Abstract: This thesis studies the adequacy of an elevated silo structure by means of isolation devices in different levels of the system. The case study is located in an industry complex in Rosignano Solvay, province of Livorno. The silo’s structure is composed by a group of three elevated silos supported by a steel frame. The structure was modeled with finite element software, considering the technical details in the structure and the posterior modification of the substructure. The aim of this work is to determine the best combination for: location of seismic isolators in the structure; and reconfiguration of the substructure, resulting in the overall improvement of the system based on nonlinear dynamic analysis with high seismicity accelerograms. The criteria used to determine the improvement of the structure were: yield index, displacement of the structure, base shear and uplift phenomenon. The methodology of this project comprises the following three steps: First, the reconfiguration of the substructure supporting the silos, improving the torsional effects that were present in the original structure as a result of the asymmetrical shape in the configuration of the columns. Second, the isolation of the structural system at the ground, 1st and 2nd level by means of sliding pendulum isolators. Third, the performance of several nonlinear transient dynamic analyses in the time domain using selected accelerograms in accordance to the research project PROINDUSTRY. The results obtained show the efficacy of the adopted system in improving of the overall behavior of the structure specially, when the isolators are placed in the second level. This is particularly evident in the decrease of overturning moment for the named configuration, which consequently decrease the arm of this moment. Furthermore, it is shown that the isolation system has a high efficiency in dissipating the seismic energy and evidence that seismic isolators are an effective solution to seismic effects on industrial structures. Resumen: Esta tesis estudia la adecuación de una estructura de silos elevada mediante aisladores sísmicos en diferentes niveles del sistema estructural. El caso estudio se encuentra ubicado en un complejo industrial en Rosignano Solvay, en la provincia de Livorno. La estructura de los silos se encuentra compuesta por tres silos elevados soportados por una estructura de acero. El sistema estructural fue modelado con un software de elementos finitos, considerando los detalles técnicos de la estructura actual y la posterior modificación de la subestructura propuesta. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la mejor combinación para: localización de los aisladores en la estructura; y la reconfiguración de la subestructura que soporta el silo, resultando en un mejoramiento del sistema basado en un análisis no linean dinámico con acelerogramas de alta intensidad. Los criterios usados para determinar el grado de mejoramiento de la estructura fueron: el índice de plasticidad, los desplazamientos de la estructura, el cortante basal y el fenómeno de levantamiento (Uplift). La metodología de este proyecto está compuesta por 3 partes: Primero, la reconfiguración de la subestructura que da soporte a los silos, mejorando los efectos torsionales presentes en la estructura actual debido a su configuración asimétrica de sus columnas. Segundo, el aislamiento del sistema estructural en la base, primer y segundo nivel de la subestructura por medio de aisladores de péndulo deslizante. Tercero, el desempeño de múltiples análisis no lineales dinámicos con dominio en el tiempo usando acelerogramas seleccionados de acuerdo al proyecto de investigación PROINDUSTRY. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la eficacia del sistema adoptado mejorando el desempeño global de la estructura, especialmente cuando los aisladores son localizados en el segundo nivel. Esto es particularmente evidente debido al decremento del momento de volcamiento para la configuración anteriormente nombrada, lo cual consecuentemente disminuye el brazo de este momento. Además de lo anterior, se prueba que los sistemas de aislamiento sísmico tienen una gran eficiencia en disipar energía sísmica y evidencian que los aisladores sísmicos son efectivos como una solución a los efectos sísmicos en estructuras industriales.

Los gobiernos son unos de los mayores usuarios de software y el presupuesto público gastado en licencias de software suele ser bastante significativo. A pesar de ser tradicionalmente el software privativo el predominante en el sector público, desde la década pasada el uso de las alternativas libres ha venido creciendo. En ese sentido, Sudamérica es una de las regiones más avanzadas. Gobiernos de la mayoría de países de la región han impulsado a través de diferentes medidas la adopción de software libre en el sector público. Esto ha generado una gran debate sobre las ventajas y desventajas de avanzar hacia el software libre. A su vez, los diferentes grados de éxito de las medidas adoptadas indica que se puede y debe estudiar mejorar lo que se ha realizado hasta el momento, no solo para mejorar las implementaciones en Sudamérica sino en otras regiones del mundo. Partiendo de lo anterior, esta tesis explora en primer lugar las ventajas y posibles objeciones a la adopción del software libre en el Estado. Sobre las ventajas se consideran: reducción de costos, desarrollo de la industria y empleo local, independencia de proveedores, adaptación local del software y uso del hardware antiguo. Posteriormente, en el capítulo tres se analizan algunas medidas comunes que se han tomado en los países de la región: medidas legales, requerimiento de estándares abiertos, modelo de software público, políticas de investigación y desarrollo en cuanto a software libre, y finalmente, cooperación internacional. En el capítulo cuarto se plantean recomendaciones para una mejor adopción del software libre en el sector público. Estas recomendaciones se refieren a los siguientes aspectos: la adopción de estándares abiertos, medidas legales, institución especializada en la materia, tratados y obligaciones internacionales, cooperación internacional, oposición al software libre, y la comunidad de software libre. Finalmente, en el capítulo quinto se concluye sosteniendo que la adopción de software libre en el sector público es un paso positivo. No obstante, dadas las dificultades técnicas y de otro tipo, más los intereses que hay en juego, esta decisión es compleja y requiere de una cuidadosa planificación e implementación.

Abstract: The manufacturing brick generates a direct effect in the air quality affecting the health of the surrounding communities of this type of industry. In the Colombian municipality of Nemocón, in the Patio Bonito rural locality, the majority of small and micro-sized brick fields uses craft techniques for manufacturing different types of bricks. The manufacturing plant is basically represented by a kiln and a plot of land as a farmyard; the area where these elements are concentrated is commonly named “Chircal”. Craft brickers usually use kilns of direct fire and upward firing for cooking. The main fuel used in the manufacture of bricks is coal, followed by natural gas and diesel. The present work aims to characterize air quality, taking into account the massive growth of the brick manufacturing activity in the rural locality of Patio Bonito, Nemocón, Colombia, specifically assessing the particulate matter PM10, which is one of the most critical air pollutant due to its impact on health of its inhabitants and on the local environment. The year 2013 was selected for the analysis, because the highest PM10 concentrations of the last five years that happened in that year, according to historical data from the environmental authority of Cundinamarca region. For assessing the air quality in Patio Bonito, a Gaussian air quality model named URBAIR, developed by the University of Aveiro, was applied. For an adequate operation of this model, it was necessary to collect input data as emission sources and meteorological data. The modeling periods were August 8th, November 20th and 24th 2013, when daily averaged with concentrations above 100 µg/m3, limit regulated by Colombian legislation were registered. Moreover, two improvement scenarios were proposed. The first considered the operation of “Colmena” kilns with an emission control system. The second implied Hoffman and Tunnel kilns, because those showed the lowest PM10 emissions. Results allowed to conclude that those improvement measures can reduce the PM10 contribution to air pollution levels. Resumen: La fabricación del ladrillo genera un efecto directo en la calidad del aire afectando la salud de las comunidades circundantes de este tipo de industria. En el municipio colombiano de Nemocón, en la localidad rural de Patio Bonito, la mayoría de las pequeñas ladrilleras utilizan técnicas artesanales para la fabricación de diferentes tipos de ladrillos. La planta de fabricación está básicamente representada por un horno y una parcela de tierra como un patio; el área donde se concentran estos elementos se denomina comúnmente ""Chircal"". Los trabajadores artesanales generalmente usan hornos de fuego directo y fuego ascendente para cocinar. El principal combustible utilizado en la fabricación de ladrillos es el carbón, seguido del gas natural y el diesel. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la calidad del aire, teniendo en cuenta el crecimiento masivo de la actividad de fabricación de ladrillos en la localidad rural de Patio Bonito, Nemocón, Colombia, evaluando específicamente el material particulado PM10, que es uno de los contaminantes atmosféricos más críticos debido a su impacto en la salud de sus habitantes y en el entorno local. El año 2013 fue seleccionado para el análisis, debido a las mayores concentraciones de PM10 de los últimos cinco años que ocurrieron en ese año, según datos históricos de la autoridad ambiental de la región de Cundinamarca. Para evaluar la calidad del aire en Patio Bonito, se aplicó un modelo Gaussiano de calidad del aire denominado URBAIR, desarrollado por la Universidad de Aveiro. Para un funcionamiento adecuado de este modelo, fue necesario recopilar datos de entrada como fuentes de emisión y datos meteorológicos. Los periodos de modelación fueron el 8 de agosto, el 20 y el 24 de noviembre de 2013, cuando se registró un promedio diario con concentraciones superiores a 100 ?g / m3, límite regulado por la legislación colombiana. Además, se propusieron dos escenarios de mejora. El primero consideró la operación de hornos ""Colmena"" con un sistema de control de emisiones. El segundo implicaba los hornos Hoffman y Tunnel, porque aquellos mostraban las emisiones más bajas de PM10. Los resultados permitieron concluir que estas medidas de mejora pueden reducir la contribución de PM10 a los niveles de contaminación del aire.

Abstract: Buenaventura is a port-city located in the Colombian pacific coast: having a geostrategic position, equidistant to the main worldwide markets; moving 60% of the cargo country; it is the most important Colombian cargo port. Also considered as an eco-region with many biodiversity, it attracts many tourists; besides is one of the rainiest places of the world. Nevertheless, having all these geographical and physical advantages; Buenaventura has always been developed around the cargo terminal; leaving behind citizens’ social and spatial factors. Therefore, it is a site that has the specificity of motion but not permanence: cargo, ships-boats, money, tourists, whales, rainwater, and some others ambient factors are moving, but nothing remains for its citizens. How architecture can react in order to generate city-revival, in order to provoke “Spaces of Permanence and Stability” for Buenaventura city-port? Through exploring fluctuations, behaviors and parameters of previous exposed facts a “Maritime Terminal for Passengers” is designed, as a building that mainly implies movement, but can also denote permanence. While defining building “spatial position” through ships, boats and vessels constraints; building “spatial organization” is determined according with main citizens’ social needs: employment, public space and water service. On the other hand, Sea Water Surface and Rain Water Fall behaviors define building “spatial quality”: woven parameters that generate “interweaving the waves”. Thus, passengers, visitors and vehicles paths engender interwoven curved surfaces; that besides loading-unloading passengers, they provide public activities, public space, and a system able to collect rainwater. Therefore, new building spaces will provoke permanence and stability: offering new employment opportunities [cruise-ship terminal, sailing school, repairing boats, cinemas, restaurant and commercial areas]; rising visitors and passenger quantity [from 100.000 to 220.000 per year]; attracting investors; generating a landmark as a new city image [increasing city identity and appropriation feeling]; and providing public space as walk ways, open air theaters, paths for city aerial views [improving citizen’s spatial conditions and life quality]. Furthermore, the emerging attractive and monumental shape is not only effective according to the created new image, but also effective because of the new rainwater collection system: a high-tech element able to collect rainwater in a high efficient way [3 times more than a normal surface], solving one of the population’s main problems: the lack of water service for 10% of the inhabitants. All previous exposed facts integrated in an infrastructure project, generate Buenaventura city-port revival: a real dialogue between the city and its port; movement and permanence are constantly flowing. Resumen: Buenaventura es una ciudad-puerto localizada en la costa pacífica colombiana: teniendo una posición geoestratégica equidistante a los principales comercios del mundo, y moviendo el 60% de la carga del país; es el puerto más importante de Colombia. Adicionalmente, es considerada una eco-región con un alto grado biodiversidad, la cual atrae múltiples turistas; y por otro lado es una de las ciudades más lluviosas del mundo. Aun teniendo todas estas ventajas geográficas y físicas, Buenaventura se ha desarrollado alrededor del puerto, dejando atrás las condiciones sociales y espaciales de sus ciudadanos. Por lo tanto, es un lugar que tiene la característica de movimiento sin permanencia: carga, barcos, dinero, turistas, animales y agua se mueve, pero muy poco queda a su gente. ¿Cómo la arquitectura puede responder, para generar una renovación urbana, la cual provoque “Espacios de Permanencia y Estabilidad” para Buenaventura? A partir de explorar flujos, comportamientos y parámetros de los factores previamente expuestos se planteó el diseño de un “Terminal Marítimo de Pasajeros”, como un edificio que implica simultáneamente movimiento y permanencia. La “posición espacial” fue definida con los condicionantes de barcos, botes y lanchas; la “organización espacial” se determinó con las necesidades principales de los ciudadanos: empleo, espacio público y servicio de agua; y las “características espaciales” se definieron al estudiar el comportamiento de la superficie del mar y la precipitación fluvial. De esta manera, los recorridos de pasajeros, visitantes y vehículos, son “caminos que se entretejen en superficies curveadas”; las cuales además de cargar y descargar pasajeros, proveen actividades y espacios públicos, y un sistema de recolección de agua lluvia. Por lo tanto, el nuevo edificio provoca permanencia y estabilidad: ofreciendo nuevas oportunidades de empleo [terminal de cruceros-botes, escuela de vela, reparación de botes, cinemas, restaurantes y áreas comerciales]; aumenta el número de visitantes y pasajeros de 100 mil a 200 mil por año; atrae inversionistas; genera un hito como nueva imagen de la ciudad; y promueve espacios públicos como pasarelas, teatros al aire libre, vistas aéreas de la ciudad. Adicionalmente, la emergente atractiva y monumental forma, no es sólo efectiva al crear una nueva imagen; pero también eficiente al crear un nuevo sistema de recolección de agua que soluciona la falta de agua al 10% de sus habitantes. Todos los factores expuestos, generan la revitalización de Buenaventura: un dialogo real entre la ciudad y el puerto, movimiento y permanencia fluyen constantemente.

The purpose of this essay is to explain why it is not only reasonable but also necessary for companies that aim to survive in the long term, to adapt to the shifts that have happened in the market by embedding a system thinking and becoming sustainable businesses, through the adoption of sustainable business strategies that deliver benefits for the Triple Bottom Line. This paper first describes the current situation of the Earth, it will also describe the existing criticism towards businesses and the raising expectations for business acting as a source of long-term solutions and change. Subsequently, it exposes the main reasons why it has been so difficult for businesses to see a business case for sustainability. Finally, this essay demonstrates that to survive in the long term it is of vital importance for companies to embed sustainable business strategies and sustainable business models that deliver benefits for the Triple Bottom Line.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of cattle that has been frequently associated with in vitro produced (IVP) embryos. The zona pellucida (ZP) of IVP embryos shows higher affinity for BVDV than the ZP of in vivo produced embryos and treatments that can eliminate BVDV from in vivo produced embryos are unsuccessful in the case of the IVP embryos. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether different culture conditions change the affinity of the ZP of day-7 IVP bovine embryos to BVDV. Morula and blastocysts were produced under four different culture systems: 1) in vitro culture in Menezo's B2 media and coculture with bovine oviductal epithelial cells (B2-BOEC culture); 2) in vitro culture in modified synthetic oviductai fluid with aminoacids (mSOFaa culture); 3) in vivo culture in ligated oviducts of synchronized sheep; and 4) in vivo produced embryos flushed from superovulated cows seven days after breeding. The embryos were exposed to BVDV for 24 hours, and washed 10 times and treated with trypsin, according to the recommendations of the international Embryo Transfer Society. After pooling the embryos in groups of five, the samples were homogenized and tested for the presence of BVDV by indirect immimoperoxidase assay (IIP) or reverse transcription-polymerase chah reaction (RT-PCR). No significant differences were found between the two detection systems but the IIP assay tended to detect a higher number of positive sarnples. According to the IIP assay, the mSOFaa group had a significantliy higher number of positive findings (78.6%) followed by the B2-BOEC group (32.1%), and the oviductal culture group (7.1%). None of the in vivo embryos tested positive for BVDV. These results show that different culture conditions in which embryos develop alter the way the ZP interacts with pathogens. The oviductal culture of in vitro produced zygotes seems to be beneficial in reducing the affinity of the ZP to BVDV and the washes and trypsin treatments applied to these embryos after culture appear to be more effective than in embryos completely produced in vitro.

Miguel Angel Rojas es uno de los artistas colombianos contemporáneos más prolíficos. Sus inicios como dibujante hiperrealista, su incursión en la pintura neoexpresionista de la siguiente década, sus obras indigenistas – interculturales de los años 90 y sus más recientes obras políticas referidas al narcotráfico son en conjunto, manifestaciones de un espíritu creativo, curioso y autoexigente. Sin embargo su obra fue poco conocida y divulgada hasta fechas recientes. Su actitud estética, profusa, ecléctica y abierta a los cambios, refleja el temperamento del mejor arte colombiano, aquel que le ha permitido entrar y salir con éxito y desprejuicidamente de las impredecibles y siempre cambiantes corrientes y contracorrientes del arte contemporáneo sin perder de vista su realidad local. Esta investigación intenta realizar por primera vez una revisión de la obra total del artista, cubriendo tres décadas de trabajo. Se da a conocer su obra y la interesante producción colombiana actual.

It is now widely acknowledged that is indispensable to address disaster risk in order to advance development efforts. Alongside other issues such as poverty, food security and land use planning, disaster risk needs to be mainstreamed into the development agendas of urban centres worldwide. The indissoluble bond between disasters and climate change has encouraged this mainstreaming to be carried out through the coordination of efforts between Disaster Risk Reduction DRR and Climate Change Adaptation CCA. The unequal paths of evolution and institutional arrangements for DRR and CCA in Colombia have rendered obstacles for their coordination. DRM started by focusing on response and recovery while forgoing the discourse about the social construction of disasters. In regards to CCA, an initial and needless focus on mitigation rather than adaptation, delayed the development of the adaptation agenda in Colombia. However, the recent acknowledgment of concepts such as vulnerability and resilience in the equation of risk have begun to pave the way for framing disasters as an issue of development. The linkage between climate change and disasters in Colombia, although with previous experiences, became evident with the extensive damages that the country experienced during La Niña 2010-2011. This series of events prompted the most recent efforts for development policy and practice that have targeted the coordination of DRR and CCA in the country to achieve sustainable development. Efforts for DRM at the city level have emerged as examples with the potential to prepare the Colombian urban settings for the challenges and uncertainties of future climate change impacts. For this potential to be materialised it is necessary to take advantage of the existing entry points for coordination of DRR and CCA and their mainstreaming into development planning. Since the same body in Colombia, the National Planning Department, leads the development of the guidelines for the advancement of the two fields, there are parallel levels of intervention amongst them that can facilitate joint actions. Targeting the vulnerability and the resilience building of populations in urban contexts must be the main objective of such efforts to effectively deal with disaster risk in Colombia as a way to advance development. 

With the advent of ubiquitous computing, interaction design has broadened its object of inquiry into how smart computational artifacts inconspicuously act in  people’s everyday lives. Although user-centered design approaches remains useful for exploring how people cope with interactive systems, they cannot explain how this new breed of artifact participates in people’s sociality. User-centered design approach assumes that humans control interactive systems, but neglects any possibility of the agency of smart artifacts.Following Actor-network Theory, this research recognizes that artifacts and humans share the capacity of influencing society and meshing with each other, constituting hybrid social actors. From that standpoint, the research offers a triadic structure of networked social interaction as a methodological basis to investigate how smart devices perceive their social setting and adaptively mediate people’s interactions within activities. These triadic units of analysis account for the interactions within and between humannonhuman collectives in the actor-network. The within interactions are those that hold together humans and smart artifacts inside a collective and put forward the collective’s assembled meaning for other actors in the network.The between interactions are those that occur among collectives and characterize the dominant relational model of the actor-network. This triadic approach was modeled and used to analyze the interactions of participants in three empirical studies of social activities with communal goals, each mediated by a smart artifact that enacted – signified – a balanced distribution of obligations and privileges among subjects. Overall, the studies found that actor-networks exhibit a social viscosity that hinders people’s interactions. This is because when people try to collectively accomplish goals, they offer resistance to one another. The studies also show that the intervention of smart artifacts can facilitate the achievement of cooperative and collaborative interaction between actors when the artifacts enact the dominant moral principles which prompt the preservation of social balance, enhance the network’s information integrity, and are located at the focus of activity. The articulation of Actor-Network Theory principles with interaction design methods opens up the traditional user-artifact dyad towards triadic collective enactment by embracing diverse kinds of participants and practices, thus facilitating the design of enhanced sociality. The theoretical conceptual framework, methods and tools developed in this research are relevant to product and interaction designers, ubiquitous computing and Science and technology studies (STS) researchers; as well as practitioners interested in making the interaction between humans and computers smarter, more intuitive and more enjoyable. The outcome of this research is addressed to designers, engineers and urban planners who are responsible for the design of the new generation of computational artifacts that will cohabitate today’s transportation terminals and vehicles, offices, parks, streets, among other social spaces of the constructed world.

Previous studies have shown that residential water consumption in Phoenix, Arizona is significantly related to changes in climate, although that sensitivity varies substantially from one census tract to another. In this investigation, we determine the empirical relationship between water consumption and variations in temperature and precipitation. We find the sensitivity of consumption to either climate variable is positively related to the percent of land covered in mesic irrigated landscaping, mean household income, lot size, and percent of single-family residential lots containing swimming pools.  We use estimated changes in temperature and precipitation for 50 model – scenario combinations presented by the IPCC, and we determined that mean water consumption should increase by an average of over three percent by 2050, but the climate-induced change in consumption varies considerably across the census tracts.