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Imagen de apoyo de Financial Inclusion: What are the challenges? = Inclusión Financiera. ¿Cuáles son los desafíos?

Financial Inclusion: What are the challenges? = Inclusión Financiera. ¿Cuáles son los desafíos?

Por: Oscar Iván Cardona González | Fecha: 01/01/2015

Financial inclusion has become an important objective for policy makers and regulators around the world. This is perhaps due to greater access to financial services has been associated with promote more economic growth and sustainable development, therefore, greater inclusion is being considered as a fundamental tool to reduce poverty and as a key element to boost the economy, particularly in developing countries.However, despite the apparent benefits that it can bring to society, there are some aspects that are worth being considered in order to frame a clear vision that inspires better policies towards financial inclusion. An important question that emerges is what would be the challenges and the best alternatives to reach inclusion without going beyond what is necessary. Answering this question is perhaps the key point that regulators and policymakers should carefully consider before setting out new policies that seek better and greater access to financial services.The aim of this work is therefore highlight the emerging challenges and the possible alternatives that might have a positive impact in the enhancement of financial inclusion. To this end, it will provide a general overview of the current state of inclusion and it will present some figures of the progress achieved so far. It will also address two of the main issues that need to be overcome, specifically the shortcomings of regulations and the lack of financial literacy.This document will argue that the main challenge is to strike a balance between the interests of the different actors involved in the provision of financial services; therefore, the main role for regulators and policy makers should be set out a framework with fair condition for all participants and particular for those new actors, such as mobile network operators and correspondent banks, which are playing a fundamental role in the enhancement of financial inclusion. However, the shift towards proper inclusion might also require that these interventions are complemented by adequate education policies that promote a better use of financial services.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Financial Inclusion: What are the challenges? = Inclusión Financiera. ¿Cuáles son los desafíos?

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Imagen de apoyo de Predicting future residential water consumption in Phoenix, Arizona given climate changes

Predicting future residential water consumption in Phoenix, Arizona given climate changes

Por: Hermes Camilo Cubaque Barrera | Fecha: 01/01/2009

Previous studies have shown that residential water consumption in Phoenix, Arizona is significantly related to changes in climate, although that sensitivity varies substantially from one census tract to another. In this investigation, we determine the empirical relationship between water consumption and variations in temperature and precipitation. We find the sensitivity of consumption to either climate variable is positively related to the percent of land covered in mesic irrigated landscaping, mean household income, lot size, and percent of single-family residential lots containing swimming pools. We use estimated changes in temperature and precipitation for 50 model – scenario combinations presented by the IPCC, and we determined that mean water consumption should increase by an average of over three percent by 2050, but the climate-induced change in consumption varies considerably across the census tracts. 
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Predicting future residential water consumption in Phoenix, Arizona given climate changes

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Imagen de apoyo de Designing smart artifacts for adaptive mediation of social viscosity: triadic actor-network enactments as a basis for interaction design = Diseñando artefactos inteligentes para la mediación dinámica de la viscosidad social: traidas de redes de actores

Designing smart artifacts for adaptive mediation of social viscosity: triadic actor-network enactments as a basis for interaction design = Diseñando artefactos inteligentes para la mediación dinámica de la viscosidad social: traidas de redes de actores

Por: Juan Salamanca | Fecha: 01/01/2012

With the advent of ubiquitous computing, interaction design has broadened its object of inquiry into how smart computational artifacts inconspicuously act in  people’s everyday lives. Although user-centered design approaches remains useful for exploring how people cope with interactive systems, they cannot explain how this new breed of artifact participates in people’s sociality. User-centered design approach assumes that humans control interactive systems, but neglects any possibility of the agency of smart artifacts.Following Actor-network Theory, this research recognizes that artifacts and humans share the capacity of influencing society and meshing with each other, constituting hybrid social actors.From that standpoint, the research offers a triadic structure of networked social interaction as a methodological basis to investigate how smart devices perceive their social setting and adaptively mediate people’s interactions within activities. These triadic units of analysis account for the interactions within and between humannonhuman collectives in the actor-network. The within interactions are those that hold together humans and smart artifacts inside a collective and put forward the collective’s assembled meaning for other actors in the network.The between interactions are those that occur among collectives and characterize the dominant relational model of the actor-network.This triadic approach was modeled and used to analyze the interactions of participants in three empirical studies of social activities with communal goals, each mediated by a smart artifact that enacted – signified – a balanced distribution of obligations and privileges among subjects. Overall, the studies found that actor-networks exhibit a social viscosity that hinders people’s interactions. This is because when people try to collectively accomplish goals, they offer resistance to one another. The studies also show that the intervention of smart artifacts can facilitate the achievement of cooperative and collaborative interaction between actors when the artifacts enact the dominant moral principles which prompt the preservation of social balance, enhance the network’s information integrity, and are located at the focus of activity. The articulation of Actor-Network Theory principles with interaction design methods opens up the traditional user-artifact dyad towards triadic collective enactment by embracing diverse kinds of participants and practices, thus facilitating the design of enhanced sociality.The theoretical conceptual framework, methods and tools developed in this research are relevant to product and interaction designers, ubiquitous computing and Science and technology studies (STS) researchers; as well as practitioners interested in making the interaction between humans and computers smarter, more intuitive and more enjoyable. The outcome of this research is addressed to designers, engineers and urban planners who are responsible for the design of the new generation of computational artifacts that will cohabitate today’s transportation terminals and vehicles, offices, parks, streets, among other social spaces of the constructed world.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Designing smart artifacts for adaptive mediation of social viscosity: triadic actor-network enactments as a basis for interaction design = Diseñando artefactos inteligentes para la mediación dinámica de la viscosidad social: traidas de redes de actores

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Imagen de apoyo de Carnival 365: Building on the Cultural Capital of Barranquilla

Carnival 365: Building on the Cultural Capital of Barranquilla

Por: David Montero Jalil | Fecha: 01/01/2012

Given the social inequalities that exist in Barranquilla and the lack of inclusive public environments, this research analyses the potential of scaling up the main asset of the city’s cultural capital – its carnival – to support a strategy that would materialize the vision of a city with useful, attractive, inclusive and vibrant public places that promote equality of quality of life during the whole year. Ethnographic research is done to understand the cultural DNA of the city, both during the carnival and the rest of the year, in order to have elements for the construction of the strategy. The research is done mainly on two levels: institutional and ground level, and has input from local authorities, academics, citizens, private and non-governmental organizations.From informal conversations, formal interviews, field observation and direct experience in the city the author analyses holistically physical, social, economic aspects among others. The first section of the work explains the importance of the carnival as part of the cultural capital of the city, and the social inclusiveness that occurs in public spaces when it takes place. The second section explains the main needs and challenges that the stakeholders of the carnival have in order to keep taking advantage of and growing this asset for the public good of the city. The third section proposes the strategy for Carnival 365 to provide solutions both to the lack of inclusive public spaces in the city, and the challenges of the carnival to keep operating in the long run.Fo r this purpose, the strategy integrates carnival initiatives and processes that are already operating in the city and have the potential to be scaled up to be available during the entire year in public spaces. Four main pillars of action are recommended to be implemented with specific initiatives that can be fostered to be the cement that would sustain the pillars of the strategy in its early stages of creation. The strategy proposes incremental solutions to understanding the city’s own capabilities and limitations, instead of embedding external models or initiatives that could be disrupting in the early stages of implementation. Finally, the conclusion connects the solutions that the strategy of Carnival 365 gives, based on the principles of equality within the context and urban complexities of Barranquilla, and provides a wider reflection about the relevance of the cultural capital of cities to provide quality of life and opportunities to citizens, despite the existence of large social inequalities.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Carnival 365: Building on the Cultural Capital of Barranquilla

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Imagen de apoyo de Factores Individuales e Institucionales Asociados con la Producción Académicos de Profesores Universitarios = Institutional and Individual Factors Associated with Faculty Scholarly Productivity

Factores Individuales e Institucionales Asociados con la Producción Académicos de Profesores Universitarios = Institutional and Individual Factors Associated with Faculty Scholarly Productivity

Por: María Caridad García Cepero | Fecha: 01/01/2007

Este estudio fue desarrollado para expandir el conocimiento actual sobre la productividad de profesores universitarios y los factores que pueden contribuir a incrementar los niveles de productividad académica de los docentes de educación superior. Se utilizó una muestra de aproximadamente 4000 profesores vinculados de tiempo completo a instituciones de educación superior en Estados Unidos de América. La muestra provino de una de las bases de datos restringida del National Center for Educational Statistics: National Study of Postsecondary Faculty 1999 –NSOPF:99 (Estudio Nacional de Profesores Universitarios).La primera pregunta de investigación, abordaba el problema de “cómo modelar estadísticamente la producción académica de profesores universitarios como variable latente”, fue desarrollada usando técnicas de modelación de ecuaciones estructurales (Structural Equation Modeling – SEM) tales como Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (CFA), Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio de Múltiples Grupos, Análisis de Perfiles Latentes (LPA), y CFA con covariables (MIMIC). La segunda pregunta de investigación analizaba los factores asociados a niveles altos de productividad académica y fue abordada a través un grupo de análisis exploratorios, usando Modelos Jerárquicos de Regresión Logística (HGLM).Para modelar el comportamiento productivo de la muestra se identificaron tres factores: inflación, producción individual y producción colectiva, los cuales se constituyeron en la variable dependiente para la segunda pregunta de investigación. Múltiples variables, tales como, rango académico y tipo de institución, entre otras, fueron relacionadas de manera positiva o negativa a las tres variables dependientes. El efecto de las variables explicativas fue diferencial en cada uno de los factores. Estos resultados sugieren cierto nivel de independencia en las variables asociadas con cada uno de los factores en el modelo de producción académica. Adicionalmente, un segundo resultado de este estudio es el desarrollo de una nueva ruta analítica para entender la roductividad académica como una variable latente. Los resultados del estudio tienen implicaciones importantes para la generación de políticas y estrategias para el desarrollo profesional de profesores universitarios. Adicionalmente, provee de información valiosa a investigadores en el área de superdotación y desarrollo del talento que están abordando el problema de cómo favorecer los procesos de producción creativa y de desarrollo del talento en adultos. Futuras investigaciones sobre productividad académica deberían incluir indicadores más amplios que permitan abordar otras dimensiones de las responsabilidades académicas de profesores universitarios como por ejemplo la docencia. Estos estudios permitirán tener una comprensión mas precisa de una concepción más amplia de lo que es la académica en instituciones de educación superior.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Factores Individuales e Institucionales Asociados con la Producción Académicos de Profesores Universitarios = Institutional and Individual Factors Associated with Faculty Scholarly Productivity

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Imagen de apoyo de Identifying challenges and opportunities to coordinate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation through mainstreaming into development planning: the case of Colombia

Identifying challenges and opportunities to coordinate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation through mainstreaming into development planning: the case of Colombia

Por: Mónica Bernal Llanos | Fecha: 01/01/2013

It is now widely acknowledged that is indispensable to address disaster risk in order to advance development efforts. Alongside other issues such as poverty, food security and land use planning, disaster risk needs to be mainstreamed into the development agendas of urban centres worldwide. The indissoluble bond between disasters and climate change has encouraged this mainstreaming to be carried out through the coordination of efforts between Disaster Risk Reduction DRR and Climate Change Adaptation CCA.The unequal paths of evolution and institutional arrangements for DRR and CCA in Colombia have rendered obstacles for their coordination. DRM started by focusing on response and recovery while forgoing the discourse about the social construction of disasters. In regards to CCA, an initial and needless focus on mitigation rather than adaptation, delayed the development of the adaptation agenda in Colombia. However, the recent acknowledgment of concepts such as vulnerability and resilience in the equation of risk have begun to pave the way for framing disasters as an issue of development.The linkage between climate change and disasters in Colombia, although with previous experiences, became evident with the extensive damages that the country experienced during La Niña 2010-2011. This series of events prompted the most recent efforts for development policy and practice that have targeted the coordination of DRR and CCA in the country to achieve sustainable development. Efforts for DRM at the city level have emerged as examples with the potential to prepare the Colombian urban settings for the challenges and uncertainties of future climate change impacts.For this potential to be materialised it is necessary to take advantage of the existing entry points for coordination of DRR and CCA and their mainstreaming into development planning. Since the same body in Colombia, the National Planning Department, leads the development of the guidelines for the advancement of the two fields, there are parallel levels of intervention amongst them that can facilitate joint actions. Targeting the vulnerability and the resilience building of populations in urban contexts must be the main objective of such efforts to effectively deal with disaster risk in Colombia as a way to advance development. 
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Identifying challenges and opportunities to coordinate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation through mainstreaming into development planning: the case of Colombia

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Imagen de apoyo de Hiper/Ultra/Neo/Post: Miguel Angel Rojas, 30 Años De Arte En Colombia

Hiper/Ultra/Neo/Post: Miguel Angel Rojas, 30 Años De Arte En Colombia

Por: Santiago Rueda Fajardo | Fecha: 01/01/2004

Miguel Angel Rojas es uno de los artistas colombianos contemporáneos más prolíficos. Sus inicios como dibujante hiperrealista, su incursión en la pintura neoexpresionista de la siguiente década, sus obras indigenistas – interculturales de los años 90 y sus más recientes obras políticas referidas al narcotráfico son en conjunto, manifestaciones de un espíritu creativo, curioso y autoexigente.Sin embargo su obra fue poco conocida y divulgada hasta fechas recientes. Su actitud estética, profusa, ecléctica y abierta a los cambios, refleja el temperamento del mejor arte colombiano, aquel que le ha permitido entrar y salir con éxito y desprejuicidamente de las impredecibles y siempre cambiantes corrientes y contracorrientes del arte contemporáneo sin perder de vista su realidad local.Esta investigación intenta realizar por primera vez una revisión de la obra total del artista, cubriendo tres décadas de trabajo. Se da a conocer su obra y la interesante producción colombiana actual.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Hiper/Ultra/Neo/Post: Miguel Angel Rojas, 30 Años De Arte En Colombia

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Imagen de apoyo de Association of bovine viral diarrhea virus with day-7 bovine embryos produced under differente culture conditions = Asociación del virus de la diarrea viral bovina con embriones bovinos de 7 días producidos bajo diferentes condiciones de cultivo

Association of bovine viral diarrhea virus with day-7 bovine embryos produced under differente culture conditions = Asociación del virus de la diarrea viral bovina con embriones bovinos de 7 días producidos bajo diferentes condiciones de cultivo

Por: Claudia Jiménez Escobar | Fecha: 01/01/2001

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of cattle that has been frequently associated with in vitro produced (IVP) embryos. The zona pellucida (ZP) of IVP embryos shows higher affinity for BVDV than the ZP of in vivo produced embryos and treatments that can eliminate BVDV from in vivo produced embryos are unsuccessful in the case of the IVP embryos. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether different culture conditions change the affinity of the ZP of day-7 IVP bovine embryos to BVDV. Morula and blastocysts were produced under four different culture systems: 1) in vitro culture in Menezo's B2 media and coculture with bovine oviductal epithelial cells (B2-BOEC culture); 2) in vitro culture in modified synthetic oviductai fluid with aminoacids (mSOFaa culture); 3) in vivo culture in ligated oviducts of synchronized sheep; and 4) in vivo produced embryos flushed from superovulated cows seven days after breeding. The embryos were exposed to BVDV for 24 hours, and washed 10 times and treated with trypsin, according to the recommendations of the international Embryo Transfer Society. After pooling the embryos in groups of five, the samples were homogenized and tested for the presence of BVDV by indirect immimoperoxidase assay (IIP) or reverse transcription-polymerase chah reaction (RT-PCR). No significant differences were found between the two detection systems but the IIP assay tended to detect a higher number of positive sarnples.According to the IIP assay, the mSOFaa group had a significantliy higher number of positive findings (78.6%) followed by the B2-BOEC group (32.1%), and the oviductal culture group (7.1%). None of the in vivo embryos tested positive for BVDV. These results show that different culture conditions in which embryos develop alter the way the ZP interacts with pathogens. The oviductal culture of in vitro produced zygotes seems to be beneficial in reducing the affinity of the ZP to BVDV and the washes and trypsin treatments applied to these embryos after culture appear to be more effective than in embryos completely produced in vitro.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Association of bovine viral diarrhea virus with day-7 bovine embryos produced under differente culture conditions = Asociación del virus de la diarrea viral bovina con embriones bovinos de 7 días producidos bajo diferentes condiciones de cultivo

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Imagen de apoyo de Perspectiva de infancia en las políticas de juzgamiento en las transiciones en Colombia: El caso de los niños, niñas y adolescentes reclutados por grupos armados al margen de la ley

Perspectiva de infancia en las políticas de juzgamiento en las transiciones en Colombia: El caso de los niños, niñas y adolescentes reclutados por grupos armados al margen de la ley

Por: Carolina Villadiego Burbano | Fecha: 01/01/2010

El Estado colombiano ha tenido un conflicto armado desde la década del 60 del siglo XX, cuyas raíces se remontan a décadas pasadas a ésta. En éste han participado distintos grupos de izquierda y de derecha que reclutaron de manera indiscriminada niños, niñas y adolescentes. Durante años, se realizaron diferentes esfuerzos para obtener la desmovilización de los grupos armados y alcanzar la paz. Estos esfuerzos se enmarcaron, en mayor o menor medida, en las herramientas de la justicia transicional.En ese marco, las políticas de juzgamiento desarrolladas buscaban en los últimos tiempos sancionar a las personas que cometieron graves crímenes con ocasión de su participación en el grupo armado. Estas políticas, sin embargo, se realizaron a partir de un imaginario fuertemente arraigado según el cual los grupos armados estaban compuestos solo por adultos.Sin embargo, a los adolescentes reclutados ilícitamente y desvinculados de los grupos armados se les aplicó un régimen penal ordinario, distinto al de los adultos, que generó prácticas discriminatorias según la forma de desvinculación del grupo y respecto del grupo que provenían. Pero además, el trato jurídico brindado no fue menos gravoso que el establecido para los adultos que los reclutaron, entre otras cosas, porque las políticas de juzgamiento diseñadas para los desmovilizados no tuvieron perspectiva de infancia.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Perspectiva de infancia en las políticas de juzgamiento en las transiciones en Colombia: El caso de los niños, niñas y adolescentes reclutados por grupos armados al margen de la ley

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Imagen de apoyo de Spatial network analysis for urban cycling networks = Análisis espacial de redes para redes urbanas de ciclorutas

Spatial network analysis for urban cycling networks = Análisis espacial de redes para redes urbanas de ciclorutas

Por: César Ricardo Criollo Preciado | Fecha: 01/01/2013

There is a great need of expanding horizons for modelling and prediction on cycling planning. This Research evaluates prediction of cyclists’ movement through an urban street environment, by using the theory of “Natural Movement” (Space Syntax), due to the positive explanation of pedestrian movement on similar environments. By relating spatial patterns to movement, Munich Urban area was chosen and a Geographic Information System model of the Real Street and cycling network was defined and refined.A series of locations were selected to test their correlation to real cycling traffic counts and with a GIS based transport model. Building this model from Open Source Data and Empirical Traffic Counts leaded to a series of recommendations regarding higher quality for experimental data and how cycling infrastructure should be modelled, considering a different approach on how to model network elements and embracing further factors that influence the route choice for cyclists.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Spatial network analysis for urban cycling networks = Análisis espacial de redes para redes urbanas de ciclorutas

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