A través de una revisión crítica de la literatura se busca contestar la pregunta ¿Por qué y cómo el concepto de gobernanza puede ser aplicado a la gestión de riesgos asociados a la investigación científica, la tecnología y la innovación?, y los criterios en base a los cuales se realizó la investigación fueron: i) los principios que deben regir la producción científica y la gestión de sus riegos: ii) las razones por las cuales se considera que la participación pública es importante en la producción científica y la gestión de sus riesgos; iii) Cuando y como debe darse esa participación y iv) Cual debe ser el papel del experto. Bajo estos criterios se identifican tres modelos que si bien no están claramente delimitados en la literatura, tienen rasgos distintivos que permiten su diferenciación: Los Estudios sobre Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, la Ciencia posnormal y la Investigación e Innovación Responsable.

This thesis explores how informal property rights are defined and enforced in the business of onstreet parking in Bogota. It establishes that informal businesses could not operate without such property rights and that the value of force has been underestimated in the scant literature devoted to the subject. To contribute to the construction of a currently non-existent informal property rights theory this thesis contrasts the research findings with traditional property rights theory and attempts to redefine classic property rights concepts to fit the context of the urban informal economy. Finally, the thesis explains how mafias can enforce informal property rights, the logic of their actions, and the dangers of their proliferation.

The paper argues that the Constitutional Court of Colombia has understood economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) from the perspective of a traditional theory of rights according to which they are achievements that cannot be overridden by conflicting public interests. As a result, the Court has favored a categorical formula of adjudication according to which judicial activity focuses on the definition of the scope of the right. Competing public interests may be taken into account in order to establish the scope of the right, but once that scope is defined, it cannot be overridden by conflicting public interests. Therefore, the conception of ESCR that the Court of Colombia has adopted differs from the South African conception. The South African Constitutional Court regards ESCR as protective shields against conflicting governmental interests. This theory allows for positions of rights to be balanced against countervailing governmental interests. Given the tensions that these theories of rights and formulas of adjudication create in terms of judicial discretion and democratic debate, some intermediate formulas have been proposed. In the final part of the paper, these proposals are analyzed and some suggestions are made that contribute to the debate.

This article aims to perform a comparative analysis of several publications on a particular topic: The Soviet and Russian Military-Industrial Complex. It examines the results of different surveys and, specifically, addresses how several authors have studied the social phenomena. Moreover, it analyses the methods that they used to develop useful discernments with limited documental resources. Finally, it offers conclusions about the common findings and the possible application of such methods on future research.

The Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is currently the only United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) market mechanism that includes transport projects in developing countries. This mechanism has the dual objective of promoting sustainable development and contributing to green-house-gas emission reductions. However, transportation is currently a niche sector within the CDM due to the small number of transport projects registered under it. This is despite transportation being one of the sectors with the fastest growth-rate of greenhouse-gas emissions in the developing world. This paper examines the limitations of CDM-registered transport projects to achieve long-term sustainable development outcomes through the CDM. The experience of project ‘TransMilenio Phase II – IV’ in Bogotá (Colombia) serves to argue that CDM registration requirements of Additionality and Fixed-Term Crediting may be detrimental to achieving these outcomes through the CDM. Thus an opportunity exists to increase the significance of the transport sector within the international climate change regime through a dedicated ‘Sustainable Development Package for Transport’ in future agreements.

Abstract: In 2003, Colombia reformed the structure of oil exploration and production activity in the country. The National Hydrocarbons Agency (ANH) assumed regulatory duties and adopted a new exploration and production (E&P) contract. Flexibility is one of the main features of this E&P contract, which gives the contractors the right, not the obligation, to expand, defer or abandon the project under certain conditions throughout the contractual phases. This paper reviews the real options approach as an analytical tool to value the managerial flexibility offered by the Colombian E&P contract. For this purpose a binomial model was used to value optionality in a hypothetical oil exploration and production project under the Colombian E&P rules. Using Monte Caro simulation and binomial lattices to value a sequential compound option, the model estimates how flexibility adds value to the project when it is adjusted to the investment’s probability of success. In this particular project, the optionality value was estimated in USD 9,45 mill (35% of the project’s expected monetary value, USD 26,90 mill). This result is sensible to changes on probability of success rates and initial oil price and reserves volume estimations. Further research could be done to model other possible real options in the production phase. Lastly, this binomial lattices approach could be used to introduce real options concepts to decision making process in oil industry and regulatory entities. Resumen: En el año 2003, Colombia reformó la estructura de la actividad de exploración y producción de petróleo en el país. La Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) asumió las competencias regulatorias y adoptó un nuevo contrato de exploración y producción (E&P). La flexibilidad es una de las principales características de este contrato E&P, que otorga a los contratistas el derecho, no la obligación, de ampliar, diferir o abandonar el proyecto bajo ciertas condiciones, a lo largo de las fases contractuales. Este documento revisa el enfoque de opciones reales como una herramienta analítica para valorar la flexibilidad gerencial que ofrece el contrato E&P colombiano. Para este propósito, se utilizó un modelo binomial para valorar la opción en un proyecto hipotético de exploración y producción de petróleo, bajo las reglas del contrato E&P colombiano. Usando simulaciones de Monte Caro y árboles binomiales para valorar una opción secuencial compuesta, el modelo estima cómo la flexibilidad agrega valor al proyecto cuando éste es ajustado a la probabilidad de éxito de la inversión. En este proyecto en particular, el valor de la opción se estimó en USD 9,45 mill (35% del valor monetario esperado del proyecto, USD 26,90 mill). Este resultado es sensible a los cambios en las tasas de probabilidad de éxito, al precio inicial del petróleo y a las estimaciones del volumen de reservas. Podría realizarse mayor investigación para modelar otras posibles opciones reales en la fase de producción. Por último, este enfoque de árboles binomiales podría utilizarse para introducir conceptos de opciones reales para el proceso de toma de decisiones en la industria petrolera y las entidades reguladoras.

In the Caribbean coast of Colombia, within a triangle-shaped mountainous massif covered by a dense jungle of endemic flora (known as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), lies the archaeological park Teyuna-Lost City. A series of terraces, roads, stairs, spillways and sewerage systems form the largest and most impressive archaeological settlement in Colombia. Given the complexity of its geographical location, the place remained unnoticed, hidden and well protected for over 400 years. However, since its discovery, in 1975, the site has been subjected to different political, social and cultural dynamics that have affected its management and conservation. In the context of Colombian post-conflict, Teyuna has been perceived by many as an alternative to enhance their living condition. However, tensions promoted by stakeholders, communities and illegal armed groups are affecting the appropriate dissemination of its cultural values. After all, some communities conceive Teyuna as a business rather than as a National Heritage. In this project, I present an analysis of the bodies that are behind the tourism market, the limitations of the community-based tourism in the post-conflict scenario, the power imbalances on Teyuna´s management, and the dissemination problems of the archaeological site.

En este artículo se aborda la religiosidad presente en las representaciones sociales, como un elemento que puede estructurar una discriminación implícita bajo el uso de estereotipos sexuales y de argumentos hegemónicos que sostienen la diferencia negativa radical. A partir de entrevistas a siete trabajadoras sociales, se analizó el lugar de lo religioso en su desempeño profesional para conocer su concepción sobre el deber – ser de la familia hoy. Un cierto tipo de religiosidad hace parte de un discurso organizador de la vida privada que trasciende a lo público, pues se supone que evita el desorden, el conflicto y la desviación de lo normativo, que prevalece sobre los derechos individuales. Urge reflexionar sobre las implicaciones de estos argumentos y transformar la mirada a la diversidad sexual no sólo al tomar decisiones profesionales sino al hacer una intervención social incluyente y responsable.

Impreso que contiene diferentes tipos de denuncias sobre irregularidades de la administración del político conservador Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, mientras ejercía como gobernador de Cundinamarca. En ella se encuentran denuncias de tratamiento de presos, fiestas de los militares, entre otros. El documento conserva la ortografía de la época y es firmado por el seudónimo Vere Dignus.

Comunicación pública que denuncia que 13 ciudadanos aparecen inscritos dos veces para las elecciones de la Corporación Municipal de Bogotá.