The political, economic and social implications of producing and sanctioning the so- called ‘intangible heritage’ through heritage listing is a widely researched topic in the field of Cultural Heritage Studies. In this study I examine the impacts of community-led intangible heritage designation at a local level through discussing the inscription of the “Wayuu Normative System Applied by the Pütchipü’üi (Palabrero)”, an indigenous system of justice, in UNESCO’s system of inventories and Colombia’s intangible heritage list.

Tesis de Juan Bautista Montoya y Flórez, para optar por el título de Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1892. A lo largo de la investigación Montoya se plantea la necesidad de utilizar y difundir el uso de la electrología en Colombia, como un procedimiento novedoso para el diagnóstico y cura de enfermedades.

Tesis escrita por Luis Felipe Calderón en 1891, para optar por el título de Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad de Bogotá. A lo largo de su investigación estudia la cirugía de prolapso uterino a partir de los escritos publicados desde su aparición en 1766, hasta su más reciente versión, realizada en la Clínica Quirúrgica de M. Trélat en 1891. Adicionalmente, toma en consideración los resultados de las ocho operaciones llevadas a cabo en Colombia.

Tesis de Lorenzo Eslava para obtener el título de doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1892. A lo largo de la investigación Eslava presenta una visión exploratoria sobre una enfermedad inusual para la época: la elefancia en las extremidades inferiores. Se menciona que hay antecedentes sobre el estudio de la enfermedad, pero en las medicinas árabes. Por tal motivo, Eslava señala los antecedentes sobre el estudio de esta enfermedad, la forma en que esta se ha manifestado en el cuerpo de los pacientes a lo largo de la historia, la descripción de síntomas y anatomía patológica, y finalmente, observaciones de casos de estudio con anotaciones sobre el crecimiento de los miembros antes y después de los tratamientos.

Tesis de Antonio José Peláez para obtener el título de Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1892. A lo largo del documento, Peláez estudia la metritis crónica, enfermedad infecciosa del útero. Se mencionan las causas probables de la enfermedad, las condiciones fisiológicas que favorecen el desarrollo de la misma, los síntomas, las formas de diagnóstico, tratamientos, técnicas operatorias, resultados de las operaciones realizadas en el Hospital de la Caridad y cuatro casos de estudio en los que se ejemplifican las ideas del autor.

The investigations of the parameter's analysis are used for the design, construction and qualification of standardized evaluations show that this allows to establish the quality and compliance of the objectives of the evaluation programs based on the quantification of the parameters and a subsequent analysis of the results, in the same way, in analysis of evaluative programs, leads to these improve their processes and in this way fulfill their function and educational objectives. For this reason, it is convenient to ask how the mixed analysis of items of the Martes de Prueba evaluation program can contribute to the improvement of its design and construction processes? To answer this question, a mixed analysis was carried out on the items of the Martes de Prueba® evaluation program regarding the parameters of difficulty and discrimination.

In the last years Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) has received an increasing attention in academic research due to its ability to achieve optimal process operation of nonlinear processes. NMPC has been applied to several pilot plants; however major obstacles like plant model mismatch and disturbances have to be overcome in order to allow industrial applications. Multi-stage NMPC (MSNMPC) is a robust NMPC approach which achieves optimal process operation under uncertainties of the process model. A complete workflow from simulation studies to real application of MSNMPC has been developed to overcome the mentioned obstacles. However, explicit knowledge from the fields of mathematics, optimization theory, and process control is required. Therefore, efficient methods for evaluation of MSNMPC that support the transition from simulation to application in the real process are required. In this master thesis a module that applies several evaluation methods to offline simulations of MSNMPC is developed. The effectiveness of the module is shown in the case study of an industrial batch polymerization reactor.

Youth suicidality is a worldwide major concern; even more, if a specific population of youth, as young people in the child welfare system, are likely to be at higher risk. Therefore, emerge the need to identify particular characteristics that may be predictors of these suicidal behaviors in order to provide better prevention and intervention programs. Portugal is a country that does not have information regarding youth suicide in care. Seeking to contribute to this matter this study aims to make a profile of young Portuguese people (of 16- and 17- years old) in residential care with suicide attempts, identifying the relation between suicidality and sociodemographic variables, type of placement and maltreatment, mental health problems and risk behaviors. Comparisons of the data gathered were made on adolescents in residential care with suicide attempts and adolescents without it, bivariate analyzes were carried out to identify the difference between samples. Results supported a statistical relationship with physical neglect as a type of maltreatment, and alcohol and drugs abuse as factors that may increase the risk of suicide attempts. Regarding mental health, treatments do not cover the whole population with suicide attempts, with lightly less of half of the adolescents with suicidality not receiving psychiatric treatment. Further analysis is needed to identify if more rigorous mental health treatment might reduce suicidality. Resúmen: La tendencia suicida en los jóvenes es una preocupación importante a nivel mundial; aún más, si una población específica, como aquellos quienes están en el sistema de bienestar, tienen probabilidades de tener riesgos mayores. Por esta razón, surge la necesidad de identificar características particulares de los jóvenes en el sistema de bienestar que puedan predecir comportamientos suicidas con el fin de proporcionar mejores programas de prevención e intervención. Portugal es un país que no tiene información sobre el suicidio juvenil en el sistema de bienestar. Buscando contribuir a esta área, el siguiente estudio pretende hacer un perfil de jóvenes portugueses (de 16 y 17 años) en acogimiento residencial con intentos de suicidio, identificando la relación entre la variable tendencias suicidas y variables sociodemográficas, perfil del acogimiento y tipo de maltrato, problemas de salud mental y comportamientos de riesgo. Se compararon los datos de adolescentes en acogimiento residenciales con intentos de suicidio y adolescentes sin intentos, llevando a cabo análisis bivariados para identificar la diferencia entre las muestras. Los resultados revelaron una relación estadística entre negligencia física como un tipo de maltrato, y abuso de alcohol y drogas como factores que pueden aumentar el riesgo de intentos suicidas. En cuanto a la salud mental, se identificó que los tratamientos no cubren a todos los jóvenes con intentos de suicidio, hallando que no reciben tratamiento psiquiátrico un poco menos de la mitad de los adolescentes con tendencias suicidas. Por esta razón, se considera necesario realizar más análisis para identificar si un tratamiento de salud mental más riguroso podría reducir las tendencias suicidas.

The Passivhaus Standard is a construction concept based on affordably achieving the best indoor conditions with the lowest energy demand. If adopted, it could contribute to fulfil the lack of regulations in energy and comfort performance in Colombian dwellings that the current sustainability laws mandate. The Standard has been applied in warm regions mostly throughout the Mediterranean.This work intended to study its applicability for social housing in tropical climates, specifically four Colombian cities with different average energy demands and number of occupants per household and diverse climatic conditions. The work identified and described a reference building based on an average ‘good practice’ social housing project product of the current Building Regulations. It was modelled in the Passivhaus Planning Package (PHPP) to analyse its performance in the four cities. The results showed that the thermal performance of the building envelope is better than expected due to favourable climatic conditions in most of the cities, although it needs improvements. Even if primary energy demand is lower in the four cities than the maximum allowed by the Standard, it would be considerably high for dwellings without mechanical heating or cooling. The improved models showed that adopting passive strategies according to local climates reduced daily temperature swings and increased indoor comfort. Applying energy efficiency measures such as solar thermal DHW and more efficient fridges and lighting decreased primary energy demand significantly to less than a half of the maximum allowed. The Standard would be applicable in tropical climates even within the budget limitations for social housing in Colombia, although not exactly in the same way as in central Europe. Local circumstances and passive strategies must be taken into account to feasibly achieve the Passivhaus Standard in Colombian social housing.

The growing problem of maintaining socio-economic sustainability in a changing climate has focused attention of a wide range of stakeholders on devising and delivering adaptive responses. A series of IPCC reports have emphasised that the economies of developing countries and particularly the poor would bear the brunt of climate change impacts. Farmers are highly vulnerable because of their high and direct dependency on natural resources, climate-sensitive livelihoods and lack of access to resources that they could rely on to respond successfully to shocks. Microfinance has become an increasingly used and effective tool to respond to major global challenges at the local level, including poverty and climate change. This thesis seeks to analyze the effects that the level of climate change risk and impact has on the willingness of Colombian farmers to invest, through microfinances, in strategies to adapt anticipatively to climate change. The methodology combines experimental economic games, surveys and interviews with farmers who cultivate three different crops: coffee, cocoa and citrus. The findings demonstrate that adaptation decisions depend on climate variability, the cost to implement an adaptation strategy and its benefits to cope with current hazards. Some farmers are risk takers as they prefer to face the risk of losing the harvest rather than pay the adaptation costs. Integrated pest management and beekeeping were strategies preferred under any level of climate variability, while farmers invested in crop diversification and solar dehydrators when facing higher risk of climate change. They were willing to obtain individual and associative microcredits. Microcredits awarded to small farmers in a short period of time enable them to accumulate and manage assets that make them less vulnerable. Microfinance can be more effective when combined with training and bottom-up strategies such as social networks, establishment of partnerships, collective lands and social learning that help farmers to increase their earnings, improve land productivity and promote food security.