rhythm, and form, young musicians can improve their hearing and consequently their playing. The use of body percussion plays an important role in the development of the ADMP workshop since it makes a direct connection between the particular characteristics of Latin music and the learning experience. The A Dos Music Project National Tour was an innovative and ambitious community outreach music initiative undertaken by the clarinet duet A Dos Music Project during the month of July 2017. The tour sought to achieve the following objectives: - To introduce isolated communities to the benefits of the artistic education and music making as a transformative experience through the performances and life testimony of the members of A Dos Music Project. - To provide under-served music programs with musical knowledge and performances skills at a high level. - To improve self-esteem and self-perception to help the students to achieve their full potential. - To stimulate physical, mental, and socioaffective areas in the human being through the use of bodily exercises in the classroom. -To facilitate musical knowing and the development of rhythmic skills through the practice of body percussion. - To promote the performance of Colombian traditional music in nonconventional settings with advanced technical resources. The A Dos Music Project visited 12 cities in the Andean, Pacific, Amazonian, and Caribbean regions of Colombia, offering workshops, masterclasses, private lessons, lectures, and interactive concerts to communities of local music programs with social missions. The main activity offered by ADMP was a workshop designed to combine traditional music arranged for two clarinets and body percussion patterns specifically designed to emulate the percussion section of the traditional genres of the porro and the pasillo. The tour took place from July 6 to 29, 2017, and reached around 450 children and youth from 14 different music programs with great needs.

Abstract: This master's thesis develops a critical reflection at the public space project as a mechanism for urban regeneration, placing the study case in downtown Medellin, between 1995 and 2019. Downtown Medellin is a territory characterized by its value as historical, geographical, economic, symbolic, and functional centrality. It has faced constant processes of destruction and reconstruction under different logics, leading to its gradual physical and functional deterioration and a loss of value as a centrality. Against this, urban regeneration objectives have been proposed since the 1960s. But it is in the 90s that a series of interventions aimed at this purpose were undertaken. This research advances in identifying the contributions and limitations of the public space projects executed, within the framework of urban regeneration plans and policies in the last 25 years. In the first instance, is presented a theoretical framework of reference of the main concepts to be addressed. These are the public space and the project, the issues about urban regeneration with an accent on the physical-spatial aspects and the notion of centrality. It follows a general outline through the history of growth, consolidation and decline of the city center, to continue with the analysis of the regeneration plans and public space projects, on which a comprehensive descriptive and critical study is presented. The projects are placed in their spatial and temporal contexts, and analyzed through texts, cartographies, and photographs, emphasizing in aspects like design, integration with the urban fabric and infrastructures, activities, and green spaces. Finally, crossing approaches, criteria and strategies grouped in three periods of time, it will be exposed the contributions and limitations that public space projects have had in the regeneration of downtown Medellín. Resumen: En este trabajo de fin de máster se desarrolla una reflexión con mirada crítica al proyecto de espacio público como mecanismo de regeneración urbana, situando el ámbito de estudio en el centro de Medellín, entre 1995 y 2019. El centro de Medellín es un territorio caracterizado por su valor de centralidad histórica, geográfica, económica, simbólica y funcional. Este ha afrontado procesos constantes de destrucción y reconstrucción bajo lógicas diversas, llevando a su paulatino deterioro físico, funcional y a la pérdida de valor como centralidad. Frente a esto se han planteado objetivos de regeneración urbana desde los años 60 del siglo XX. Pero es en los años 90 que se emprende una serie de intervenciones encaminadas a este propósito. Esta investigación avanza en identificar los aportes y limitaciones de los proyectos de espacio público ejecutados, en el marco de planes y políticas de regeneración urbana en los últimos 25 años. En primera instancia se presenta un marco teórico de referencia de los conceptos principales a abordar. Estos son el espacio público y el proyecto, las cuestiones sobre regeneración urbana con acento en los aspectos físico-espaciales y la noción de centralidad. Sigue un recorrido general por la historia del crecimiento, consolidación y declive del centro, para dar paso al análisis de los planes de regeneración y los proyectos de espacio público, sobre los que se presenta un amplio estudio descriptivo y crítico incluido. Los proyectos se sitúan en sus contextos espaciales y temporales, y se analizan por medio de textos, cartografías y fotografías, haciendo énfasis en cuestiones de diseño, integración con el tejido y las infraestructuras, los usos y el verde. Finalmente, cruzando enfoques, criterios y estrategias agrupadas en tres periodos, se expondrán los aportes y limitaciones que los proyectos de espacio público han tenido en la regeneración del centro de Medellín.

Informe general de la economía departamental de Caquetá para el segundo trimestre del año 2002. A lo largo del documento se mencionan variaciones en los índices de desempleo, exportaciones e importaciones, actividades financieras, construcción de infraestructura y sacrificio de ganado con respecto al periodo anterior.

Abstract: Subcontracting and outsourcing have rapidly expanded in recent years. This contracting model is no longer restricted to marginal activities; as a matter of fact, in certain sectors it accounts for 100 percent of companies’ production. Furthermore, regarding employment and labor, subcontracting is classified as one of the forms of atypical employment. Such forms of employment have negative effects on the exercise of employment-related rights by workers linked to subcontractor companies. This boom, along with its negative impact, entails rethinking labor laws. This new analysis aims to identify the fundamental rights affected by this contracting form, as well as to explore the role that labor laws can play in fostering equality between directly-hired workers and those hired by subcontractors. Thus, the hiring by subcontractors did not allow the workers to fully enjoy their fundamental rights as defined by the ILO. As regards the trade union rights, the imbalance between the rights of subcontracting workers and those directly hired has three aspects: First, in some cases, the limits imposed by law on the rights of association, negotiation and strike prevent in subcontracting relations, the formation of organizations likely to become interlocutors with their direct employers and, even less, with contracting firms. Secondly, the impossibility of exercising collective rights results from material circumstances that do not permit enough workers to form a union and establish a dialogue with the employer. Material situations are diverse. They concern both the physical location of work, the lack of interest of employers and the pressure to discourage the exercise of trade union rights. Thirdly, the trade unions do not have, among their duties or missions, the defence of working conditions of workers «external», who are not part of the company’s workforce; The same applies to the competence of other forms of staff representation, with exceptions. In any event, the field of trade union action and collective bargaining does not address the issue of working conditions for subcontractors. The factual and legal separation of subcontractors from subcontractors, and the breakdown of the world of subcontracting into multiple small enterprises, prevent the regrouping of workers and, concretely, the creation of trade union organizations. For the same reasons, other rights, such as collective bargaining and strike rights, are neither respected nor exercised.