En la presente investigación denominada Leer el mundo desde la diversidad de los textos discontinuos, se analiza la incidencia de una secuencia didáctica basada en el uso de textos discontinuos. Como punto de partida se revisaron los resultados de las pruebas SABER, en Lenguaje y se encontró que su comprensión lectora no cumplía con las expectativas propuestas. Se fundamenta en las bases teóricas de quince autores dentro de los que se destacan: Lomas (1999), Cassany (2009), Solé (2006), Guzmán, R. Varela, S y Arce, J (201 O). Los resultados evidencian un logro significativo en los niveles de comprensión Inferencial y Crítico lntertextual, cuando los estudiantes son capaces de relacionarse mejor con el texto, hacer hipótesis y emitir juicios de valor favoreciendo los procesos de metacognición. La implementación de esta propuesta permite reconocer la importancia de llevar a cabo el proceso lector y desarrollar en los estudiantes las habilidades comunicativas que le permiten desempeñarse en contextos reales. Dentro de las conclusiones se menciona la importancia de los trabajos investigativos basados en problemáticas de aula, el trabajo institucional basado en la caracterización de los estudiantes, y el posterior diseño ele estrategias, materiales y actividades que favorezcan el proceso de lectura comprensiva.

Esta propuesta nació a partir de la dificultad que presentaron los estudiantes de grado cuarto y quinto de la IERD San Javier Sede Alto del frisol Escuela Unitaria al momento de solucionar problemas. Se pensó en apoyar la superación de errores recurrentes mediante una estrategia centrada en sistemas de representación al resolver situaciones multiplicativas, debido a que permite mejorar el pensamiento matemático y la creatividad, además, se fortalecieron las habilidades haciendo un seguimiento continuo de la enseñanza. La estrategia metodológica del proyecto es la sistematización de la experiencia desarrollada a partir de la resolución de problemas, permitiendo contrastar las diferentes formas de hallar respuestas al comprender y analizar situaciones multiplicativas, empleando representaciones gráficas que llevaron a construir múltiples métodos que ayudaron a la identificación de modelos. Además, apoyar este proceso desde el aula de clases con diferentes representaciones fortaleciendo en los estudiantes su capacidad de razonar, logrando una interpretación adecuada de las situaciones problemas trabajados, fortaleciendo el pensamiento simbólico, las imágenes mentales, las representaciones pictóricas de un problema planteado. Finalmente, consideré importante fortalecer mi práctica con estrategias aplicables al contexto rural en que estamos inmersos, sin dejar de lado el modelo pedagógico de la institución.

The role of ideas, knowledge and communities of experts in policy development, one of the central themes of Public Policy theory, is the frame of the contribution that this article attempts to the question of the global transfer of Public Politics. lt is based on the review of cases in three countries, Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, which have implemented policies whose direct antecedent is the global debate on Universal Basic lncome. Using the concepts epistemic communities, boundary work and translation, we investigate how the idea of Universal Basic lncome has been transferred to each country from a global epistemic community, to crystallize in local policy decisions. A public policy transfer model is proposed, that explains how the local products of the process are far from their original idea, in cases where the epistemic communities are both the source and agent of the transfer process.

El documento verificó si el modelo de decisión implementado con los Órganos Colegiados de Administración y Decisión (OCAD) para adelantar la priorización, viabilización y aprobación de los proyectos financiados con regalías, cumple con las funciones otorgadas a partir de los objetivos planteados en la reforma constitucional y si el modelo responde a los postulados teóricos acerca de modelos de decisión del enfoque del neo institucionalismo económico. Acerca de la discrecionalidad utilizada en la toma de decisiones por parte de los OCAD, se desarrollaron aspectos extralegales sobre los cuales se fundamentan las decisiones y que responden a posturas por parte de los delegados considerando i) la Entidad Territorial que presenta el proyecto de inversión, ii) el Fondo que financia el proyecto sobre el cual se va a tomar la decisión, iii) el rol de cada miembro dentro del OCAD y iv) los intereses de los miembros, lo cual condiciona la toma de decisiones. La tesis se basó en el análisis del comportamiento de los OCAD que están encargados de priorizar, viabilizar y aprobar los proyectos de inversión financiados con los recursos de regalías, asignados a las entidades territoriales a través de los Fondos de Compensación (60%) y Desarrollo Regional, en el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2012 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016.

This article presents an analysis of public expenditure from a decentralized perspective for the municipality of Florencia (Caquetá) during the period 2008 to 2016; it is based on the performance indicator, which includes the levels of administration in the country, with the objective of increasing the legitimacy and governability of the State and the management of current revenues. Regarding the evolution of income and expenditures that the municipality has had and the level of life of the inhabitants, the analysis of the finances of the municipality of Florence, the income from the General Participation System is involved in the largest source of funding followed by own resources, while the resources of the General System of Royalties publish a notorious decrease in the implementation of the New Royalty System, however, the municipality presents a marked dependence on the resources coming from the central level of the State, which implies a bad example of fiscal decentralization in terms of execution.

Gender-based violence during armed conflicts and under oppressive regimes is a reality. Although governments, NGOs, the international community and civil society have made efforts to address the impact of gender-selective practices on women their magnitude remains underestimated. When sexual violence has been systematically used as a strategy of terror and control, children born as a consequence of it emerge within the society as a generation conceived from violence. Even though these children are part of the narratives of wartime sexual violence survivors, they have neither gained a place in the agenda of human rights concerns nor in the post-violence political agenda. Indeed, in the aftermath of conflict they seem to be invisible subjects of the wounded society and therefore, their role in the process of national reconciliation is denied. Although there is a significant lack of information on these children, empirical evidence shows that their human rights are highly compromised in a number of ways and that their presence cannot be underestimated. In this dissertation I argue that the omission to include these children in the agenda towards reconciliation hinders the project of national reconstruction. By being excluded from this process, they are not just marginalised from the political process towards reconstruction of the society but also from society itself. My analysis is enriched by elements coming from sociology, psychology and international human rights law. I based my research on the review of International Human Rights Instruments; Literature on gender based violence during conflicts; war-affected children; trauma; and reconciliation. In addition, I reviewed literature on the plight of these children in Bosnia and Herzegovina, East Timor, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uganda.

El desarrollo de las Habilidades Básicas de Pensamiento (HBP) inicia desde la gestación y constituyen las herramientas para la comprensión y análisis de la información. El diseño y aplicación de una unidad didáctica para la enseñanza del concepto de evolución en Grado 8°, constituye una estrategia donde los estudiantes refuerzan la observación, la clasificación, la comparación y la argumentación. Instrumentos como: un pre y un post- test, una encuesta de clima de aula, los diarios de clase, el diario de campo y una rúbrica de evaluación; contribuyeron a la recolección y la sistematización de los resultados, enfocados al aprendizaje y actitudes de los estudiantes. Cabe resaltar el cambio tanto conceptual al emplear las HBP como actitudinal de los estudiantes hacia el trabajo de aula. Finalmente, la reflexión pedagógica y disciplinar fundamenta algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones.

Background Retinopathy of prematurity is the major cause of blindness in children in Colombia. This cause of childhood blindness is irreversible when stablished, but 100% preventable with the adequate strategies put in place. This raises important questions concerning strategies to reduce the incidence of blindness as a result of ROP, which should ensure that all infants who are at risk of blinding ROP are examined in screening programmes. Aim The aim was to collect data in the neonatal intensive care units. This was used to evaluate the existing human and material resources for preventing, screening and treating ROP and rehabilitation of children suffering from ROP. The data helped to do an analysis of gaps in the service and allowed to present a proposal for a programme to prevent blindness due to ROP in the cities of Manizales, Pereira and Armenia, Colombia. Methods 7 NICUs were visited in the three cities. The study collected quantitative data on neonatal intensive care units, admission and survival of premature babies during 2010, human resources and infrastructure and data on knowledge of the Colombian guidelines on ROP. Results The survival rates vary according to the provider. They are higher in the private sector, and lower in the public sector. Overall, the available data allowed us to estimate that there are approximately 45,000 births per year (2010) in the region (95% occur in hospital) and 1.8% of all the births are less than 2,000g. Therefore, in the region, 810 babies per year weighing less than 2,000g are at risk of developing any type of ROP. The number of places, ventilators and monitors is sufficient. Staffing is adequate in the private NICUs, with a shortage of neonatologists in the public NICUs. The number of nurses monitoring babies is universally adequate, but the lack of knowledge in controlling risk factors of developing ROP such as monitoring oxygen in a constraint. An ROP screening programme is not available in public NICUs and in some of the mixed providers. The Kangaroo Mother programme lack of screening for ROP. Conclusions The unstable health system has allowed (i) unsustainable NICUs and programmes for ROP (ii) If available, programmes running without being monitored or evaluated, and, (iii) no screening in public and some mixed NICUs in Manizales, Pereira and Armenia. (iv) no screening for ROP in the Kangaroo Mother Programe As access and survival rates improve in the NICUS of these cities, ROP is likely to continue to be a significant cause of blindness in the region, despite the progress that has been achieved with the 2010 Colombian guidelines for screening and treating ROP. Recommendations The results suggest that the prevention of blinding ROP is a complex task in Colombia that requires concomitant strategies to be put in place: Firstly, national policies in screening for ROP and oxygen delivery for the babies in the NICUs are needed. Secondly, as a primary preventive strategy, training nurses in the NICUs to control and monitor the delivery of oxygen; as a secondary preventive strategy, ROP programmes offered to the public, mixed, private NICUs and to the Kangaro Mother Programme; as a tertiary strategy, rehabilitation providing a low vision centre for these children Thirdly, running ROP programmes need to be monitored and evaluated.

Abstract: The paper presents a theoretical critical revision of the four mainstream sustainability information encoding processes by arguing that they are insufficiently capable of intelligibly recording, classifying, and summarizing sustainability data for economic prosperity, environmental integrity and social equity decision making (i.e. sustainable development). Utilizing the postulates of General Systems Theory and systems proprieties the problem of information complexity presented by sustainability data is addressed. Resumen: El siguiente trabajo presenta una revisión teórico crítica de los cuatro procesos de codificación de información desde los cuales se reporta actualmente en sostenibilidad. El trabajo sostiene que cada uno de ellos es insuficientemente capaz de registrar, clasificar y resumir información de forma inteligible para la toma de decisiones sobre desarrollo sostenible, es decir, respecto a decisiones sobre prosperidad económica, integridad medioambiental y equidad social. La revisión crítica está basada en los postulados de la Teoría General de Sistemas y en las propiedades sistémicas que permiten abordar el problema de la complejidad en información que presenta la información en sostenibilidad.

This degree work comes as a response to the found difficulties in the results of the "Saber 2016" tests of the IED El Tequendama, located in El Colegio town -Cundinamarca. These results were analyzed in the institutional diagnosis, from a classroom project that was designed and implemented with first grade students, in order to develop communication skills from a meaningful context for students such as domestic animals. Different reading strategies were carried out, both oral and written expression, which will involve students in their learning process. To consolidate the results, the systematization of the experience was carried out in order to codify the data through two categories that were communication skills and cooperative learning. The analysis of these categories allowed to make an evaluation and reflection of the intervention, in which strengths and difficulties were evidenced and from this, recommendations were given to improve the process.