Este trabajo esta orientado a demostrar los criterios legales y jurisprudenciales para el adecuado y eficaz ejercicio de la huelga imputable al empleador. Para lograrlo, se persiguen los objetivos de evidenciar cómo la ausencia de criterios legales para el establecimiento de incumplimientos a obligaciones laborales por parte del empleador impide el ejercicio de la huelga; establecer los criterios de la Sala de Casación Laboral de la Corte Suprema de Justicia para que la huelga imputable al empleador se pueda ejercer; demostrar, a través de los criterios de la OIT, la consecución de un adecuado ejercicio de una huelga imputable al empleador; así como la intervención activa del Ministerio del Trabajo, en la vigilancia y control de la huelga.

El presente trabajo de fin de máster tiene por objetivo ofrecer un análisis del impacto en los precios de los medicamentos a partir del cambio en la financiación de los medicamentos en España derivados de la introducción del RDL 16/2012, también conocido como el ‘medicamentazo’. Además se ofrecerá una perspectiva de los retos futuros y cambios en el entorno de competencia para la industria farmacéutica, así como las diferentes estrategias adoptadas por los laboratorios en el acceso al mercado.

The central system for generating genetic diversity and protecting the genomic integrity of replicating cells, from bacteria to humans, involves the homologous recombination (HR) machinery. It involves the process of exchange of molecules between DNA strands using the homology sequences. Because these machineries are highly efficient and precise it has become a useful analytical tool for the bacterial geneticists, thus, the engineering recombinant DNA molecules by homologous recombination, method called recombineering, is functional for sequence deletions, substitutions, or insertions. Under some conditions, the phage-mediated recombination system can be provided in E. coli by the ? phage Red enzymes, Red? and Red?. It involves a processive 5’ to 3’ exonuclease or a member of helicase family, namely Red?, which generates single stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions that are substrates for the single strand annealing protein (SSAP), i. e. Red?, which promotes joining of the DNA molecules by joining the recently replicated complementary sequences. The motivation of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the physical and functional coupling of the two enzymes Red? and Red?, as well as understanding the influence of including the DNA into the reaction, which acts as the substrate. Consequently, the experiments were designed and performed incorporating in vitro techniques not only for finding protein-protein interactions, such as co-immunoprecipitations and size exclusion chromatography, but also for analyzing the exonuclease activity of Red?. Also, the interaction of DNA with Red enzymes by means of the mobility shift assays was evaluated. In parallel, in vivo tests were made with the objective of defining the stoichiometry of the intracellular concentrations of both proteins during the co-expression in E. coli. In order to reveal more about the physical coupling of Red system’s components the preliminary data of a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy assay is described with the aim of determining whether the presence of Red? has an effect on Red?’s dwell-time on its substrate.

Pregnancy during adolescence is a worldwide public health concern. In developing countries, 14 million adolescents give birth each year, which accounts for 90% of all worldwide pregnancies. The proportion of adolescent women aged 10-19 whom have been pregnant in Mitú, Colombia is of approximately 25%, in comparison to 19.5% at the national level. This report aims to review the effectiveness and identifying best practice of adolescent pregnancy interventions in low and middle income countries and use formative research to make specific recommendations for policy and practice to prevent adolescent pregnancy in Mitú, Colombia. EMBASE, Medline, CINHAL, Cochrane library, GLOBAL HEALTH, ADOLEC, Popline, LILACS and REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LIBRARY were searched to identify studies examining adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries. GOOGLE was searched to identify grey literature. Five semi-structured interviews were also conducted with key service providers in the field of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Mitú to explore the needs of the region in regards to adolescent pregnancy prevention and the barriers and facilitators for programme implementation. The literature review found that adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries had a positive impact on the knowledge of pregnancy prevention and may contribute to the delay of sexual initiation. However, impact on the use of contraceptive methods and reduction of adolescent pregnancy inconclusive. Interviews revealed key societal, familial and individual factors that were viewed to be linked to adolescent pregnancy in Mitú. Relationships between military personnel and young women appeared to be an important factor in high teenage pregnancy rates. Barriers for the adequate implementation and continuation of programmes included lack of political commitment, lack of financial, human and material resources and lack of inter-institutional collaboration, the high rate of staff turnover and the lack of monitoring programmes. Only few facilitators were mentioned that consisted mainly in the willing of both adolescent and military to collaborate in the implementation of adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions. In conclusion, evidence suggests that adolescent pregnancy prevention strategies are effective in increasing knowledge of pregnancy and might delay sexual initiation in low and middle-income countries. Features of effective programmes were identified and discussed and are important in designing and developing new strategies. However, cultural, environmental and social barriers need to be addressed through political commitment and inter-institutional collaboration in order to develop effective interventions for pregnancy prevention in Mitú.

El tema de este trabajo es el estudio de la época de la Violencia en Colombia (1946-1964) a través del cine que representa este periodo histórico, planteando de antemano una reflexión alrededor de la capacidad del cine para interpretar el pasado y sobre lo que este puede aportar en la discusión histórica, en este caso sobre el fenómeno de la Violencia. El texto está dividido en tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo expongo el debate que existe alrededor del cine y la historia, haciendo un recuento de los debates que se han generado alrededor de este tema y cómo ha evolucionado la cuestión hasta nuestros días. En el segundo capítulo y siguiendo una línea más académica, hago un recuento histórico de la época de la Violencia en Colombia, para ubicar al lector en el contexto y poder analizar las películas con un criterio basado en los textos académicos que se han escrito sobre el periodo. En el tercer capítulo analizo tres películas realizadas en épocas diferentes que tratan el fenómeno de la Violencia desde varias perspectivas, las películas son: El Río de las Tumbas de Julio Luzardo (1964), Cóndores no entierran todos los días de Francisco Norden (1984) y La Sargento Matacho de Wiliam González (2015). The theme of this work is the analysis of the era of La Violencia in Colombia (1946-1964) through cinema which explores this historical period, proposing beforehand a reflection about the capacity of cinema to interpret the past and how it can contribute to the historical discussion, in this case; the phenomenon of La Violencia. The text is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter I present the debate that exists around cinema and history, recounting the debates that have been generated around this topic and how the issue has evolved to the present day. In the second chapter and following a more academic line, I make a historical account of the era of La Violencia in Colombia, to locate the reader in the context and to be able to analyze the films with a criteria based on the academic texts that have been written on the period. In the third chapter I analyze three films made at different times dealing with the phenomenon of La Violencia from various perspectives, the films are: The River of the Tombs of Julio Luzardo (1964), Condors do not bury all the days of Francisco Norden (1984) and La Sargento Matacho by Wiliam González (2015).

Abstract: This survey gathered information about the transportation modal choices, among Politecnico di Milano university population (n=9,763 students, n=2,185 staff members). The main tool used for this stage was Geographical Information System Software (GIS) that allow us to visualize and evaluate the travel behaviors. In particular, it was studied its relation with the accessibility to public transportation infrastructure and networks likewise the frequency of their journeys. We analyzed, in particular, the diffusion of originated trips directed to the most important campuses of Politecnico: Leonardo Citta Studi located in the east-central part of Milan and Bovisa located in the north-west border of Milan. Subsequently we proposed a variety of Transport Demand Policies (TDM) aiming the promotion of the public transportation instead of non-motorized mobility, shifting specifically the choice from the car (there are more than 80,000 journeys made by car in the academic year) promoting alternatives like train and regulate the use of cars with parking restrictions and carpooling programs. Finally we also perform calculations to figure out the estimated cost of (TDM) strategies implementation, considering different scenarios according to assumptions based in the state of art provided by the Città Studi Sustainable Campus project. Resumen: El contenido del presente trabajo se enfoca en la interpretación de los hábitos de transporte por parte de la población del Politécnico de Milán que afectan negativamente la movilidad sostenible. Se han diseñado estrategias y políticas con el objetivo de controlar estos hábitos. La metodología para identificar el problema se fundamenta en la interpretación desde el punto de vista territorial a partir de una encuesta desarrollada por el proyecto Città Studi Sustainable Campus en 2015. Esta encuesta ha recolectado información de la distribución modal por parte de la población del Politécnico de Milán (9,763 estudiantes y 2,185 trabajadores). Las principales herramientas utilizadas han sido los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) que permiten visualizar y evaluar los hábitos de transporte. Se ha estudiado la relación de los hábitos con la accesibilidad a transporte público y la frecuencia de los viajes a lo largo del periodo académico. Se ha analizado los viajes atraídos por los campuses principales del Politécnico de Milán: Leonardo Citta Studi ubicado en el área este-central de Milán y Bovisa, ubicado en el noroccidente de Milán. A partir del análisis se ha propuesto una serie de Políticas de Demanda de Transporte (TDM) que buscan promover el uso de transporte público, modificando principalmente el uso de vehículo particular (se tienen más de 80,000 viajes con automóvil a lo largo del año académico) tales como uso del tren, regulación en el uso de parqueaderos y programas de carpooling. Finalmente se ha estimado el costo de la implementación de las diferentes TDM al considerar diferentes escenarios a partir de estudios previos elaborados por el proyecto Città Studi Sustainable Campus.

Das Krankenhaus als Schlüsselakteur im Gesundheitswesen muss heutzutage die Herausforderungen des Marktes und Wettbewerbes annehmen, dafür soll es eine Wettbewerbsstrategie folgen. Die zunehmenden Umweltprobleme mit der einhergehenden sozialen Ungerechtigkeit und Armut haben die Notwendigkeit erweckt, Unternehmen stärker in die Verantwortlichkeit ihres Handelns einzubinden. Krankenhäuser sind wichtiger Arbeitgeber, bedeutender Verbraucher von Ressourcen, und damit auch größere Erzeuger von Emissionen und Abfälle. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll klären, welche Wettbewerbsvorteile durch Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement in kolumbianischen Krankenhäusern aufgebaut und gehalten werden können. In der Einführung dieser Masterarbeit wird das kolumbianische Gesundheitssystem kurz vorgestellt sowie das externe Umfeld der Krankenhäuser erläutert, um eine allgemeine Strategie zu empfehlen. Im Anschluss wird der Einfluss von Nachhaltigkeitsmaßnahmen auf Wettbewerbsvorteile analysiert. Das kolumbianische System für soziale Sicherheit im Gesundheitswesen fördert die Qualität der Dienstleistung und Patientenorientierung als Grundlagen für die Wahl der Gesundheitseinrichtung bei Patienten. Neben den Ergebnissen der Analyse des Makroumfelds wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass eine Differenzierungsstrategie, die auf Qualität und Patientenorientierung basiert ist, das Konzept der Lebensqualität durch Wohlbefinden, Vitalität und Gesundheit in ihrer Struktur als Basis immer enthalten sollte. Der positive Einfluss von Nachhaltigkeitsmaßnahmen auf Wettbewerbsvorteile wird durch Ursache-Wirkungsbeziehungen dargestellt. Entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette ist dann ihre Anwendung aufgezeigt. Einige der in der Masterarbeit identifizierten Maßnahmen sind: Risikoanalyse, Biosicherheit, Weiterbildung, Ethikkodex, effizientere Technologie, nachhaltige Beschaffung, Corporate Citizenship, u.a. Am Ende der Masterarbeit kommt der Autor zu dem Entschluss, sowohl Investitionen in Qualität als auch eine Rationalisierung von Kosten durch die Anwendung von Öko- und Sozioeffizienz in einer Weise durchzuführen, dass die Qualität der Dienstleistungen nicht belastet wird. Durch diesen Lösungsvorschlag kann das Krankenhaus attraktive Preise mit Krankenkasse handeln und gleichzeitig die Treue der Patienten behalten.

The investigations of the parameter's analysis are used for the design, construction and qualification of standardized evaluations show that this allows to establish the quality and compliance of the objectives of the evaluation programs based on the quantification of the parameters and a subsequent analysis of the results, in the same way, in analysis of evaluative programs, leads to these improve their processes and in this way fulfill their function and educational objectives. For this reason, it is convenient to ask how the mixed analysis of items of the Martes de Prueba evaluation program can contribute to the improvement of its design and construction processes? To answer this question, a mixed analysis was carried out on the items of the Martes de Prueba® evaluation program regarding the parameters of difficulty and discrimination.

This research is focused in the teaching of cognitive and metacognitive Reading strategies, in order to contribute in de development of reading comprehension. The intervention took place in the Cambridge International School located in the municipality of La Calera, with Seventh Grade students. The principal difficulties presented in this specific researched group, were the low reading comprehension and appropriation of new reading strategies, those were evident in the low scores of the different standardized texts applied by the Institution. For this reason, Isabel Sole, Juana Pinzas, Cassany, Santiago, Castillo y Mateus among other authors were referred. As a possible solution, it is necessary to implement a transversal curriculum, taking into account the scholar level, so it will permit the tuition of cognitive and metacognitive strategies in the different disciplinary areas and so them would be totally diploid. In conclusion, the implementation of cognitive and metacognitive strategies suit the reading comprehension processes, because it permits the student to be conscious about his reading process, but it must be modeled by teachers and be taught through the academic life of a student.

El presente documento de tesis es una investigación de tipo documental cuyo objetivo fue categorizar los hallazgos y las perspectivas de investigación en el campo de las habilidades necesarias y los contextos facilitadores para el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura en niños en etapa pre-escolar. Se plantea la importancia del tema en el campo pedagógico, debido a que la consolidación de la lectoescritura subyace a otros procesos de aprendizaje escolar. Se describen algunas perspectivas teóricas que han abordado e! tema desde diferentes nociones sobre el desarrollo infantil. Los resultados de la revisión se presentan y discuten en diferentes categorías de análisis, para luego proponer una reflexión integradora y critica de los mismos.