Abstract: Acute brain injuries are associated with high mortality rates and poor long-term functional outcomes. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in patients with acute brain injuries may help elucidate some ofthe pathophysiological pathways involved in the prognosis of these patients. We performed a systematic search and descriptive review using the MEDLINE database and the PubMed interface from inception up to June 29, 2021. Of the 39 studies that met our criteria, 30 reported that the biomarker concentration was associated with neurological outcome and 9 reported no association. In traumatic brain injury patients, increased extracellular concentrations of biomarkers related to neuronal cytoskeletal disruption, apoptosis and inflammation were associated with the severity of acute brain injury, early mortality and worse long-term functional outcome. Reduced concentrations of protein biomarkers related to impaired redox function were associated with increased risk of neurological deficit. In non-traumatic acute brain injury, concentrations of CSF protein biomarkers related to dysregulated inflammation and apoptosis were associated with a greater risk of vasospasm and a larger volume of brain ischemia. Resumen: Las lesiones cerebrales agudas se asocian con altas tasas de mortalidad y malos resultados funcionales a largo plazo. La medición de biomarcadores en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en pacientes con lesiones cerebrales agudas puede ayudar a dilucidar algunas de las vías fisiopatológicas implicadas en el pronóstico de estos pacientes. Realizamos una búsqueda sistemática y revisión descriptiva utilizando la base de datos MEDLINE y la interfaz PubMed desde su inicio hasta el 29 de junio de 2021.De los 39 estudios que cumplieron con nuestros criterios de inclusión, 30 informaron que la concentración del biomarcador se asoció con el resultado neurológico y 9 no informaron ninguna asociación. En lesiones cerebrales traumáticas, el aumento de las concentraciones extracelulares de biomarcadores relacionados con la alteración del citoesqueleto neuronal, la apoptosis y la inflamación se asociaron con la gravedad de la lesión cerebral aguda, la mortalidad temprana y un peor resultado funcional a largo plazo. Las concentraciones reducidas de biomarcadores proteicos relacionados con la función redox deteriorada se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de déficit neurológico. En la lesión cerebral aguda no traumática, las concentraciones de biomarcadores proteicos del LCR relacionados con la inflamación desregulada y la apoptosis se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de vasoespasmo y un mayor volumen de isquemia cerebral.

Abstract: Las lesiones cerebrales agudas (LCA) se asocian con altas tasas de mortalidad y malos resultados funcionales a largo plazo. La medición de biomarcadores del líquido cefalorraquídeo ventricular (vLCR) en pacientes con LCA puede ayudar a dilucidar algunas de las vías fisiopatológicas implicadas en el pronóstico de estos pacientes. Primero realizamos una búsqueda sistemática y una revisión descriptiva (Crit Care. 5 de agosto de 2021; 25 (1): 278; DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03698-z) donde concluimos que en pacientes con LCA, las concentraciones alteradas de biomarcadores proteicos en el vLCR relacionados con el daño citoesquelético, la inflamación, la apoptosis y el estrés oxidativo pueden predecir peores resultados neurológicos. Debido a estos resultados, realizamos un estudio de observación prospectivo (Neurocrit Care. 2022 Oct;37(2):463-470.doi:10.1007/s12028-022-01507-1.) donde concluimos que la expresión desregulada de la proteína en el vLCR diferenciaba entre LCA y no LCA. Luego realizamos otro estudio (J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 27 de abril de 2023. doi:10.1097/ANA.0000000000000916.) donde concluimos que la expresión de patrones moleculares asociados al peligro (DAMP) específicos del vLCR se asociaba con un aumento de episodios de hipertensión intracraneal severa y muerte. Por último, en otro estudio observacional (Crit Care. 2023 Jun 24;27(1):249. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04538-y.), concluimos que las concentraciones de proteínas del vLCR después de una LCA eran un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas crónicas después de una LCA no traumática. Los hallazgos más importantes de esta tesis fueron que la respuesta proteómica después de una LCA es homogénea entre la LCA traumática y no traumática, involucra múltiples proteínas (DAMP) y puede estar asociada con enfermedades neurodegenerativas a largo plazo también en la LCA no traumática.

Resumen: Esta investigación compara las memorias escritas en la Comisión de la Verdad de Colombia -un documento de 11 tomos resultante de la firma del Acuerdo de Paz con la guerrilla de las FARC- con otras memorias orales sobre las causas y consecuencias de la guerra urbana en Medellín entre 1977 y 2006. Los resultados del método comparativo de las memorias establecieron tres causales de la violencia en Medellín: la disputa por la tierra, el ethos social y el círculo de venganza. Además, se hallaron tres consecuencias: la creación de milicias urbanas y grupos de autodefensas, la reunión de múltiples guerras en un mismo periodo histórico (guerrillas, carteles de narcotráfico, autodefensas y grupos delincuenciales), y el desarrollo de mecanismos de resistencia civil e institucional. Este es, pues, un análisis revisionista a la diversa literatura científica sobre el conflicto en Medellín, al trabajo de la Comisión de la Verdad y a las memorias orales de organizaciones sociales, para concatenar ideas similares frente a las causas y consecuencias de la violencia. La investigación aporta, desde una perspectiva sociohistórica, a la comprensión del conflicto que marcó a Medellín como la ciudad más violenta del mundo en 1991 con más de 6 mil asesinatos. Abstract: This investigation looks to compare the written memories in the Commission of Colombian Truth with other oral memories about the causes and consequences of the war in Medellin between 1977 and 2006. Although the Colombian armed conflict was centralized in rural areas and resulted in 12,000 victims, cities like Medellin were also locations of confrontation. The results establish three causes of the violence in Medellin: the dispute over the land, the social ethos and the circle of vengeance. Furthermore, three consequences were found: the creation of urban militias, and self-defense groups, the reunion of multiple wars in a single historical period (guerillas, drug trafficking cartels, self-defense and delinquent groups), and the development of mechanisms of civil and institutional resistance. This article hopes to, from a socio-historical perspective, further understand the conflict that framed Medellin as the most violent city in the world in 1991.

Abstract: Reseña literaria de la novela “Lectura Fácil” de la escritora española Cristina Morales, ganadora del premio Herralde de Novela. Estableciendo conexiones con la escritora chilena Diamela Eltit, el cineasta argentino Gaspar Noé y la banda española Mecano, esta reseña indaga en las exploraciones de la autora en cuanto a feminismo, diversidad funcional, identidad, género, sistema económico, entre otros.

Abstract: 3D printing technologies enable medicine customization adapted to patients' needs. There are several 3D printing techniques available, but majority of dosage forms and medical devices are printed using nozzle-based extrusion, laser-writing systems, and powder binder jetting. 3D printing has been demonstrated for a broad range of applications in development and targeting solid, semi-solid and locally applied or implanted medicines. 3D printed solid dosage forms allow the combination of one or more drugs within the same solid dosage form to improve patient compliance, facilitate deglutition, tailor the release profile, or fabricate new medicines for which no dosage form is available. Sustained release 3D-printed implants, stents and medical devices have been used mainly for joint replacement therapies, medical prostheses, and cardiovascular applications. Locally applied medicines such as wound dressing, microneedles, and medicated contact lenses have also been manufactured using 3D printing techniques. The challenge is to select the 3D printing tech-nique most suitable for each application and the type of pharmaceutical ink that should be devel-oped that possesses the required physicochemical and biological performance. The integration of biopharmaceuticals and nanotechnology-based drugs along with 3D printing (""Nanoprinting"") brings printed personalized nanomedicines within the most innovative perspectives for the coming years. Continuous manufacturing through the use of 3D-printed microfluidic chips facilitates their translation into clinical practice.

Abstract: The Métropole de Lyon, involved in a major Permeable City project, was selected as a pilot site for the Life Artisan project. The latter aims to demonstrate and value the potential of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). As such, the Metropole de Lyon has adapted and set up stormwater trees to manage rainwater in the urban space formerly built. This involves removing the kerb of the tree pit, digging out around the tree pit, and installing an infiltration trench at the street gutter’s level (stormwater path). The space inside the tree pit is planted to promote the creation of simplified ecosystems. To test the concept, 10 stormwater trees have been retrofitted in consultation with citizens. The retrofitted trees and the untouched trees are equipped with sensors to measure their effectiveness as NBS. The first results show that although the trees pits were dimensioned to abate, by infiltration, 15 mm of rain for about 600 m2, a maximum of 39 mm of rain has been abated over the monitored period. The success of this test has motivated the local authority to deploy more stormwater trees and to accelerate the sustainable transition to a permeable and green city. To do so, the transition method from the European program SWITCH (Sustainable Water management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities Health) is used. It led to the writing of a technical guide on stormwater trees to raise awareness on the subject for the metropolitan actors, in the first place. In addition, the supply of rainwater to the trees doubles their growth over a season and increases the evapotranspiration, which could have an impact for the urban cool islands. } Abstract: La Métropole de Lyon, que participa en un importante proyecto de Ciudad Permeable, fue seleccionada como lugar piloto para el proyecto Life Artisan. Este último pretende demostrar y valorar el potencial de las Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza (SBN). Para ello, la Metropole de Lyon ha adaptado e instalado árboles de lluvia para gestionar la escorrentia en el espacio urbano anteriormente construido. Se trata de retirar el bordillo del alcorque, excavar alrededor del alcorque e instalar una zanja de infiltración al nivel de la cuneta de la calle (camino de aguas pluviales). El espacio interior del alcorque se planta para favorecer la creación de ecosistemas simplificados. Para probar el concepto, se han retroadaptado 10 árboles de lluvia en consulta con los ciudadanos. Los árboles retroadaptados y los intactos están equipados con sensores para medir su eficacia como NBS. Los primeros resultados muestran que, aunque los alcorques estaban dimensionados para reducir, por infiltración, 15 mm de lluvia en unos 600 m2, se ha reducido un máximo de 39 mm de lluvia durante el periodo supervisado. El éxito de esta prueba ha motivado a la autoridad local a desplegar más árboles pluviales y a acelerar la transición sostenible hacia una ciudad permeable y verde. Para ello se utiliza el método de transición del programa europeo SWITCH (Sustainable Water management Improves Tomorrow's Cities Health). Ha llevado a la redacción de una guía técnica sobre los árboles de lluvia para sensibilizar sobre el tema a los agentes metropolitanos, en primer lugar. Además, el suministro de agua de lluvia a los árboles duplica su crecimiento a lo largo de una temporada y aumenta la evapotranspiración, lo que podría repercutir en la creación de islas urbanas de frescura.

Abstract: Emotional Nature is a hands-on learning experience and toolkit that connects different tangible and intangible tools for educators to visualise, grasp and engage in a dialogue with emotions in relation to materials. The Emotional Nature toolkit is also a temporary safe space for educators and children to motivate their understanding of emotions, as well as meaningful connections with nature. The learning is enhanced through a creative and fun process combining tools like value cards, storytelling, meditation, natural inks, and mainly wood-based biomaterials. Having regular contact and meaningful connections with nature have several benefits for humans from playful learning to wellbeing, from bonding relations with other beings to inner self. This research is focused on the specific relationships between emotions and materials, and it is supported by a bigger academic context - The CHEMARTS strategy. The research process is designed in response to the main findings from the initial exploratory phase of Emotional Nature. First, biomaterials as a key tool to feel nature, as well as express and materialise emotions; second, the difficulties in dealing with emotions in the classroom; and third, the reduced availability of safe and comfortable spaces to share and transform emotions in Finnish educational context. This study is an explorative approach based on self-experimentation and participatory design research practices done mainly with teachers and field experts. The research design seeks to inspire educators to explore and grasp relationships between emotions and nature through the experimentation with biomaterials and diverse tools in Finnish School Context. The main audience for Emotional Nature Learning Experience are educators of children between 10 and 13 years old. However, based on the co-creation sessions with different populations, such as parents and postgraduate students, the hands-on learning experience also proved to beeffective for other age groups and settings.

Abstract: The incidence of burn injuries is higher in low-and middle-income countries, and particularly in remote areas where the access to specialized burn assessment, care and recovery is limited. Given the high costs associated with one of the most used techniques to evaluate the severity of a burn, namely laser Doppler imaging (LDI), an alternative approach could be beneficial for remote locations. This study proposes a novel approach to estimate the LDI from digital images of a burn. The approach is a pixelwise regression model based on convolutional neural networks. To minimize the dependency on the conditions in which the images are taken, the effect of two image normalization techniques is also studied. Results indicate that the model performs satisfactorily on average, presenting low mean absolute and squared errors and high structural similarity index. While no significant differences are found when changing the normalization of the images, the performance is affected by their quality. This suggests that changes in the intensity of the images do not alter the relevant information about the wound, whereas changes in brightness, contrast and sharpness do. Resumen: La incidencia de lesiones por quemaduras es mayor en países de ingresos bajos y medianos, especialmente en áreas remotas donde el acceso a evaluación, cuidado y recuperación especializados para quemaduras es limitado. Dados los altos costos asociados con una de las técnicas más utilizadas para evaluar la gravedad de una quemadura, en particular las imágenes de Doppler láser (LDI), un enfoque alternativo podría ser beneficioso para ubicaciones remotas. Este estudio propone un enfoque novedoso para estimar el LDI a partir de imágenes digitales de una quemadura. El enfoque es un modelo de regresión píxel a píxel basado en redes neuronales convolucionales. Para minimizar la dependencia de las condiciones en las que se toman las imágenes, también se estudia el efecto de dos técnicas de normalización de imágenes. Los resultados indican que el modelo tiene un rendimiento satisfactorio en promedio, presentando errores absolutos y cuadrados medios bajos y un índice de similitud estructural alto. Si bien no se encuentran diferencias significativas al cambiar la normalización de las imágenes, el rendimiento se ve afectado por su calidad. Esto sugiere que los cambios en la intensidad de las imágenes no alteran la información relevante sobre la herida, mientras que los cambios en brillo, contraste y nitidez sí lo hacen.

Abstract: Thoracic bio-impedance (BioZ) measurements have been proposed as an alternative for respiratory monitoring. Given the ambulatory nature of this modality, it is more prone to noise sources. In this study, two pre-trained machine learning models were used to classify BioZ signals into clean and noisy classes. The models were trained on data from patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and their performance was evaluated on data from patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Additionally, transfer learning (TL) was used to optimize the models for the new patient cohort. Lastly, the effect of different breathing patterns on the performance of the machine learning models was studied. Results showed that the models performed accurately when applying them to another patient population and their performance was improved by TL. However, different imposed respiratory frequencies were found to affect the performance of the models. Abstract: Las mediciones de bioimpedancia torácica (BioZ) se han propuesto como una alternativa para el monitoreo respiratorio. Dada la naturaleza ambulatoria de esta modalidad, es más propensa a fuentes de ruido. En este estudio, se utilizaron dos modelos de aprendizaje automático preentrenados para clasificar las señales de BioZ en clases limpias y ruidosas. Los modelos se entrenaron con datos de pacientes que padecen enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, y su rendimiento se evaluó en datos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica. Además, se utilizó la transferencia de aprendizaje (TL) para optimizar los modelos para la nueva cohorte de pacientes. Por último, se estudió el efecto de diferentes patrones de respiración en el rendimiento de los modelos de aprendizaje automático. Los resultados mostraron que los modelos funcionaron con precisión al aplicarlos a otra población de pacientes y su rendimiento mejoró mediante TL. Sin embargo, se encontró que diferentes frecuencias respiratorias impuestas afectaban el rendimiento de los modelos.

Abstract: The development of sustainability is nowadays visible in every industry. For the fashion industry, it is the foundation of the slow fashion movement, which strives for a balance between production, consumption, and impact on an economic, environmental, and social level, better understood as the triple bottom line (Fletcher,2010). This balance is reached through sustainable practices involving the community, the conscious use of natural resources, or the transition to materials less destructive to the future of fashion and the ecosystem, among others. This report will address the possibility of using fibre derived from the Cannabis plant, hemp, in the Colombian fashion market and how this would help reinforce the slow fashion movement and the market's sustainability. Following the interpretive paradigm, this research project followed a qualitative approach aimed at understanding the reality of the environment in the fashion sector in depth through semi-structured interviews with members of the local fashion industry who are knowledgeable about hemp, its characteristics and potential (Cresswell, 2018). By understanding the context of the Colombian fashion industry and sizing the current role of local sustainable brands, the potential and innovation of these emerging brands were pinpointed. However, there is a gap in education, government assistance and innovative supply that would allow for the immediate production, commercialisation, and use of hemp in Colombia. Nevertheless, due to the conditions, tools and knowledge that brands already possess today, a phased implementation can happen in the long term. This report will outline key strategies for hemp implementation considering the timeframe and the stakeholders involved, as well as bearing in mind the barriers and opportunities identified throughout the research. These recommendations were based on four key aspects: the immediate actions a local brand could take, the need for education, creating assertive marketing and establishing the government's role. Hence, this project will provide an overview of the actual status and requirements for the Colombian fashion industry to achieve a more sustainable and conscious market.