Grupo de mujeres en Parque Arqueológico de Facatativá. Este conjunto Arqueológico, llamado también Piedras del Tunjo, Piedras de Tunja y Cercado de los Zipas, fue constituido en la década del treinta del siglo XX. Se trata de un terreno de cerca de 27 hectáreas donde se encuentran grandes piedras, abrigos rocosos y pintura rupestre, con una antigüedad de cerca de 12.000 años. Está localizado en el municipio de Facatativá, a 40 km de Bogotá, a una altura de 2.600 metros s. n. m. Durante mucho tiempo tuvo un uso recreativo y fue costumbre muy común ir allí a realizar asados. Esto afectó gravemente las pinturas, de modo que muchas de ellas se encuentran deterioradas por los efectos del hollín y de los grafitis que los visitantes realizaban en las rocas. A partir del 2006 el Ministerio de Cultura, que adquirió el parque en 1945, delegó al Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e historia (ICANH) la supervisión del comodato del parque, que está a cargo de la Corporación Autónoma Regional (CAR), desde 1988. Se han adelantado varios procesos de restauración y rescate de este importante patrimonio arqueológico.

Abstract: Interventions of the built environment at the neighborhood level allow for evaluating the effects of these changes on sociodemographic variables of the residents. In 2011, the local mayor's office of Medellín-Colombia began the construction of outdoor escalators in Las Independencias neighborhood to improve transportation times for its residents. This study assesses the effect of urban renewal on the violence and average income of Las Independencias. Mixed methods are used, employing a quasi-experimental design in which the synthetic control method is utilized to estimate the causal effect and a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews is applied to identify mechanisms of change. To assess the impact on the homicides per km2, 14 neighborhoods are used in the donor pool and 10 neighborhoods for the average household income. Regarding the qualitative methods, 10 semi-structured interviews were analyzed with an average of 24 minutes. It was not possible to draw causal effect conclusions of the effect of the change in built environment over homicides due to a poor fit of the pre-intervention trends. However, one year before the intervention, Las Independencias had a homicide rate of .118 per km2 (way above synthetic Las Independencias 0.0981) and one year after the intervention this rate was (.0157373) below the synthetic control (0.049). The residents of the neighborhood perceive that crime has decreased in recent years and attribute the change to the investment in the escalators, which has generated a chain of events that over time had a positive impact on security. The mechanisms through which the escalators produced this impact are identified in the interviews: the strengthening of social efficacy, greater police and State presence, greater job opportunities, reduction of relative depravity and the interest of the Combos in maintaining security. Regarding the average household income, the quantitative results estimate that in the period immediately after the construction of the stairs, the income of Las Independencias decreased more than that of the synthetic control, indicating a negative effect. From 2013 to 2016 there is evidence of a positive trend, but it is still below the synthetic control and only in 2017 is there a positive effect compared to the synthetic Las Independencias. In 2019, a significant drop in income is observed compared to the synthetic control. The qualitative results indicate that the impact of the escalators was consolidated until 2016 with a greater influx of tourists. Residents believe that economic opportunities have improved, the quality of life has increased, and the neighborhood has become an ""economic paradise."" The dependence on tourism meant that in 2019 COVID strongly affected the finances of the neighborhood, which is reflected in the quantitative results. The results of this study show that in the context of low and middle-income countries, low-cost structural interventions can be conducted that impact people's quality of life, their possibilities to generate income, and their security.

Abstract: Interventions of the built environment at the neighborhood level allow for evaluating the effects of these changes on sociodemographic variables of the residents. In 2011, the local mayor's office of Medellín-Colombia began the construction of outdoor escalators in Las Independencias neighborhood to improve transportation times for its residents. This study assesses the effect of urban renewal on the violence and average income of Las Independencias. Mixed methods are used, employing a quasi-experimental design in which the synthetic control method is utilized to estimate the causal effect and a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews is applied to identify mechanisms of change. To assess the impact on the homicides per km2, 14 neighborhoods are used in the donor pool and 10 neighborhoods for the average household income. Regarding the qualitative methods, 10 semi-structured interviews were analyzed with an average of 24 minutes. It was not possible to draw causal effect conclusions of the effect of the change in built environment over homicides due to a poor fit of the pre-intervention trends. However, one year before the intervention, Las Independencias had a homicide rate of .118 per km2 (way above synthetic Las Independencias 0.0981) and one year after the intervention this rate was (.0157373) below the synthetic control (0.049). The residents of the neighborhood perceive that crime has decreased in recent years and attribute the change to the investment in the escalators, which has generated a chain of events that over time had a positive impact on security. The mechanisms through which the escalators produced this impact are identified in the interviews: the strengthening of social efficacy, greater police and State presence, greater job opportunities, reduction of relative depravity and the interest of the Combos in maintaining security. Regarding the average household income, the quantitative results estimate that in the period immediately after the construction of the stairs, the income of Las Independencias decreased more than that of the synthetic control, indicating a negative effect. From 2013 to 2016 there is evidence of a positive trend, but it is still below the synthetic control and only in 2017 is there a positive effect compared to the synthetic Las Independencias. In 2019, a significant drop in income is observed compared to the synthetic control. The qualitative results indicate that the impact of the escalators was consolidated until 2016 with a greater influx of tourists. Residents believe that economic opportunities have improved, the quality of life has increased, and the neighborhood has become an ""economic paradise."" The dependence on tourism meant that in 2019 COVID strongly affected the finances of the neighborhood, which is reflected in the quantitative results. The results of this study show that in the context of low and middle-income countries, low-cost structural interventions can be conducted that impact people's quality of life, their possibilities to generate income, and their security.

Obras de construcción del Embalse de la Regadera. Se aprecia el rebosadero o aliviadero, estructura que permite la evacuación de exceso de agua. El Acueducto Nuevo fue el nombre que se dio a las obras realizadas entre 1933 y 1938, para mejorar el abastecimiento de agua potable en Bogotá. Dentro de este proyecto, se adelantó la conducción del Río Tunjuelo, mediante una presa. Así, entre 1934 y 1938, se construyó el embalse de la "La Regadera", en la confluencia de los ríos Curubita y Chisacá, en la cuenca alta del río Tunjuelo. Se trata de una “presa de tierra de 31 m de altura […] la cual forma un embalse de 4 millones de m³, con un rebosadero del tipo Morning Glory” (EAAB, 2015). El agua de este embalse se conducía, mediante un sistema de tuberías, hacia la planta de tratamiento Vitelma, en San Cristóbal. Distintos momentos del desarrollo de las obras del Nuevo Acueducto fueron registrados por la casa cinematográfica Acevedo e hijos, en la cinta “Construcción del Nuevo Acueducto de Bogotá”, rodaje financiado por el Ministerio de Obras Públicas. Esta cinta fue restaurada y se conserva en la Fundación Patrimonio Fílmico Colombiano.

Monumento al político y escritor colombiano Salvador Camacho Roldán (1827-1900), obra de Paolo Triscornia, emplazado en el Parque de la Independencia, el 8 de agosto de 1919. El parque “Centenario de la Independencia” fue inaugurado el 23 de julio de 1910, en conmemoración del primer centenario de la independencia de Colombia. Está ubicado en la Calle 26, entre carreras 5 (quinta) y 7 (séptima). Su diseño contempló la construcción de varios pabellones y quioscos, como el de las Máquinas; el Egipcio; el de Bellas Artes; el de la Industria; el de La Luz; y el de la música, la mayoría de ellos demolidos en la década del cuarenta del siglo XX.

Corrida de toros en la Plaza La Santamaría. El negativo tiene la inscripción "capacidad quince mil personas". La Plaza de Toros la Santamaría fue la primera plaza en cemento de la ciudad. Se construyó entre 1928 y 1931, en terrenos donados por Ignacio Sanz de Santamaría, en el sector de San Diego. La obra estuvo a cargo de Adonai Martínez y Eduardo Lazcano. Posteriormente, en 1941, el Arquitecto español Santiago de la Mora desarrolló la fachada de estilo mudéjar que, actualmente (2017), conserva la Plaza.

Abstract: Interventions of the built environment at the neighborhood level allow for evaluating the effects of these changes on sociodemographic variables of the residents. In 2011, the local mayor's office of Medellín-Colombia began the construction of outdoor escalators in Las Independencias neighborhood to improve transportation times for its residents. This study assesses the effect of urban renewal on the violence and average income of Las Independencias. Mixed methods are used, employing a quasi-experimental design in which the synthetic control method is utilized to estimate the causal effect and a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews is applied to identify mechanisms of change. To assess the impact on the homicides per km2, 14 neighborhoods are used in the donor pool and 10 neighborhoods for the average household income. Regarding the qualitative methods, 10 semi-structured interviews were analyzed with an average of 24 minutes. It was not possible to draw causal effect conclusions of the effect of the change in built environment over homicides due to a poor fit of the pre-intervention trends. However, one year before the intervention, Las Independencias had a homicide rate of .118 per km2 (way above synthetic Las Independencias 0.0981) and one year after the intervention this rate was (.0157373) below the synthetic control (0.049). The residents of the neighborhood perceive that crime has decreased in recent years and attribute the change to the investment in the escalators, which has generated a chain of events that over time had a positive impact on security. The mechanisms through which the escalators produced this impact are identified in the interviews: the strengthening of social efficacy, greater police and State presence, greater job opportunities, reduction of relative depravity and the interest of the Combos in maintaining security. Regarding the average household income, the quantitative results estimate that in the period immediately after the construction of the stairs, the income of Las Independencias decreased more than that of the synthetic control, indicating a negative effect. From 2013 to 2016 there is evidence of a positive trend, but it is still below the synthetic control and only in 2017 is there a positive effect compared to the synthetic Las Independencias. In 2019, a significant drop in income is observed compared to the synthetic control. The qualitative results indicate that the impact of the escalators was consolidated until 2016 with a greater influx of tourists. Residents believe that economic opportunities have improved, the quality of life has increased, and the neighborhood has become an ""economic paradise."" The dependence on tourism meant that in 2019 COVID strongly affected the finances of the neighborhood, which is reflected in the quantitative results. The results of this study show that in the context of low and middle-income countries, low-cost structural interventions can be conducted that impact people's quality of life, their possibilities to generate income, and their security.

Vista de la Plaza de Bolívar. Se aprecian las edificaciones que ocupaban el costado norte de la plaza. En el centro de la plaza se observa el Monumento a Simón Bolívar. Estatua pedestre en bronce, obra del escultor italiano Pietro Tenerani, de mediados del siglo XIX. Alrededor de este monumento, se encuentran las cuatro fuentes luminarias que se instalaron hacia 1927. La Plaza de Bolívar, ubicada en el centro histórico de Bogotá, entre las carreras 7a y 8a y entre las calles 10 y 11, se constituyó como la plaza principal de la ciudad y una de las más importantes del país. Está rodeada por algunos de los edificios más importantes y emblemáticos de la ciudad: el Capitolio Nacional, la Catedral Primada de Colombia, el Palacio Liévano y, desde la década del setenta, por el Palacio de Justicia. En 1960, iniciaron los trabajos de reforma de la plaza, a partir del diseño de Fernando Martínez Sanabria y Guillermo Avendaño. Dentro de este proceso, se retiraron las fuentes y los espacios aledaños de estacionamiento. Además, se solucionó el problema de declive que presentaba la plaza. De modo que, desde entonces, tomó la apariencia actual (2017). Fue declarada Bien de Interés Cultural, mediante el decreto 1802 del 19 de octubre de 1995.

Vista panorámica de la ciudad.

Abstract: Interventions of the built environment at the neighborhood level allow for evaluating the effects of these changes on sociodemographic variables of the residents. In 2011, the local mayor's office of Medellín-Colombia began the construction of outdoor escalators in Las Independencias neighborhood to improve transportation times for its residents. This study assesses the effect of urban renewal on the violence and average income of Las Independencias. Mixed methods are used, employing a quasi-experimental design in which the synthetic control method is utilized to estimate the causal effect and a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews is applied to identify mechanisms of change. To assess the impact on the homicides per km2, 14 neighborhoods are used in the donor pool and 10 neighborhoods for the average household income. Regarding the qualitative methods, 10 semi-structured interviews were analyzed with an average of 24 minutes. It was not possible to draw causal effect conclusions of the effect of the change in built environment over homicides due to a poor fit of the pre-intervention trends. However, one year before the intervention, Las Independencias had a homicide rate of .118 per km2 (way above synthetic Las Independencias 0.0981) and one year after the intervention this rate was (.0157373) below the synthetic control (0.049). The residents of the neighborhood perceive that crime has decreased in recent years and attribute the change to the investment in the escalators, which has generated a chain of events that over time had a positive impact on security. The mechanisms through which the escalators produced this impact are identified in the interviews: the strengthening of social efficacy, greater police and State presence, greater job opportunities, reduction of relative depravity and the interest of the Combos in maintaining security. Regarding the average household income, the quantitative results estimate that in the period immediately after the construction of the stairs, the income of Las Independencias decreased more than that of the synthetic control, indicating a negative effect. From 2013 to 2016 there is evidence of a positive trend, but it is still below the synthetic control and only in 2017 is there a positive effect compared to the synthetic Las Independencias. In 2019, a significant drop in income is observed compared to the synthetic control. The qualitative results indicate that the impact of the escalators was consolidated until 2016 with a greater influx of tourists. Residents believe that economic opportunities have improved, the quality of life has increased, and the neighborhood has become an ""economic paradise."" The dependence on tourism meant that in 2019 COVID strongly affected the finances of the neighborhood, which is reflected in the quantitative results. The results of this study show that in the context of low and middle-income countries, low-cost structural interventions can be conducted that impact people's quality of life, their possibilities to generate income, and their security.