Plantea pautas para realizar ejercicios con niños que aún no leen, con edades de 4 a 7 años. Aprender poemas de memoria es un gran estímulo para el desarrollo del lenguaje; la relación de los niños con la música del idioma crea un vínculo afectivo con el texto aprendido, y ayuda a la comprensión y al disfrute pleno del texto, haciéndolo propio

Describe los pasos para la creación de adivinanzas, e incluye varios ejemplos del autor

El documento contiene una guía para la organización de la biblioteca. Incluye una serie de pasos para organizar la dotación entregada por el Ministerio de Cultura a través del Plan Nacional de Bibliotecas, a las bibliotecas públicas del país.

Propone diversas actividades y textos para ejercicios de lectura en voz alta en espacios de promoción de lectura

The purpose of this dissertation is to empirically, analytically, and descriptively, investigate whether or not, and to what extent the fundamental human right to due process of Colombian Army members has been violated by national and international tribunals. The investigation is based on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (IHL), and analyses cases of Colombian Army members being tried for human rights and IHL abuses by Colombian and international courts. Thus, it argues that due to the “Fuero Militar” (Military Judiciary Jurisdiction) being weakened, the fundamental human right to due process has been violated for military personnel. Accordingly, the paper presents a hypothesis that suggests that political and legal changes of the Military Justice System in Colombia have resulted in due process violations to Colombian Army members.The paper provides analysis of: Firstly (a) the United Kingdom, The United States and the Colombian Armed Forces and Police, in terms of, chain of command, structure, Military Justice, rights and duties; (b) a detailed Colombian Army structure; (c) a comparison between the three countries, illustrating the reasons that made the Colombian context unique; (d) the due process from international legislation to Colombian legislation; (e) the Transitional Justice concept and its interference in the Colombian armed conflict.Secondly, the information collected in the 31 interviews with Colombian Army members being tried for human rights and IHL abuses; together with assessment of three high-profile cases in which Colombian Army members are being tried for human rights and IHL abuses: “Soacha”, “Mapiripan” and “Palacio de Justicia”.  The analysis of the research findings concludes that the weakening of the “Fuero Militar” have increased the number of allegations of human rights violations in the particular case due process to servicemen. Finally, policy changes are suggested and the dissertation recommends that further research be conducted.

Abstract:In 2003, Colombia reformed the structure of oil exploration and production activity in the country. The National Hydrocarbons Agency (ANH) assumed regulatory duties and adopted a new exploration and production (E&P) contract. Flexibility is one of the main features of this E&P contract, which gives the contractors the right, not the obligation, to expand, defer or abandon the project under certain conditions throughout the contractual phases. This paper reviews the real options approach as an analytical tool to value the managerial flexibility offered by the Colombian E&P contract. For this purpose a binomial model was used to value optionality in a hypothetical oil exploration and production project under the Colombian E&P rules. Using Monte Caro simulation and binomial lattices to value a sequential compound option, the model estimates how flexibility adds value to the project when it is adjusted to the investment’s probability of success. In this particular project, the optionality value was estimated in USD 9,45 mill (35% of the project’s expected monetary value, USD 26,90 mill). This result is sensible to changes on probability of success rates and initial oil price and reserves volume estimations. Further research could be done to model other possible real options in the production phase. Lastly, this binomial lattices approach could be used to introduce real options concepts to decision making process in oil industry and regulatory entities.Resumen:En el año 2003, Colombia reformó la estructura de la actividad de exploración y producción de petróleo en el país. La Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) asumió las competencias regulatorias y adoptó un nuevo contrato de exploración y producción (E&P). La flexibilidad es una de las principales características de este contrato E&P, que otorga a los contratistas el derecho, no la obligación, de ampliar, diferir o abandonar el proyecto bajo ciertas condiciones, a lo largo de las fases contractuales. Este documento revisa el enfoque de opciones reales como una herramienta analítica para valorar la flexibilidad gerencial que ofrece el contrato E&P colombiano. Para este propósito, se utilizó un modelo binomial para valorar la opción en un proyecto hipotético de exploración y producción de petróleo, bajo las reglas del contrato E&P colombiano. Usando simulaciones de Monte Caro y árboles binomiales para valorar una opción secuencial compuesta, el modelo estima cómo la flexibilidad agrega valor al proyecto cuando éste es ajustado a la probabilidad de éxito de la inversión. En este proyecto en particular, el valor de la opción se estimó en USD 9,45 mill (35% del valor monetario esperado del proyecto, USD 26,90 mill). Este resultado es sensible a los cambios en las tasas de probabilidad de éxito, al precio inicial del petróleo y a las estimaciones del volumen de reservas. Podría realizarse mayor investigación para modelar otras posibles opciones reales en la fase de producción. Por último, este enfoque de árboles binomiales podría utilizarse para introducir conceptos de opciones reales para el proceso de toma de decisiones en la industria petrolera y las entidades reguladoras.

The aim of this report is to demonstrate and explore how the vernacular architecture and crafts of the Andean region of Colombia could inspire the creation of an interior installation that is designed to convey a personal interpretation of the tensions associated with the current internal conflict in Colombia and a sincere aspiration for sustainable peace. To approach this hypothesis, the perspectives of experts in those matters were imperative and guided the further research of alternative secondary methods that included books, journals, and official publications.The main structure of the report attempts to address three principal chapters. The first chapter intends to recognise and highlight the importance of Guadua to the vernacular architecture and crafts associated with the Andean region of Colombia. The second chapter focuses on the investigation of the current trends and science behind narrative design and the infinite possibilities of storytelling in exhibitions and set design. Finally, the third chapter explores the current internal conflict between the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and Colombia’s National Government, which in theory is being tried to be resolved from the study of peace agreements and new possibilities for both parts achieving justice and repair.Findings obtained throughout the research and analytical process show that Guadua’s characteristics as a construction material represent a new insight in the scenario of a sustainable world. Furthermore, Colombia’s ongoing conflict, although it depends on many factors, should be acknowledged globally and has the potential to be tackled from a new artistic perspective, where an interior installation encodes a sincere aspiration for sustainable peace.

The FreshWaterMill project is a transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (EST) from The Netherlands to Colombia that involves several Dutch companies, the Delft University of Technology and Coralina (corporation for sustainable development of the Archipelago San Andrés, Providence and Saint Kathleen). The installation place is Johnny Cay, a small islet 1.5 km northeast from San Andrés, Colombia, uninhabited and exclusive for touristic use (Van Tonningen, 2014).The technology is a wind powered reverse osmosis (RO) system that can fulfil the drinkable water and electricity demands of the Cay. This way can be alleviated the sanitary conditions resulting from unsustainable touristic practices. Moreover, this project is seen as a promoter of sustainable development in the Archipelago (Coralina, 2006), and as a potential solution to provide electricity and water to rural and remote areas of low utility coverage but abundant wind power.There are no environmental or social impact analyses that validate the sustainable character of the technology transfer. Moreover, although it is intended to improve the livelihood of target users their opinions are not reflected in the project plans. This situation resembles those factors that describe the trend to failure of technology transfers. Therefore this research made an integral assessment of the project as a Socio-Technical System (STS) to provide useful findings and recommendations that could lead it away from such trend.The Functions of Innovation Systems (FIS) framework (Van Alphen, 2008) was chosen for a systems approach analysis. Through this was found that poor planning, insufficient financial resources and ineffective communication channels are the most relevant barriers for a successful implementation of the FreshWaterMill. The most relevant drivers are the suitability of the place for a wind/RO system, the planning of a local educational center, a remarkable advocacy for Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in the Archipelago and the existence of local human capital and R&D on RE.Five conditions for self-organization were derived from the PAR (Participatory Action Research) methodology to explore the likeliness of self-organization for bottom-up management. Through this methodology was shown that the difficult relationship between the corporation and the touristic service providers, their lack of group cohesion, managerial and operational capacities, ignorance and/or misuse of instruments for self-organization, make unfeasible for this group to address the barriers and support the drivers of the project.Relevant conditions from the context not covered by the previous methodologies were also included. These reflected that the advocacy for RETs is counteracted by the fragmentation between institutional actors and their lack of managerial skills on technology topics, which makes them rely on national and international assistance to achieve a technological transition. The regular interaction that Johnny Cay workers will have with the windmill, the affinity of the life plan of young adults to the project objectives and the likeliness of this group to make economic contributions urges the need for a participatory approach. The socio-cultural crisis of the Archipelago supports this recommendation. However, the difficulty of institutional entities to understand and assume the roles that require a participatory approach and the path dependency on top-down regulation makes it a complex challenge.A participatory approach for the FreshWaterMill is indirectly supported by the management plan of the Natural Regional Park Johnny Cay and the Community and institutional participation board. Additional to the commitment of the corporation to assume an enabling role, the process needs a mediator so the touristic service.

Presentación que describe los servicios básicos establecidos en la Ley de Bibliotecas Públicas, con su asociación a actividades y acciones.

With increased demand and high prices for minerals and metals in recent years, many resource rich developing countries see mining sector as vital to develop their economies. Colombia is one of these nations. Non-renewable natural resource wealth is seen as an opportunity to obtain economic benefits that can be transformed into increased wellbeing for citizens. However, mining often involves a high environmental impact and the risk of causing, or exacerbating social problems and conflicts in mining areas is significant. This study addresses the issue of ‘How then can mining contribute to sustainable development?’ in the Colombian context.This issue is critical – with 44% of the population in poverty, and the territory considered one of the most biodiverse in the world. Views obtained from interviews with representatives of stakeholder groups from government, industry and civil society and the content of national mining policy documents were compared with a selection of industry best practice guidelines in order to identify key issues for mining and sustainable development in the country. Best practice guidelines were principally drawn from the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Mineral, Metals and Sustainable Development policy framework and the Extractive Industries Value Chain approach. Eleven key issues were identified as important for informants: policy frameworks, institutional capacity, access to information, royalty and tax regimes, transparency, local socioeconomic development, stakeholder participation and responsibility, community trust and image, environmental performance, mine closure and illegal mining.The findings also suggest three principal gaps that need to be addressed with some priority. The focus of mining policies should be shifted from a principal focus on increased production towards sustainable development and poverty reduction objectives; better coordination between mining, environmental and national development policies and institutions towards sustainable development objectives is required; and improved technical and institutional capacity to provide an adequate assessment process and the information regarding whether the benefits from mining overcome its negative impacts ant national and local levels is needed.