Children are having a sedentary lifestyle in front of a screen and this is generating problems in their health, their behaviour and their academic performance. The challenge that arises from this situation is How to improve the engagement of primary school children (8-12 years) with sport using their digital (ICT) skills as a tool? Nowadays children do not learn the basic motor skills properly and when they face sporty situations they cannot perform with competence and confidence. This fact makes them feel sport is not fun and as a result they avoid active activities and prefer sedentary ones. Additionally children usually need an adult –parents, teachers or coaches- to encourage them to be active, but if the adults are not skilled and well prepared to motivate them properly, the active experience is not good enough to build physical literacy on them. On the other hand, for doing activities in front of a screen -such as playing games- children explore, discover and learn alone. They spend hours doing the same activity because the fun is the main motivation for learning and mastering skills. This fact defined the concept of Dynamics: What if the motivation to practice physical activity is driven by the same exploration and discovery process the children are having with video-games? After researching what videogames are teaching to players a very important trend was found. Minecraft which is considered a videogame is actually a digital toy that offers a non-dictated play experience and helps children to have a transmedia learning through play. This means that the players have to explore, learn and master ways of playing not only using the game but other resources such as you tube tutorial videos, blogs, wikis and the Minecraft community among others. The proper use of these resources and the application and sharing of the information available makes possible to the players to play better and achieve their goals in the game while developing their digital literacy. If children are able to use different resources in different digital contexts to learn digital literacy while having fun why not include some physical resources to the game experience to make them learn physical literacy at the same time and become confident to perform any sporty activity? Under this principle Dynamics was developed. Dynamics is a game that uses Minecraft™ as a platform to encourage children to be active and develop their physical and digital literacy while exploring, building and using dynamic artefacts. To be able to play, children should collect dynamic blocks by doing physical exercises related to the basic motor skills in blocky spaces generated by them having a real space as a base. The Dynamic Blocks are available to the players according to their age, weight, height and bone-muscle-fat proportion. (This data that is stored and tracked by a multi-movement sensor) When the kid improves the fitness level and the mastery level, the advanced blocks are unlocked. In this way the game personalises the experience for each player. Using a see-through holographic headset Dynamics can be played in any indoor or outdoor place and prepares children to face sporty activities with competence and confidence while having fun being part of their Minecraft creations. Dynamics also allows parents, teachers and coaches teach motor skills to children and track their progress.

Résumé: Le mal de ventre chez les enfants est un lieu de métissage et de créolisation traversé par des dimensions sociales et culturelles. Il est construit collectivement au sein des familles nucléaires avec leurs parcours migratoires et leurs souffrances. Par le biais d’entretiens menés auprès de familles haïtiennes vivant à Montréal, nous documentons les trajectoires de ces douleurs, dans lesquelles les perceptions, les explications et les moyens mis en oeuvre pour les soulager interagissent d’une manière dynamique. En général, les enfants perçoivent leurs maux de ventre comme une expérience insaisissable, diffuse et ayant un impact sur leur vie sociale, tout en étant tolérés par les enfants et par les mères.Ces familles n’ont pas reçu de diagnostic médical et elles attribuent à ces maux des explications provisoires en constante recomposition. En général, elles ont recours à différentes méthodes de prise en charge des maux de ventre. L’espace familial, les activités réalisées au sein des églises et la médecine officielle sont des espaces thérapeutiques privilégiés. Abstract: Belly-stomachaches in children are a space of hybridity and creolization, affected by social and cultural dimensions. These aches are collectively constructed within nuclear families, with their migratory histories and their sufferings. Having interviewed Haitian families living in Montreal, we documented the illness trajectories, the perceptions, explanations and means of relieving the aches, which all interact in a dynamic mode. Generally speaking, the children perceive their belly-stomachaches as an irregular experience that has an impact on their social life, although tolerated by the children and theirs mothers. Families have not received a medical diagnosis and give temporary, changing explanations to the aches, in a constant reformulation. In general, families will use different methods to deal with belly and stomach aches. The family space, church activities, and official medicine are privileged therapeutic spaces.

Esta investigación aborda el tema de las significaciones imaginarias sociales en los espacios públicos, específicamente en el servicio de transporte colectivo de pasajeros en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Realiza articulaciones entre los procesos socio-históricos, las significaciones, las ciudadanías y las subjetividades. Se ancla teóricamente en la propuesta de campos de problemas de la subjetividad desarrollada por Ana María Fernández y equipo, al igual que su apuesta metodológica: la problematización recursiva. Sus principales hallazgos se centran en las insistencias de sentido relacionadas con estrategias de supervivencia de los grupos desigualados a través de pactos de complicidad; una desinstitucionalización, degradación y homogenización de lo público y pocas condiciones para la construcción de ciudadanías. En las prácticas se encontró una forma vincular bimodal.

The growing concern of continuous increases in health care expenditure, particularly due to high-cost medicines’ reimbursement, as well as international trends, promotes the feasibility and a positive scenario to establish a means for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) in Colombia. Methodology: This policy analysis paper utilizes a literature review to support the context surrounding the Colombian Health System, focusing on HTA, and a regional perspective. Following, personal interviews were conducted to provide a description of the policy process of agenda setting and policy implementation, as well as stakeholders’ opinions about the establishment and functioning of such a HTA Agency.

The debate around the possibilities of using green consumption as a strategy to address the current environmental crisis is still open. This paper, using elements from the sociology of consumption found in the work of Zygmunt Bauman, and the aesthetics of existence from Michael Foucault, problematize the current notions about the political value of green consumption and its relation to the development of collective action. It is argued that green consumption represents a fertile ground for political participation through the care of others. The argument is developed in reference to diverse initiatives inside the Local Food Movement. This article develops the idea of a subject able to resist by opening diverse consumption spaces that challenge many aspects of the current global economy.

This paper appraises quantitatively the efficiency of public expenditure of 15 Latin American countries using cross-country data for averages between 2000 to 2009. For this purpose two non-parametric methods are used: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH). Selected output indicators in primary and secondary school are evaluated respect to public spending in education per student. As a study case, Colombia´s efficiency scores are compared with the most efficient peers in each of the educational levels to identify best practices and achieve better results.

CD34+ cell dose in the transplanted product is still considered a measure of the engraftment potential in haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). CD34+ selected products are characterised by their high purity and depleted T-cells. These characteristics have made them traditionally suitable to decrease the incidence of graft versus host disease, particularly in haploidentical HSCT. The CliniMACS is a state of the art cell sorting system based on magnetic particles conjugated to CD34 antibodies. This study retrospectively evaluated the CliniMACS system performance in terms of CD34+ purity and cell recovery, and T-cell depletion in the selected product. The results were compared against target values fixed by the processing centre, as well as against published data. Factors affecting the CD34+ cell recovery were also investigated and a pilot study was carried out to assess the effect of cryopreservation on the viability of the selected products. In total, 151 procedures were analysed. The mean recovery and purity were 64.82 + 16.19 and 88.0 + 11.0% respectively. The mean T-cell depletion was 4.7021 + 0.5129 logs. Only purity was slightly below the specification (90%), with the lowest values obtained from peripheral blood (PB) collections. Factors affecting the recoveries were the overall age of the product (p=0.001), overnight storage (p=0.002), and the use of a particular tubing set with the instrument (p=0.002). The mean CD34+ viability was not significantly different to the value before cryopreservation (p=0.068). Results from this study were comparable with published data of the CliniMACS system performance. Local investigations regarding the purity of PB products should be performed. For the first time, using a magnetic separation method, factors affecting CD34+ recovery were identified. The significance of the effect of product age and overnight storage on cell recovery, provide a rationale for further prospective studies

This work constitutes an inquiry into the field of memory studies. Through the presentation and the analysis of a particular case study I will provide an insight to some approaches to address the field. To begin with a general background of the case study will be presented to fully understand its social, historical and cultural connotation, and then I introduce the dynamic of how this work will be developed from this point. Finally this research concludes with some recommendations about the concepts previously developed.

Since the 70s when cocaine consumption first took off in the US, this country has been fighting in Latin America the supply-side ‘war on drugs’ which was placed mainly in Colombia since the 90s, the only country in the region that has an additional component to the drugs problem, guerrillas and paramilitaries, both who use the drug trade to fuel a protracted conflict. The US fashioned under Clinton’s administration the controversial anti-drug strategy known as 'Plan Colombia' a policy that made Colombia the 3rd largest recipient of military aid in the world after Israel and Egypt until the Afghanistan and Iraq era; however after 9/11 the strategy took a different course from a war against drugs to a war against terrorism, significantly increasing the military counter-insurgency component of Plan Colombia, deepening the US dependence in the country and isolating it from the rest of Latin America. The results after 40 decades of US investment and intervention are questionable since the policies have proven to be a failure as they have not reached the expected results and have worsened the problems they tried to tackle. In a nutshell, the US anti-narcotics policy in Latin America has been a failure since after 40 decades and billions of dollars invested, it has not helped to curb production, trafficking and demand; but it has undermined the democracy and triggered conflict in countries where drugs are produced; the case of Colombia exemplifies this ‘war system’ where the ‘war on drugs’ shifted to ‘war on terrorism’ under the framework of the US strategy.

International trade markets are shaped by different standards and technical regulations across countries and regions affecting trade. This paper analyzes the relationship between international standards and exports for manufacture firms in Latin America. The study tests the hypothesis that internationally-recognized quality standards compliance helps firms to export. Throughout an econometric approach, a logit model examines the relationship between firm’s decision to export (yes/no), and the variable of whether or not a firm has an internationally-recognized quality standard. The study uses data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. It concludes that for each firm’s export determinant, the probability to export is consistently higher when firms comply with the internationally-recognized quality standards. This means that, regardless of the size, age, foreign ownership, use of communication technologies, manufacture sector and country type, a firm benefits in terms of exports, from internationally-recognized quality standard compliance. In this sense, policymakers may create programs to proactively support trade; such as training firms on how achieve compliance with international standards and subsidize part of the cost. On the institutional framework, these policies could be achieved by improving capacity by rethinking the role and evaluate the performance of (1) the Export Promotion Agency and (2) the National Standards Body. Which opens a new line of research for these topics of public policy and public administration.