Due to the continue trend of technology for circuit scaling; optimal sizes for transistors and cables are needed, this scaling comes along with power increase and undesired cross talk effects between the wires which might affect the signal itself. A trade-off curve between power, area and delay is required so that a tuned solution for a specific problem might be found.  Here, an approach based on the dominant time constant optimization technique for modelling of the delay is investigated for an initial square topology with uniform wire and repeater sizing based on convex optimization and Linear Matrix Inequalities. Results with optimal buffer insertion across the bus are also investigated. 

This thesis proposes a novel window aggregate sharing approach for out-of-order stream processing. We combined together the best of two worlds: the Google dataflow model for out-of-order stream processing and the Cutty aggregate sharing strategy. To our knowledge, our solution is the only aggregate sharing strategy for out-of-order stream processing that supports sliding, tumbling and session windows. Based on the experiments with the real world dataset DEBS12 [28] and a 3% out-of-order level, our solution has 1.24 higher throughput than the current implementation in Flink. Moreover, we show that the throughput of our solution becomes higher, as the out-of-order level increases.

The following report describes the work done during my internship in AlbaTERN Ltd, a company focused in the design and construction of wave energy devices that capture energy from ocean waves and convert it into sustainable low- carbon electricity. A background of existing research in the area of Wave Energy conversion and its potential around the world is given in the first chapters. The main objective of my thesis has been support the design and construction of a unique wave energy conversion system constructed from multiple SQUID modules in a hexagonal array configuration. The project has been focused to look specifically at improving the hydraulic energy conversion efficiency, the feasibility of auto-setting operational variables according to the sea conditions, and the overall adaptability of the design to suit the specifications of the site and power requirements. Simulations using SimHydraulics have been developed to assess the design an optimal Hydraulic energy conversion system. With the output of the several simulations and hydraulic laboratory tests have been possible the sizing of its different components, and the design of special manifold blocks with self-setting hydraulic control, reducing the quantity and complexity the electronic devices for the general control. The key challenge facing the Wave Energy conversion Industry is lowering the cost of energy generation, where is required research and Development in order to design a device with high efficiency, high availability and low cost for the mass production. So achieving a viable wave energy future depends as much upon developing a technology that can be rapidly and economically scaled to high volume production. This project provides a solid foundation for scaling WaveNET arrays in excess of 10 MW.

Abstract: Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is the predominant forage crop in the equatorial highland zones of Colombia due to its high nutritional value and versatility to produce both milk and meat. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the relative depletion of usable soil water and the Ks values of canopy expansion and closure stomatal of perennial ryegrass, as well as to identify the threshold values of water stress. The experiment was carried out in pots under a controlled environment condition. These pots were arranged in a completely randomized manner. The experiment consisted of five treatments—including control treatment—of water deficits in the soil that progressively increased the depletion level as the crop cycle developed. This generated a wide range of conditions in the growth stages. For each treatment, four repetitions were performed Biomass production was significantly affected by water stress. The results show that the upper and lower thresholds of Ks were 0.28 and 1.3 of the depletion level (p) of the total available water (TAW) in the soil for the expansion of the canopy (CE), and 0.25 and 1.1 p of the TAW for stomatal closure (gs). Quadratic functions were fitted for both the CE (R2 = 0.72) and CS (R2 = 0.73); moreover, the Ks function of FAO-AquaCrop with positive shape factor (sf) was as follows: sf = 11, RMSE 0.22 for CE, and sf = 4.3, RMSE 0.19 for gs. Our results indicate that ryegrass is moderately sensitive to water stress. The differences found between the Ks function of FAO and the experimental data call for the need to use modeling with parameters adapted for each case. Resumen: El raigrás perenne (Lolium perenne) es el cultivo forrajero predominante en las zonas altas ecuatoriales de Colombia debido a su alto valor nutricional y versatilidad para producir tanto leche como carne. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre el agotamiento relativo del agua utilizable del suelo y los valores de Ks de la expansión del dosel y el cierre estomático del raigrás perenne, así como identificar los valores de los umbrales de estrés hídrico. El experimento se llevó a cabo en macetas en condiciones de ambiente controlado. Estas macetas se dispusieron de forma completamente aleatoria. El experimento consistió en cinco tratamientos, incluido el tratamiento de control, de déficit de agua en el suelo que aumentaron progresivamente el nivel de agotamiento a medida que se desarrollaba el ciclo del cultivo. Esto generó una amplia gama de condiciones en las etapas de crecimiento. Para cada tratamiento se realizaron cuatro repeticiones. La producción de biomasa se vio significativamente afectada por el estrés hídrico. Los resultados muestran que los umbrales superior e inferior de Ks fueron 0.28 y 1.3 del nivel de agotamiento (p) del agua total disponible (AAT) en el suelo para la expansión del dosel (ED), y 0.25 y 1.1 p del AAT para cierre de estomas (gs). Se ajustaron funciones cuadráticas tanto para ED (R2 = 0,72) como para cierre de estomas gs (R2 = 0,73); además, la función Ks de FAO-AquaCrop con factor de forma positivo (Ff) fue la siguiente: Ff = 11, RMSE 0,22 para ED y Ff = 4,3, RMSE 0,19 para gs. Nuestros resultados indican que el raigrás es moderadamente sensible al estrés hídrico. Las diferencias encontradas entre la función Ks de FAO y los datos experimentales hacen necesaria la utilización de modelos con parámetros adaptados a cada caso.

Discrete function integration is achieved at the package level with a variety of packaging solutions, mainly package on package. In this paper we review mainstream package on package technology offerings and compare them against improved versions of these packages where advances in materials properties and processing techniques are leveraged to meet increasingly tighter overall package thickness requirements while maintaining or improving the reliability, yield and cost effectiveness metrics set by the existing technologies. Different avenues to achieve very thin POP and system-in-a-package constructions are explored in detail, showing the implications in terms of material properties, new or improved processing steps and design trade-offs. Similarly, we show examples where these new techniques have been used successfully to achieve the stricter thickness targets and to prove that these technologies are ready to be applied and leveraged immediately for functionality integration without requiring extended development times or completely new processing methodologies.

Se hace una revisión de los servicios que presta el Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, ICA, al sector agropecuario, en relación con la protección vegetal, la sanidad animal y el control de la calidad de insumos agropecuarios y semillas. Se indica el marco institucional de la entidad, su organización y funciones y los servicios que presta. Se señala el papel que desempeñan las áreas administrativa y financiera y las oficinas asesoreas de la Gerencia General. Igualmente se destaca el cubrimiento nacional de los servicios, las sedes regionales y centros de diagnóstico

Uso y control de calidad de desinfectantes en esquemas de bioseguridad, para la prevención y contención de la marchitez por Fusarium Raza 4 Tropical resume el trabajo desarrollado por el ICA, AGROSAVIA y los gremios desde la llegada del marchitamiento por Foc R4T a plantaciones de banano en Colombia, con relación al uso correcto de desinfectantes, tanto en los esquemas de bioseguridad de las fincas afectadas y libres de la enfermedad, como en los puestos de control y lavado instalados por la Organización Nacional de Protección Fitosanitaria y los gremios. Se describen los principios de la dispersión del patógeno y las estrategias para mitigarlos; asimismo, se presenta un análisis de la evaluación microbiológica del funcionamiento de los esquemas de bioseguridad en el país. Además, se recoge de forma didáctica la información acerca de los métodos de evaluación de desinfectantes comerciales y los resultados validados para diferentes productos comerciales en Colombia. Los datos que contiene el manual se pueden usar en países de América Latina y El Caribe para el establecimiento de sus estrategias de bioseguridad, así como de los centros de investigación para las metodologías de evaluación de desinfectantes. Este documento se adapta a un público objetivo amplio: productores, asistentes técnicos, profesionales del agro y tomadores de decisiones, los cuales están involucrados con el sector bananero o platanicultor y orientados a la implementación de estrategias de bioseguridad en estos sistemas productivos.

Climate change, environmental legislation and binding targets for renewable energy, alongside an increased focus on the economic benefits of energy and fuel conservation, are driving the adoption of new technologies as sources of energy. With these dynamics, it is evident that waste heat recovery technologies can play a key role in reducing in reducing indirectly the CO2 footprint of existing fossil power generation and achievement of renewable energy targets. Since the recovered heat is effectively ‘free of charge’, there is a direct positive impact on the energy costs to the end user. This project aims to implement a Organic Rankine Cycle system in a Petrochemical plant, in this case a Low density Polyethylene Plant because is generated hug quantities of heat waste in the polymerization reaction during 8000 hours/year. Also is evaluated the Technical and economical advantages in order to check the feasibility of the implementation of Organic Rankine Cycle System in a Petrochemical Plant. The impact of this Project could give a good guide of the feasibility of the implement ORC system in Industrial process, because the most projects launched with this Technology have been usually used in Geothermal Applications.

Colombia is a privileged country with the amount of water it has, but due to the inadequate conjunction between hydric wealth and land use, we have lived in continuous tragedy, spending huge resources on ongoing reconstructions and helping the floods and landslides victims. However, floods are natural events, in many cases exacerbated by men’s actions over the territory; events to which no country is exempted, but with consequences that vary according to the characteristics of the duo people-territory and its relationships with the water bodies. This document, offers a review of the characteristics and criteria that define a river in good ecological status, and the anthropic pressures, with its impacts and effects over the water courses, deepening into the hydraulic risk, water quality and the disturbance of the natural environments. Continue presenting the “River Restoration” as a new form of river management, reasoning about the Colombian hydric problems, making emphasis on the pollution problems and disasters related to water; and suggesting solutions from the River Restoration perspective for some specific urban cases and linking this new fluvial hydraulic with the “National Police for Integral Management of the Hydric Resource”.

Abstract: This thesis proposes an update to the NS-047 technical standard of the aqueduct and sewerage company of Bogota for storm drain design, introducing the comprehensive and modern UPC methodology. The research addresses the limitations of the current standard, emphasizing the importance of critical parameters such as flow depth and velocities for pedestrian and vehicle safety during storms. By considering a wide range of hydrologic and hydraulic factors, the UPC method provides a realistic representation of stormwater behavior and enables better system understanding and optimization. The adoption of UPC is expected to enhance stormwater management, promoting safety and sustainability in urban flood control. The application of the UPC methodology to a real-life case study, the CASU road project in Bogotá, demonstrates its effectiveness in optimizing storm drain design. The analysis identified areas for improvement, resulting in a revised approach with strategically located storm drains that effectively controlled runoff while reducing the number of structures. This optimization not only saves costs but also minimizes risks for road users. The comparison between EAAB and UPC methodologies highlights the superiority of the UPC method in terms of its comprehensive approach, graphical outputs, and ability to incorporate multiple roadways. To further improve storm drains designs, experimentation is recommended to determine capture coefficients for different structures, especially in low points critical for drainage efficiency and flood prevention. Obtaining accurate capture coefficients through real-world experiments will enhance the overall stormwater management performance and inform design decisions. By complementing the EAAB standard with the UPC methodology and conducting experimentation for capture coefficients, this research aims to provide a clearer, practical, and more effective storm drain design approach for infrastructure projects in Bogotá and other areas in Colombia.