Les villes Latino-américaines ont connu une explosion démographique depuis la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. Le résultat dans l’espace est la croissance de la tache urbaine et l’augmentation de la fracture entre ville formelle et informelle. La population marginalisée, placée dans des zones à haut risque sont éloignées des zones actives économiquement et présentent manques de services publiques comme l’électricité, l’assainissement et les services de transport. Afin de réduire cette fracture, les villes de Medellín (Colombie), Caracas (Venezuela) et Rio de Janeiro (Brésil) ont mis en place des transports par câble pour attaquer le problème depuis une optique de transport. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer, depuis la logique des acteurs, la différence de chaque cas et la construction de la problématique pour chaque ville et leur articulation urbaine aux alentours des infrastructures de transport. Las poblaciones más excluidas, además de estar generalmente ubicadas en zonas de alto riesgo y en los sectores más alejados del centro de la ciudad, han carecido históricamente de servicios urbanos como equipamientos, servicios públicos domiciliarios y transporte, relegando aún más a las poblaciones vulnerables. Para reducir esta brecha, las ciudades de Medellín (Colombia), Caracas (Venezuela) y Río de Janeiro (Brasil) han implementado teleféricos en los últimos años. Este artículo busca mostrar, desde una óptica de análisis de los actores implicados, cómo el proceso de concepción, construcción y articulación con el entorno urbano de los teleféricos es profundamente diferente en las tres ciudades, a pesar de que éstas presentan características urbanas y socioeconómicas similares en la zona de implementación de los proyectos.

Este archivo contiene: 1) una discusión general respecto al problema de cuánto pescar maximizando el beneficio y disminuyendo el riesgo de colapso, abordada desde una mirada interdisciplinar y diversos campos científicos; 2) las conclusiones, tanto generales como específicas; 3) la lista bibliográfica, 4) el anexo, constituido por un poster presentado en la Conferencia Internacional de R (2013), y dos artículos de divulgación publicados en el 2014, y 5) los agradecimientos.

Resumen: De cara a la modernidad, políticas migratorias y prácticas sociales excluyentes en Colombia, entre 1880 y 1980, quisieron impedir la llegada de inmigrantes árabes al país y dificultaron su integración en la sociedad. Aunque el proceso de movilidad social de inmigrantes fue exitoso y significativo para la construcción de la nación, integrarse y asimilarse causó su invisibilización. Ya ad portas del siglo XXI, la convergencia de una serie de fenómenos culturales provocaron la eclosión de la práctica de la danza árabe escénica a través de la figura nacional de Shakira. En cuanto fenómeno cultural global y por su creciente y rápida diseminación en varias ciudades del país, esta práctica dancística cobra un especial interés investigativo sobre su papel social en relación con la inclusión de la población árabe en el discurso de nación de Colombia. La exploración de sentidos de identidad nacional a través de documentos, entrevistas a sujetos danzantes y trabajo etnográfico devela las tensiones que en doble vía genera la exclusión social de dos grupos minoritarios en el país, pero que desde esta práctica dancística, en particular, han devenido en mecanismos de otrificación que repercuten en el reconocimiento tanto de personas árabes como de colomboárabes del país, causando así su invisibilización. Abstract: In regards to modernity, migratory policies and social exclusion practices in Colombia, between 1880 and 1980, wanted to prevent the arrival of Arab immigrants to the country and hindered their integration into society. Although the process of social mobility of immigrants was successful and meaningful for the construction of the nation, integration and assimilation caused their invisibility. Now on the verge of the twenty-first century, the convergence of a number of cultural phenomena caused the emergence of the practice of scenic Arabic dance through the national figure of Shakira. As a global cultural phenomenon and its growing and quick spreading in several cities, the practice of this dance has a special investigative interest about its social role regarding to the inclusion of the Arab population in the nation’s discourse of Colombia. The exploration of meanings of national identity through documents, interviews with dancing individuals and ethnographic work reveal the tensions that in two-way generate social exclusion of two minority groups in the country, but from the practice of this dance, they have particularly become in othering mechanisms affecting recognition of Arab people and Arab-Colombians from the country and cause their invisibility.

En este capítulo se puede ver la aplicación de las redes bayesianas a la pesquería del mar de Alborán mediante un ejemplo sencillo en el que se integran la energía cinética del sistema, el volumen de capturas y el ingreso percibido gracias a esas capturas. El enfoque de redes Bayesianas permite la explicitación de las relaciones causa-efecto, lo que resulta clave en un entorno donde el gestor necesita identificar los elementos del sistema sobre los que puede actuar (causas) y las consecuencias de estas actuaciones (efectos). Además, la comunicación de resultados a los gestores se facilita al incorporar el factor económico dentro del modelo. Texto tomado y adaptado de la “Introducción general” de esta tesis.

The aim of this work is to propose an effective design strategy to deliver complex information to a multicultural audience. Following this notion, this project attempts to recognise how the principles of interface design and learning could be applied in cross-cultural communication. To carry out this proposal, an e-learning course aimed at international students was developed. E-learning was chosen as an ideal starting point to perform an interface analysis, as through learning effectiveness is possible to assess efficacy in communication, giving a chance to evaluate an interface design under specific parameters. To propose a method that could address this goal, it became clear that the application of a multidisciplinary approach was crucial. Therefore, the proposed design strategy seeks to find the links between interface design heuristics, learning principles and cultural factors analysing a group of 349 international students from five different nationalities registered at the Bauhaus University of Weimar (Winter Semester 2015/16). Using the design strategy detailed in this document, an interface for an e-learning course was developed and, it will be implemented in the context of a pilot test during the Summer Semester 2017.

Climate change, environmental legislation and binding targets for renewable energy, alongside an increased focus on the economic benefits of energy and fuel conservation, are driving the adoption of new technologies as sources of energy. With these dynamics, it is evident that waste heat recovery technologies can play a key role in reducing in reducing indirectly the CO2 footprint of existing fossil power generation and achievement of renewable energy targets. Since the recovered heat is effectively ‘free of charge’, there is a direct positive impact on the energy costs to the end user. This project aims to implement a Organic Rankine Cycle system in a Petrochemical plant, in this case a Low density Polyethylene Plant because is generated hug quantities of heat waste in the polymerization reaction during 8000 hours/year. Also is evaluated the Technical and economical advantages in order to check the feasibility of the implementation of Organic Rankine Cycle System in a Petrochemical Plant. The impact of this Project could give a good guide of the feasibility of the implement ORC system in Industrial process, because the most projects launched with this Technology have been usually used in Geothermal Applications.

Abstract: Since the late 90s Colombia decided to actively ratify Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT´s) in order to strengthen its treaty network and promote the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment. At the international level arbitral tribunals deciding Investor-State disputes under such Agreements have produced decisions severely affecting the financial stability of host States. As a result, some have decided to denounce such instruments or to implement changes in their wording and scope to safeguard their “right to regulate”. Some cases have been brought under the argument of host States producing and enforcing regulatory expropriation measures in some cases related to tax, environmental and public health matters. Resumen: Desde finales de los años noventas Colombia inició de forma activa la ratificación de los denominados Acuerdos para la Promoción y Protección de Inversiones (APPRI´s) a fin de fortalecer su red de tratados y brindar seguridad jurídica a inversionistas extranjeros interesados en desarrollar proyectos en el país. A nivel internacional los casos decididos por tribunales de arbitramento Inversionista-Estado a la luz de dichos Acuerdos han acarreado consecuencias cada vez más onerosas para los Estados condenados por su violación, a tal punto que muchos están denunciándolos o realizando modificaciones de fondo a sus textos a fin de salvaguardar su capacidad regulatoria. Gran parte estos casos han tenido como fundamento la violación del estándar de “expropiación” a través de la implementación, por parte del Estado receptor de la inversión, de medidas relacionadas con la imposición y cobro de tributos, medidas sobre el medio ambiente y asuntos de salud pública.

During the last decade massive immigration of people, regardless of its reason has been a new challenge for many countries around the world. People leave their homes in pursuit of safety and protection but in many cases they fail and not only do not find a new home but also unintentionally/intentionally affect the quality of the hosting country and jeopardize its vitality. On the one hand immediate (short term) effects of immigration need to be considered in order to define the structure of the emerging community and also its interaction with the existing one (hosting country). On the other hand, since there is no clear prediction for life expectancy of these communities, in long term what is left of these transitions can be very decisive for the future of the existing community. According to the United Nations refugee commission ACNUR, Latin America and the Caribbean is the third region most affected due to migration issues with 3.99 million compared with the rest Africa 13.5, Asia 20, Europe 2.6. Inside the region Colombia is the country with the highest number of people that have been displaced, and Ecuador as the host country with the biggest refugee population. Colombian farmers leave their homes in the countryside to live in the suburbs of big cities. The forced change of residence transforms the idea of own self and about the space occupied, their physical location in the place of arrival shows the precarious conditions surrounding them, lying outsourced and crumbled from this space they built for themselves and their family. This physical and emotional transit characterizes the notion of displacing, because it becomes key to understand the struggle to reinvent a place for them in the urban space where new ways of appropriation of space emerge. Such transit also brings the conflict of coexistence between newcomers and resident migrants, the territory appears as a space where they must acquire their own house and stabilize their living conditions. In this project firstly immigration and its short/long time effects on several cases will be studied. Afterwards considering the life span of these settlements (future Identity) a proposal based on integration of communities through specific arrangement of housing (based on introducing modular design) that encourage the public participation in development of the habitat, a prototype will be suggested.

Studying abroad implies not only academic interaction, but also living through life experiences in a new country. Thus, this qualitative research attempts to be a starting point for those interested in students’ perceptions about studying abroad and how this develops their global citizenship skills. Four student experiences were analysed through semi-structured interviews, to examine the opportunities and challenges the students faced while living and studying abroad and what their perceptions are towards global citizenship. Furthermore, it is explored how their global citizenship skills are developed, after the living abroad experience. There were three significant findings of the study: firstly, student ideas of global citizenship were more positive among the students from developing countries, than those who came from developed countries. Secondly, students from developing countries experienced more academic and social challenges than those from developed countries. Thirdly, it was evidenced that the experience of studying abroad developed students’ global citizenship skills, regardless of their countries background – developed or developing. The four participants were a male and a female from developed countries and a male and a female from developing countries. All of them were pursuing their MA degree in education at Bath Spa University at the time of this research.

The construction of an LNG facility implies a considerable expenditure the capital, generally, the process simulators are used to estimate the operating parameters of the liquefaction plant and to size the equipment needed. Although, natural gas data has been widely studied under non-cryogenic conditions, the availability of thermodynamic data for multi-component mixtures at high pressure, and cryogenic temperatures is still poor (Laskowski L., 2008). Therefore, accurate vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE), and calorific data for multi-component mixtures at LNG process conditions would enhance the simulations.Measurements of VLE data for binary mixture consisted of methane and butane and also a multi-component mixture; methane, ethane, propane and butane were performanced. Furthermore, a comparison of these data with the predictions given by Aspen HYSYS software, using the Peng-Robinson (PR), Soave Redlich Kwong (SRK) and the GERG equations of state (EOSs). Moreover, an improvement in the performance of cubic EOSs in HYSYS is studied by anchoring these data using a tuning code. Finally, analyse the impact of those finding in the LNG scrub column.The experimental part of the project has completed using a cryogenic VLE apparatus, while the modelling part has done by using a tuning code that interacts between HYSYS and MS Excel; it optimizes an objective function by the modification of binary interaction parameters in the equation of state.