Este texto muestra cómo el riesgo se ha convertido en un tema popular en las últimas décadas y cómo este proceso afecta el campo de la promoción de la salud, incluidas las cuestiones relacionadas con el estilo de vida, genética y contextos socioculturales. Además de discutir los aspectos técnicos, metodológicos y teóricos, llama la atención sobre publicidad asociada con la percepción de las amenazas constantes y la aversión obsesiva a todos los riesgos. Aunque -por supuesto- no hacen apología de la exposición desmedida a las amenazas reconocidas para la salud y la vida, adopta una actitud crítica hacia el generador de comportamiento "riesgofóbico" ansiedad e inseguridad.

Especialización

Mowinga es un proyecto de impacto social que busca desarrollar una compañía dedicada a la producción y comercialización de productos 100% orgánicos a base de una planta llamada Moringa cuyas hojas y rama contienen múltiples nutrientes y propiedades alimenticias que le permiten a sus consumidores tener una alimentación balanceada. Este proyecto busca ser implementado en la región Caribe en donde se ve la problemática con la nutrición de los niños de bajo recursos y Mowinga puede significar la solución de raíz a ese impacto social que buscará darle solución a la poca y mala alimentación de dichos niños. También se busca llegar a las nuevas tendencias a nivel mundial sobre la "onda fit" en donde nuestros potenciales clientes buscarán con nuestros productos mejorar su estilo de vida y lograr ser saludables. Nuestro producto será Polvo de Hojas de Moringa Orgánico 100% puro, ideal para ser consumido en ensaladas, infusiones, sopas o con diferentes tipos de bebidas, para todo el público que busca beneficios. generales de salud y bienestar y será comercializado en las siguientes presentaciones: Caja moringa en polvo x 20 sachets x 200 gr Tarro de 90 cápsulas de moringa x 50 gr Sobre sellado moringa en polvo 200 gr

Insulin hormone is produced by pancreatic beta-cells and its biosynthesis, secretion, and intracellular degradation is tightly regulated. Newly formed SGs are preferentially released upon glucose stimulation while aged SGs are less competitive to be released and are more prompt to degradation mainly within lysosomes. The most assumed mechanism leading aged SGs to lysosome is autophagy, a degradation system for altered proteins and damaged organelles. The autophagic marker LC3 has facilitated the detection of autophagy through LC3-based biochemical and microscopic assays, as well as the possibility to experimentally manipulate the autophagy pathway. Here, we intended to establish a model for the further study of mechanism that target aged Ins-SNAPTMR-Star+ SGs to GFP-LC3+ autophagosomes in INS-1 cells by using three different approaches. Our results show that in INS-1 cells, modulation of autophagy with chemical agents can be detected by western blot. Likewise, TIRF Microscopy allowed for the detection of positive GFP-LC3+ aged Ins-SNAPTMR-Star+ objects in the cortical region of INS-1 cells. Additionally, we implemented SIM microscopy to gain more detail in the morphological aspect of autophagosomes vesicles. Despite some hints about the autophagosomal structures were uncovered through these approaches, further experiments should be performed to complement and confirm our findings. Thus, establishment of a suitable model for the study of autophagy, will allow us to further study the mechanisms behind the targeting process of aged SGs and to better understand how impairment of autophagy contributes to deterioration of pancreatic beta-cell function and subsequent onset of type 2 diabetes.

Waterborne diseases are transmitted by the faecal-oral route when water contaminated with faeces is ingested. Cryptosporidiosis is one of these diseases and is caused by one of the most widespread enteric parasites in the world; Cryptosporidium. To reduce the waterborne diseases, domestic wastewater needs to be treated sufficiently to reduce its pathogenic content. One of the recently introduced technologies for wastewater treatment is Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS). AGS has proven to produce effluents with high chemical quality standards. However, little is known regarding the pathogen removal efficiencies or their removal mechanisms. In addition, there is a worldwide need to treat domestic wastewater appropriately to reduce pathogens causing waterborne diseases. The removal efficiencies and fate of some pathogens, such as Cryptosporidium, have not been studied in detail within wastewater treatment processes. Indicator microorganisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), have been used to understand the removal mechanisms and fate of pathogens in wastewater. However, it was found there is a miscorrelation between indicators and pathogens, and therefore there is a need for studies with pathogens themselves. Due to these reasons, this research aimed to develop a fluorescent staining method for E. coli and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocysts to allow their detection in AGS batch reactors, and evaluate the fate of fluorescently stained E. coli and C. parvum in these reactors. Pre-staining of E. coli and C. parvum was carried out using two fluorescent stains: dsGreen and SYBR. Experiments were carried out to test different pre-staining conditions. The stains were serial diluted, TWEEN was used to determine if it improved the staining, and the prestained microorganisms were incubated at 4 ºC, room temperature and 37 ºC. Two different batch reactors, 250 mL and 2 mL, were set up with AGS and were spiked with pre-stained microorganisms. Both reactors were run for 120 mins and sludge samples were collected and analysed using fluorescent microscopy. The filtered supernatant samples from the 250 mL were also analysed using the fluorescent microscope and the fluorescent cell count method. The best staining conditions for E. coli and C. parvum oocysts with dsGreen proved to be: 1,000x dilution of dye, incubation of stained microorganisms at room temperature for 15 mins and no need of TWEEN. SYBR photobleached rapidly and was therefore not an appropriate stain for this research. With the experiments in batch reactors, the fluorescent cell count method proved to be a generic and faster quantitative alternative to estimate E. coli concentrations in filtered supernatant samples than the E. coli agar plate method. In addition, it was qualitatively confirmed that fluorescently stained E. coli was removed by the predation of different species of protozoa. However, no conclusive results regarding protozoan predation of C. parvum oocysts were observed. Resumen: Las enfermedades transmitidas por el agua se transmiten por la ruta fecal-oral cuando se ingiere agua contaminada con heces. La criptosporidiosis es una de estas enfermedades y es causada por uno de los parásitos entéricos más extendidos del mundo; Cryptosporidium. Para reducir las enfermedades transmitidas por el agua, las aguas residuales domésticas deben tratarse lo suficiente como para reducir su contenido patógeno. Una de las tecnologías recientemente introducidas para el tratamiento de aguas residuales es el lodo granular aeróbico (AGS por sus siglas en inglés). AGS ha demostrado producir efluentes con altos estándares de calidad química. Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre las eficiencias de eliminación de patógenos o sus mecanismos de eliminación. Además, existe una necesidad mundial de tratar las aguas residuales domésticas de manera adecuada para reducir los patógenos que causan enfermedades transmitidas por el agua. Las eficiencias de eliminación y el destino de algunos patógenos, como el Cryptosporidium, no se han estudiado en detalle en los procesos de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Se han utilizado microorganismos indicadores como Escherichia coli (E. coli) para comprender los mecanismos de eliminación y el destino de los patógenos en las aguas residuales. Sin embargo, se descubrió que existe una mala correlación entre los indicadores y los agentes patógenos y, por lo tanto, es necesario realizar estudios con los mismos agentes patógenos. Debido a estas razones, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un método de tinción fluorescente para E. coli y ooquistes de Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) para permitir su detección en reactores discontinuos de AGS, y evaluar el destino de E. coli y C. parvum teñidos con fluorescencia en estos reactores. La tinción previa de E. coli y C. parvum se llevó a cabo utilizando dos tinciones fluorescentes: dsGreen y SYBR. Se llevaron a cabo experimentos para probar diferentes condiciones de pre-tinción. Las tintas se diluyeron en serie, se utilizó TWEEN para determinar si mejoraba la tinción, y los microorganismos pre-teñidos se incubaron a 4 ºC, temperatura ambiente y 37 ºC. Se prepararon dos reactores discontinuos diferentes, 250 ml y 2 ml, con AGS y se añadieron microorganismos previamente teñidos. Ambos reactores funcionaron durante 120 minutos y las muestras de lodo se recogieron y analizaron usando microscopía fluorescente. Las muestras de sobrenadante filtradas de 250 ml también se analizaron utilizando el microscopio fluorescente y el método de recuento de células fluorescentes. Las mejores condiciones de tinción para la E. coli y los ooquistes de C. parvum con dsGreen demostraron ser: dilución de colorante a 1,000x, incubación de microorganismos teñidos a temperatura ambiente durante 15 minutos y sin necesidad de TWEEN. SYBR se blanqueó rápidamente y, por lo tanto, no fue una tinta adecuada para esta investigación. Con los experimentos en reactores discontinuos, el método de recuento de células fluorescentes demostró ser una alternativa cuantitativa genérica y más rápida para estimar las concentraciones de E. coli en muestras de sobrenadante filtradas que el método de la placa de agar de E. coli. Además, se confirmó cualitativamente que E. coli teñida con fluorescencia se removió por la predación de diferentes especies de protozoos. Sin embargo, no se observaron resultados concluyentes con respecto a la predación de protozoos de los ooquistes de C. parvum.

In 2007, Mexico City legalized abortion in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. By doing so, it became the first and only state in Mexico where abortion on demand is legal. In this paper, I use this natural experiment to estimate the effects of abortion legalization on child and maternal health. I perform Difference-In-Differences estimates using information from all births and deaths occurred between 2002 and 2012. My findings suggest that the change in the abortion legislation in Mexico City reduced the Infant Mortality Rate and the Under 5 Mortality Rate by approximately 2.3 and 2.4 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively. Moreover, for the Maternal Mortality Rate I find that the estimations range from -5.49 to -6 deaths per 100,000 live births. These results are validated by the use of a more accurate control group generated by the Synthetic Control Method. To the best of my knowledge, this if the first paper that attempts to examine the effects of abortion legalization in Mexico City on child health. En el 2007, Ciudad de México legalizó el aborto en las 12 primeras semanas de gestación. Al hacerlo, se convirtió en el primero y único estado del país en donde el aborto voluntario es legal. En este artículo utilizo este experimento natural para estimar los efectos de la legalización del aborto en la salud materno infantil. Realizo estimaciones de Diferencias en Diferencias utilizando información de todos los nacimientos y muertes ocurridos entre 2002 y 2012. Mis hallazgos sugieren que el cambio en la legislación relativa el aborto en la Ciudad de México redujo la tasa de mortalidad Infantil y la tasa de mortalidad en menores de 5 años en aproximadamente 2.3 y 2.4 muertes por cada 1.000 nacidos vivos, respectivamente. Además, para la tasa de mortalidad materna, encuentro que las estimaciones oscilan entre -5,49 y -6 muertes por 100.000 nacidos vivos. Estos resultados se validan mediante el uso de un grupo de control más preciso, utilizando la metodología de control sintético. Según mi conocimiento, este es el primer artículo que intenta examinar los efectos de la legalización del aborto en la Ciudad de México sobre la salud infantil.

Street Salad, modelo de negocio relacionado con la producción y comercialización de ensaladas listas para consumir; preparadas con productos alimenticios saludables, con alta carga nutricional, especializados en ofrecer un servicio de óptimos estándares de higiene y manipulación. El principal objetivo del proyecto es ayudar al bienestar de los habitantes de la Capital de Colombia, mediante la oferta de alimentos sanos que puedan complementar con sus almuerzos, cualquier comida o momento del día. Este plan de negocio se crea a partir de las necesidades que en la actualidad los bogotanos tienen acerca de mantener una dieta balanceada, es por ello que Street Salad brinda a sus clientes la posibilidad de alimentarse con una gran variedad de vegetales, frutas, proteínas, semillas, que pueden combinar según su preferencia y si es de su elección, consumirlo en el instante. El funcionamiento de Street Salad, se basa en un sistema de barra de ensaladas, la cual ofrece 2 presentaciones, 620 gr y 830 gr, que se pueden combinar a elección del cliente entre una variedad de ingredientes, que cumplen con patrones de consumo importantes para una dieta balanceada y de alta competitividad dentro de la industria de las comidas saludables, tanto en producto como en servicio.

Conventional agricultural practices are often contrary to human health and environmental conservation. Use of and exposure to pesticides in agricultural communities in tropical countries is a pressing public health problem and an important facet of environmental degradation. This research project was undertaken by documenting use and exposure behaviors among agricultural communities in San Cristobal, Antioquia (Colombia). The research questions were: (1) What are the primary factors associated with the use of pesticides and do those factors differ between pesticide users and agroecological adherents? (2) How do campesino pesticide users and agroecological adherents(non-pesticide users) differ in their attitudes and beliefs with regards to pesticide use and exposure? and (3) How do these factors influence campesinos‟ behaviors associated with pesticide use and exposure? I implemented qualitative and quantitative methods in this investigation. The qualitative approach was based on community participatory ethnographic research. The latter involved participant observation, interviews, and focus groups aimed at existing pesticides users and agroecological adherents. The quantitative approach used questionnaires to derive demographic information, scale-based evaluations of attitudes and beliefs, pesticides decision making, perceived confidence, and perceived control. Findings showed that the most relevant factors related to pesticide use and their categories included: a) individual: beliefs, attitudes and knowledge; b) interpersonal: family support and cultural acceptance of pesticide use; c) economic: fear of living within financially unviable constraints, market conditions and lack of economic support from the government; d) cultural: collective acceptance or tolerance of pesticide use and exposure and onset of negative reactions when stopping pesticide use; e) political: deficient regulations for controlling pesticide use control and adequate utilization of protective equipment. Pesticide users experienced the most apprehension regarding stopping pesticide use as they often believed pesticides allow them to obtain better crop yields and, therefore, higher monetary gains. Pesticide users lacked a positive attitude toward personal protectionequipment, regardless of the risks to which they may be exposed. Pesticide training was deficient in this population showing a clear need to improve safety conditions and training to reduce occupational hazards. Future studies should explore with greater detail these attitudes and beliefs so as to promote mid- to long-term public health interventions that directly address the sense of food and income insecurity found among the population of pesticides users, which blocks their transition into a non-pesticide scenario for agricultural production. Over the short-term, public health programs should continue to educate the population of pesticide users on the immediate risks of exposure. The decision making process surrounding pesticide use in the studied population was influenced by a variety of factors. Campesinos who were prone to use pesticides for their crops often exhibited diminished degrees of knowledge about adverse effects of pesticides on human health, believed pesticides are necessary for their crops, had negative attitudes about stopping pesticide use, had a strong family influence toward the use of pesticides, experienced economic fear of stopping pesticide use, cultivated flowers as their main source of income, expressed strong social acceptance of pesticide use, experienced negative community reactions when attempting to stop pesticide use, received government subsidies for pesticide use, and had never received any training on the use of required protective equipment. Campesinos who showed more proclivities towards the use of pesticides were convinced that pesticides are necessary for their crops as they guarantee substantial yields and larger specimens of the different crop varieties. They also exhibited low perceived control, low perceived confidence, and a low perception of adverse pesticide effects on human health and the natural environment. Future studies are required to fully comprehend the unique occupational health and safety needs of these campesinos. Additionally, future studies should be aimed at designing and introducing long-term, well-structured public health interventions to increase awareness about the harmfulness of pesticides on human and environmental health so as to promote a well-established behavioral change in relation to pesticides use reduction among these communities.

Tesis de Nicolás Osorio para optar al título de Doctor en Medicina, en la Facultad de Medicina de París, en 1865. A lo largo del documento, escrito en francés, Osorio analiza el comportamiento de los tumores que obstruyen el líquido cefalorraquídeo.

Background: Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is one of the most challenging clinical consequences to manage after stroke as no effective treatment has been developed. However, the mechanisms of PSF remain unclear. Aims: This study aimed to replicate Vecchio et al (2017) using resting-state EEG in stroke patients suffering from varying degrees of fatigue to describe the functional organisation within sensory and motor networks. Methods: Resting-state eyes-open EEG was recorded in 22 strokesurvivors. Upper limb functional tests (grip strength, Nine Hole Peg Test), symbol digit modalities test (SDTM), anxiety and depression scale (HADS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS-7), state fatigue, and Neurological Fatigue Index (NFI-stroke) were measured. Graph theory was used to calculate the small-world (SW) index. SW was calculated in four separate networks, motor and sensory within the left and right hemispheres. Exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) was applied using seven frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, and gamma). Results: Correlation analysis demonstrated a positive association between SW in the right motor network in beta2 band and higher FSS-7 score and a negative correlation between SW in the left sensory network in alpha1 and higher state fatigue. Conclusion: Beta oscillations have been associated with top-down processes which are crucial for perceptual inference and alpha oscillations are involved in sensorimotor information processing. The interaction between the top-down and bottom-up processes, and perceived error explains the sensory attenuation model of fatigue. Our results were consistent this model of fatigue as stroke survivors had difficulty in attenuating the sensory input leading to higher perceived effort.