Resumen: Investigación académica de carácter cualitativo e inductivo, en la cual se establece un trabajo colaborativo y participante con las mujeres que son parte de la Colectiva de Mujeres Refugiadas, Exiliadas y Migradas, con el fin de hablar desde su propia intervención y captar su voz en primera persona. Un proceso en el cual las mujeres de la Colectiva contribuirán en la construcción investigativa a través de sus relatos personales y profesionales, siendo constructoras y orientadoras de la misma dinámica, con el fin que lo plasmado asegure su representatividad, además de aportar en la validez y fiabilidad investigativa. Una construcción de miradas subjetivas de las mujeres víctimas de desplazamiento extrafronterizo ocasionado por el impacto del conflicto armado en Colombia que permitirá comprender y reflexionar acerca de su reconfiguración personal y los nuevos escenarios de participación creados como estrategia organizativa y de identificación hacia su reivindicación y resistencia como sujetas activas y lideresas sociales. Mediante el método biográfico-narrativo y un modelo de inducción analítica, se interpretarán las vivencias, pensamientos y sensaciones (motivaciones, razones e intereses) personales y comunes de las mujeres que por ocasión del conflicto armado interno se vieron obligadas a dejar el país (Colombia) en condición de exilio forzado para re-construir su vida personal, reivindicar su autonomía y fortalecer sus liderazgos como sujetas políticas en el exilio, refugio y migración, hacia una incidencia en el proceso de paz de Colombia desde una perspectiva de género y una transformación en el país receptor (España). Abstract: Qualitative and inductive academic research in a collaboration and with the participation of women who are part of “Colectiva de Mujeres Refugiadas, Exiliadas y Migradas”, in order to write about their intervention and to capture their voice in first person. A process in which women from this group will contribute in the investigative construction through their personal and professional stories. They will be able to build and guide the dynamic with the purpose to reflect their own representativeness and to contribute in the validity and investigative reliability. A construction based in the subjective views of women victims of extra-frontier displacement, caused by the impact of the armed conflict in Colombia, will allow us to understand and reflect on their personal reconfiguration and the new scenarios of participation created as an organizational strategy and identification. All of these, as a symbol of their resistance as political activists and social leaders. Using the biographical-narrative method and a model of analytic induction, thoughts, experiences and feelings of these women will be interpreted (motivations, reasons and interests). These female individuals were forced to leave the country by the internal conflict and had to reconstruct their personal life, to claim their autonomy and to strengthen their leadership as political activists in exile, refuge and migration, towards an impact on the peace process in Colombia from a gender perspective and a transformation in their host country (Spain).

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivo: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura que evidencia problemas y necesidades en la diada paciente – cuidador familiar en cuidados paliativos durante el proceso de transición entre el hospital y el hogar. Estas necesidades tienen relación con: los conocimientos relacionados con la enfermedad, los sentimientos del cuidador y del paciente al alta, la comunicación efectiva, la educación para el cuidado a domicilio, el apoyo a la diada en el domicilio y la sobrecarga del cuidado - soporte social para el cuidador. La escasa evidencia sobre las experiencias en el proceso de transición hospital-hogar, así como de estudios en el ámbito latinoamericano, llevan a plantear una propuesta de investigación con el objetivo de describir la experiencia de la diada paciente – cuidador familiar en cuidado paliativo durante el proceso de transición entre el hospital y el hogar, en el contexto colombiano. Materiales y métodos: Esta propuesta se llevará a cabo utilizando metodología cualitativa con abordaje de teoría fundamentada. Los informantes del estudio serán pacientes y cuidadores familiares en cuidados paliativos en una institución sanitaria de Bogotá-Colombia. Para la recogida de datos, se utilizará la técnica de la entrevista familiar semiestructurada, que se realizará a las diadas en el hospital y posteriormente en el domicilio. El análisis de los datos se hará a través del método comparativo constante. Implicaciones prácticas: Conocer las experiencias de la diada al alta hospitalaria, saber los retos a los que se enfrentan en el domicilio y las necesidades que tienen durante este proceso, ayudaría a mejorar la atención a estas familias que requieren de cuidados paliativos. Abstract : BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We carried out a review of the literature that evidences problems and needs in the patient - caregiver family in palliative care during the transition process between the hospital and the home. These needs are related to: knowledge related to illness, feelings of caregiver and patient on discharge, effective communication, education for home care, home support and care overload - support For the caregiver. The lack of evidence on experiences in the transition process from home to hospital, as well as from studies in the Latin American context, lead to a research proposal with the objective of describing the experience of the patient-caregiver family in palliative care during the Process of transition between the hospital and the home, in the Colombian context. Materials and methods: This proposal will be carried out using qualitative methodology with a grounded theory approach. The informants of the study will be patients and family caregivers in palliative care at a health institution in Bogota-Colombia. For the collection of data, the semi-structured family interview technique will be used, which will be done at the dyads in the hospital and later at the home. The analysis of the data will be done through the constant comparative method. Practical implications: Knowing the experiences of the hospital discharge, knowing the challenges they face at home and the needs they have during this process, would help to improve care for these families that require palliative care.

Fatigue distress may be defined as cumulative damage on asphalt due to repetitive loading and it is observed when a huge number of micro-crack is propagated up to create a macro-crack. The fatigue behaviour can be analysed by different approaches and using distinct laboratory devices. This research was intended to investigate the fatigue behaviour of a polymer modified bitumen (PmB 25-55/55A) and an unmodified bitumen (PEN 50/70), as well as mortars and mastics derived from these binders by adding sand and filler in the same proportion. Since various points were needed to plot the final fatigue curves of each material, a total of 42 fatigue tests were performed by using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The fatigue tests were performed by testing 20mm height and 6mm effective diameter cylindrical specimens. The test temperature was 20°C and a 10Hz frequency was chosen along this research. The tests were done under controlled-stress mode, which means that the input shear stress was constant. The initial shear stress used for each material was estimated by executing a previous stress sweep test. Three different initial shear stresses were employed at every bituminous material. By using the DSR, the rheological properties such as complex shear modulus and phase angle were found. The results were processed to estimate the fatigue life of different materials and establish further comparisons. Fatigue life of all materials was calculated by applying the classical method based on the 50% of initial stiffness and the dissipated energy approach. The number of load cycles needed to cause fatigue damage on specimen was defined as the fatigue life under both approaches. Additionaly, the concept of ratio of dissipated energy change (RDEC) was employed to calculate the number of load cycle to fatigue cracking. The results were higher than the dissipated energy ratio, which demonstrated a time lag between the fatigue resistance and the exact moment of cracking. RDEC number of cycles was found as a threshold in the fatigue life of specimen.

The question addressed in this paper was whether a government, in a regime considered democratic, can legitimately curtail civil rights as a means of protecting public order and the sovereignty of the state. The second part of the question is what should be given priority when there is a tension between fundamental rights and the state’s duty to maintain public order. The case analyzed was the antiterrorism law passed in the Colombian Congress in December 2003. This law was one of the main strategies developed by Alvaro Uribe’s government on its first presidency period to fight terrorism. The purpose was to create a legal strategy to combat terrorism and to guarantee public order and the sovereignty of the state, which were constantly undermined by illegal armed groups. This case study reveals a tension between the government’s duty to maintain public order and individual rights – particularly the right to freedom, the right to privacy, and the right to habeas corpus. The tension in the antiterrorism law appears when the government limits first-rank rights as a means to combat acts of terrorism. In a country that faces an internal armed conflict that weakens democracy, the approval of the antiterrorism law gives too much authority to the government and jeopardizes fundamental rights and freedoms. Throughout the paper, the autor try to prove that the constraints on fundamental rights in such a scenario could result in an undermining of the constitutional regime and in the loss of democratic legitimacy.

This thesis comprises three essays on asset pricing on the stock and options markets. The …first essay …finds a positive relation between the slope of the volatility term structure and subsequent option returns. The second essay …finds a negative relation between realized skewness, extracted from high-frequency data, and stock returns. The third essay finds a negative relation between price jumps of intraday data and future stock returns.

Physical activity promotion (PAP) has reached policy agendas worldwide due to the social and economic burden that non-communicable diseases have generated. Colombia is one of the countries that have taken the challenge of promoting healthy lifestyles in order to reduce this burden and in addition, take advantage of other benefits that promoting this healthy lifestyle brings. Although some research has been done on the field, no studies related to the local government contribution were found. The local government plays a crucial role in PAP, considering that it has a great influence on the physical and social environment of a city and consequently in the individual behavior of its citizens. Additionally, it has a great responsibility concerning public health, social and economic development and environmental sustainability, aspects that are related to PAP. The present research, aims to provide a general overview on the current state of PAP in the Municipal Sport Authorities (MSAs) of one department of Colombia. In this sense, it is important to highlight that the sport sector has had a major role in PAP in the country and the department. Hence, structured interviews were conducted among heads of the MSAs of the 14 municipalities of the department and development plans were analyzed. Using this data, two main aspects were studied in order to achieve the research aim: the current PAP interventions and the conditions to promote physical activity (PA) in the department. Results indicate that the current PAP interventions have both strengths and weaknesses. Among the most important aspects, it was noticed that PAP in Risaralda has neglected important environmental determinants for PA behavior. PAP has been oriented from an “anthropic” perspective (targeting the individual). However, this seems to have had a positive effect on PA levels in the department. Concerning the conditions to promote PA, there are important findings related to the knowledge and skills of policy-makers and the management process used to develop the interventions. Some of the weaknesses found in the interventions might be related to the conditions to develop them. Recommendations to MSAs and for further research are given.

Nowadays, across the world, politic and economic models have been challenged. As part of the global agenda; urban discussions need to reposition towards enriching social and economic debates. In Bogota, Processes of urbanization have been shaped within profound conditions of inequity, rural migration and violence; generating a city socially and spatially segregated. Nevertheless, since last two decades, Bogota has been engaged in a process of transition towards the construction of more equalitarian and sustainable city. In this context, how to set up the agenda for further development strategies in the city? The aim of this thesis is to bring some ideas and questions into the debate about the construction of future models of urban development for Bogota. From the discussions and research presented we can derive some key points to have in account in terms of policies, planning and spatial strategies, and socio-economic dimensions; which can help to frame proposals about how Bogota can explore alternative strategies of urban revitalization.  Starting from acknowledging the fact that the built city is the result of multiple spatial, social and economic conditions; the concept of “Systemic revitalization”, is framed in how to introduce new uses, users and spaces, able to synergize with the existing forces and thus be able to trigger the revitalization of urban areas. Contrary to masterplanning, this model of development encourages time-based processes and multiple initiatives, done progressively whether by typological transformation or by insertion of new typologies and uses within the existing fabric.

With increased demand and high prices for minerals and metals in recent years, many resource rich developing countries see mining sector as vital to develop their economies. Colombia is one of these nations. Non-renewable natural resource wealth is seen as an opportunity to obtain economic benefits that can be transformed into increased wellbeing for citizens. However, mining often involves a high environmental impact and the risk of causing, or exacerbating social problems and conflicts in mining areas is significant. This study addresses the issue of ‘How then can mining contribute to sustainable development?’ in the Colombian context. This issue is critical – with 44% of the population in poverty, and the territory considered one of the most biodiverse in the world. Views obtained from interviews with representatives of stakeholder groups from government, industry and civil society and the content of national mining policy documents were compared with a selection of industry best practice guidelines in order to identify key issues for mining and sustainable development in the country. Best practice guidelines were principally drawn from the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Mineral, Metals and Sustainable Development policy framework and the Extractive Industries Value Chain approach. Eleven key issues were identified as important for informants: policy frameworks, institutional capacity, access to information, royalty and tax regimes, transparency, local socioeconomic development, stakeholder participation and responsibility, community trust and image, environmental performance, mine closure and illegal mining. The findings also suggest three principal gaps that need to be addressed with some priority. The focus of mining policies should be shifted from a principal focus on increased production towards sustainable development and poverty reduction objectives; better coordination between mining, environmental and national development policies and institutions towards sustainable development objectives is required; and improved technical and institutional capacity to provide an adequate assessment process and the information regarding whether the benefits from mining overcome its negative impacts ant national and local levels is needed.

Abstract: Institutionalization of bullerengue, which is a traditional Afro-Colombian music and dance practice, is a process that emerged in the Colombian Urabá region over the past three decades, and that has radically transformed the ways in which this musical expression was traditionally performed. In the past, communities administered bullerengue as part of their public celebrations or private festivities. However, since the 1980s, due to a decline in its practice caused by the arrival of new musics to the region hand in hand with a late modernization process, a group of institutions got involved in an institutional cultural revival project that, adhering to recent national policies of decentralization, took care of its management. The most visible expressions of this institutional framework are the bullerengue festivals, managed by local NGOs, and the local bullerengue schools, which are funded by local governments through casas de la cultura. I argue that, even though institutionalization of bullerengue in the region prevented this musical tradition from disappearing, a group of local cultural workers, regional private investors, and local politicians contextualized this musical practice within a framework of social, political, and economic relations, which many times neglect the needs of bullerengue practitioners in order to serve private interests. Bullerengue practitioners, nonetheless, contest this institutional framework through performance strategies, like street bullerengue practices, which empower them as social group and strengthen solidarity and agency within a regional community of performers. Generally speaking, though, even though practices have revitalized, the support provided by the bullerengue institutions has not empowered this community in the self-management of their cultural traditions. Therefore, its members have constructed a set of proposals and ideas to make the framework match better their felt needs. This thesis is an analysis and a critique of such power relationships in the frame of a contemporary Latin American democracy. Resumen: La institucionalización del bullerengue, el cual es una práctica musical y danzaria tradicional del Caribe afrocolombiano, se ha desarrollado en la zona de Urabá desde las últimas tres décadas y ha transformado radicalmente esta expresión artística. En el pasado, las propias comunidades administraban la práctica bullerenguera y la apropiaban como parte de sus celebraciones públicas o privadas. Sin embargo, desde la década de 1980, un marcado declive en su práctica causado por la llegada de nuevas músicas y procesos de modernización tardía, llevó a un grupo de instituciones locales iniciar un proceso de revivalismo cultural institucional. Este proyecto, manejado por entidades del estado y la sociedad civil, se adhirió a las más recientes políticas públicas sobre descentralización de la cultura y se hizo cargo de la administración regional del bullerengue. Las instancias más visibles de este marco institucional son: los festivales de bullerengue, gestionados por ONGs locales, y las escuelas de bullerengue, que por lo general tienen apoyo de los gobiernos locales a través de las casas de la cultura. Mi argumento es que, a pesar de que la institucionalización en la región impidió la desaparición de esta tradición musical, un grupo de gestores culturales, inversionistas privados y políticos locales, contextualizaron al bullerengue dentro de un marco de relaciones socioculturales, políticas y económicas que muchas veces marginaliza las necesidades de los sabedores tradicionales y beneficia sobre todo intereses privados. Sin embargo, los bullerengueros disputan y contienden este marco institucional a través de estrategias de performance, como por ejemplo prácticas de bullerengue callejero, las cuales empoderan a estos sabedores y fortalecen su solidaridad y agencia. En general, aunque el bullerengue se ha revitalizado, el apoyo proporcionado por las instituciones del bullerengue no ha empoderado a esta comunidad de músicos y bailarines en la administración de sus propias tradiciones populares. Empero, los bullerengueros han desarrollado una serie de ideas y propuestas para mejorar este marco institucional y hacerlo más a tono con su propias necesidades. Esta tesis es un análisis y una crítica de estas relaciones de poder en el contexto de una democracia latinoamericana contemporánea.

Le désordre temporo-mandibulaire (DTM) est un terme collectif incluant un certain nombre de problèmes cliniques impliquant les muscles de la mastication, l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire (ATM) et les structures associées. Le DTM détruit la qualité de vie de la personne atteinte surtout que les fonctions assurées par cette articulation sont vitales. Actuellement, pour diagnostiquer des désordres temporo-mandibulaire on utilise l’anamnèse; l’examen clinique complet, comprenant entre autres la palpation des muscles et des articulations; l’auscultation des articulations et la mesure avec une règle millimétrée des mouvements mandibulaires; et certaines techniques d’imagerie. Néanmoins ces méthodes ne sont pas totalement fiables et peuvent atteindre des coûts élevés comme dans le cas de la technique d’imagerie par résonance magnétique. De cette façon, il devient un défi pour la médecine, ainsi que dans d’autres domaines tels que la bio-ingénierie; de rechercher des techniques alternatives plus fiables et moins coûteuses. L’acquisition de bio-signaux offre des informations vitales et importantes pour le diagnostic de différentes pathologies. De plus, ils fournissent une détection précoce des maladies et la possibilité de prévoir les traitements pour le rétablissement du patient. L’électromyographie (EMG) permet l’acquisition des bio-signaux qui mesurent l’activité électrique d’un muscle au repos et pendant une contraction volontaire. Connaître l’activité électrique générée par les muscles associés à une structure spécifique est devenue important dans les études biomécaniques et pour les applications cliniques. Les mesures EMG en parallèle avec les mesures cinématiques peuvent caractériser les mouvements et l’activité musculaire associée de l’ATM. Cela pourrait être proposé comme une technique alternative pour le diagnostic précoce des patients qui souffrent de DTM. Mon travail a été effectué dans l’équipe « Comportement adaptatif des tissus biologiques » du Laboratoire de Mécanique Biomécanique Polymère Structures (LaBPS), laboratoire de l'Université de Lorraine (Metz). L’objectif général du projet est d’étudier la cinématique et l’activité musculaire associée de l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire pendant un exercice d’écrasement d’un dynamomètre placé entre les dents.