Abstract: Transfer entropy (TE) has been used to identify and quantify interactions between physiological systems. Different methods exist to estimate TE, but there is no consensus about which one performs best in specific applications. In this study, five methods (linear, k-nearest neighbors, fixed-binning with ranking, kernel density estimation and adaptive partitioning) were compared. The comparison was made on three simulation models (linear, nonlinear and linear + nonlinear dynamics). From the simulations, it was found that the best method to quantify the different interactions was adaptive partitioning. This method was then applied on data from a polysomnography study, specifically on the ECG and the respiratory signals (nasal airflow and respiratory effort around the thorax). The hypothesis that the linear and nonlinear components of cardio-respiratory interactions during light and deep sleep change with the sleep stage, was tested. Significant differences, after performing surrogate analysis, indicate an increased TE during deep sleep. However, these differences were found to be dependent on the type of respiratory signal and sampling frequency. These results highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate signals, estimation method and surrogate analysis for the study of linear and nonlinear cardio-respiratory interactions. Resumen: La entropía de transferencia (TE) se ha utilizado para identificar y cuantificar las interacciones entre sistemas fisiológicos. Existen diferentes métodos para estimar la TE, pero no hay consenso sobre cuál funciona mejor en aplicaciones específicas. En este estudio, se compararon cinco métodos (lineal, k-nearest neighbors, fixed binning with ranking, kernel density estimation, and adaptive partitioning). La comparación se realizó en tres modelos de simulación (lineal, no lineal y dinámicas lineales + no lineales). A partir de las simulaciones, se encontró que el mejor método para cuantificar las diferentes interacciones fue el adaptive partitioning. Este método se aplicó luego a datos de un estudio de polisomnografía, específicamente a las señales de ECG y respiratorias (flujo nasal y esfuerzo respiratorio alrededor del tórax). Se probó la hipótesis de que los componentes lineales y no lineales de las interacciones cardiorespiratorias durante el sueño ligero y profundo cambian con la etapa del sueño. Diferencias significativas, después de realizar un análisis de subrogados, indican un aumento en la TE durante el sueño profundo. Sin embargo, se encontró que estas diferencias dependían del tipo de señal respiratoria y la frecuencia de muestreo. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de seleccionar las señales apropiadas, el método de estimación y el análisis de subrogados adecuados para el estudio de las interacciones cardiorespiratorias lineales y no lineales.

Abstract: Antibiotic resistance is driven by selection, but the degree to which a bacterial strain’s evolutionary history shapes the mechanism and strength of resistance remains an open question. Here, we reconstruct the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in a clinical isolate of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae. A combination of short- and long-read sequencing, machine learning, and genetic and enzymatic analyses established that this carbapenem-resistant strain carries no carbapenemase-encoding genes. Genetic reconstruction of the resistance phenotype confirmed that two distinct genetic loci are necessary in order for the strain to acquire carbapenem resistance. Experimental evolution of the carbapenem-resistant strains in growth conditions without the antibiotic revealed that both loci confer a significant cost and are readily lost by de novo mutations resulting in the rapid evolution of a carbapenem-sensitive phenotype. To explain how carbapenem resistance evolves via multiple, low-fitness single-locus intermediates, we hypothesised that one of these loci had previously conferred adaptation to another antibiotic. Fitness assays in a range of drug concentrations show how selection in the antibiotic ceftazidime can select for one gene (blaDHA-1) potentiating the evolution of carbapenem resistance by a single mutation in a second gene (ompK36). These results show how a patient’s treatment history might shape the evolution of antibiotic resistance and could explain the genetic basis of carbapenem-resistance found in many enteric-pathogens.

Abstract: 3D printing technologies enable medicine customization adapted to patients' needs. There are several 3D printing techniques available, but majority of dosage forms and medical devices are printed using nozzle-based extrusion, laser-writing systems, and powder binder jetting. 3D printing has been demonstrated for a broad range of applications in development and targeting solid, semi-solid and locally applied or implanted medicines. 3D printed solid dosage forms allow the combination of one or more drugs within the same solid dosage form to improve patient compliance, facilitate deglutition, tailor the release profile, or fabricate new medicines for which no dosage form is available. Sustained release 3D-printed implants, stents and medical devices have been used mainly for joint replacement therapies, medical prostheses, and cardiovascular applications. Locally applied medicines such as wound dressing, microneedles, and medicated contact lenses have also been manufactured using 3D printing techniques. The challenge is to select the 3D printing tech-nique most suitable for each application and the type of pharmaceutical ink that should be devel-oped that possesses the required physicochemical and biological performance. The integration of biopharmaceuticals and nanotechnology-based drugs along with 3D printing (""Nanoprinting"") brings printed personalized nanomedicines within the most innovative perspectives for the coming years. Continuous manufacturing through the use of 3D-printed microfluidic chips facilitates their translation into clinical practice.

Abstract: Las lesiones cerebrales agudas (LCA) se asocian con altas tasas de mortalidad y malos resultados funcionales a largo plazo. La medición de biomarcadores del líquido cefalorraquídeo ventricular (vLCR) en pacientes con LCA puede ayudar a dilucidar algunas de las vías fisiopatológicas implicadas en el pronóstico de estos pacientes. Primero realizamos una búsqueda sistemática y una revisión descriptiva (Crit Care. 5 de agosto de 2021; 25 (1): 278; DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03698-z) donde concluimos que en pacientes con LCA, las concentraciones alteradas de biomarcadores proteicos en el vLCR relacionados con el daño citoesquelético, la inflamación, la apoptosis y el estrés oxidativo pueden predecir peores resultados neurológicos. Debido a estos resultados, realizamos un estudio de observación prospectivo (Neurocrit Care. 2022 Oct;37(2):463-470.doi:10.1007/s12028-022-01507-1.) donde concluimos que la expresión desregulada de la proteína en el vLCR diferenciaba entre LCA y no LCA. Luego realizamos otro estudio (J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 27 de abril de 2023. doi:10.1097/ANA.0000000000000916.) donde concluimos que la expresión de patrones moleculares asociados al peligro (DAMP) específicos del vLCR se asociaba con un aumento de episodios de hipertensión intracraneal severa y muerte. Por último, en otro estudio observacional (Crit Care. 2023 Jun 24;27(1):249. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04538-y.), concluimos que las concentraciones de proteínas del vLCR después de una LCA eran un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas crónicas después de una LCA no traumática. Los hallazgos más importantes de esta tesis fueron que la respuesta proteómica después de una LCA es homogénea entre la LCA traumática y no traumática, involucra múltiples proteínas (DAMP) y puede estar asociada con enfermedades neurodegenerativas a largo plazo también en la LCA no traumática.

Abstract: Acute brain injuries are associated with high mortality rates and poor long-term functional outcomes. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in patients with acute brain injuries may help elucidate some ofthe pathophysiological pathways involved in the prognosis of these patients. We performed a systematic search and descriptive review using the MEDLINE database and the PubMed interface from inception up to June 29, 2021. Of the 39 studies that met our criteria, 30 reported that the biomarker concentration was associated with neurological outcome and 9 reported no association. In traumatic brain injury patients, increased extracellular concentrations of biomarkers related to neuronal cytoskeletal disruption, apoptosis and inflammation were associated with the severity of acute brain injury, early mortality and worse long-term functional outcome. Reduced concentrations of protein biomarkers related to impaired redox function were associated with increased risk of neurological deficit. In non-traumatic acute brain injury, concentrations of CSF protein biomarkers related to dysregulated inflammation and apoptosis were associated with a greater risk of vasospasm and a larger volume of brain ischemia. Resumen: Las lesiones cerebrales agudas se asocian con altas tasas de mortalidad y malos resultados funcionales a largo plazo. La medición de biomarcadores en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en pacientes con lesiones cerebrales agudas puede ayudar a dilucidar algunas de las vías fisiopatológicas implicadas en el pronóstico de estos pacientes. Realizamos una búsqueda sistemática y revisión descriptiva utilizando la base de datos MEDLINE y la interfaz PubMed desde su inicio hasta el 29 de junio de 2021.De los 39 estudios que cumplieron con nuestros criterios de inclusión, 30 informaron que la concentración del biomarcador se asoció con el resultado neurológico y 9 no informaron ninguna asociación. En lesiones cerebrales traumáticas, el aumento de las concentraciones extracelulares de biomarcadores relacionados con la alteración del citoesqueleto neuronal, la apoptosis y la inflamación se asociaron con la gravedad de la lesión cerebral aguda, la mortalidad temprana y un peor resultado funcional a largo plazo. Las concentraciones reducidas de biomarcadores proteicos relacionados con la función redox deteriorada se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de déficit neurológico. En la lesión cerebral aguda no traumática, las concentraciones de biomarcadores proteicos del LCR relacionados con la inflamación desregulada y la apoptosis se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de vasoespasmo y un mayor volumen de isquemia cerebral.

Abstract: Quantitative analysis of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF) proteins following acute brain injury (ABI) may help identify pathophysiological pathways and potential biomarkers that can predict unfavorable outcome. In this prospective proteomic analysis study, consecutive patients with severe ABI expected to require intraventricular catheterization for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring for at least 5 days and patients without ABI admitted for elective clipping of an unruptured cerebral aneurysm were included. vCSF samples were collected within the first 24 h after ABI and ventriculostomy insertion and then every 24 h for 5 days. Data-independent acquisition and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra (SWATH) mass spectrometry were used to compare differences in protein expression in patients with ABI and patients without ABI and in patients with traumatic and nontraumatic ABI. We included 50 patients with ABI (SAH n = 23, TBI n = 15, intracranial hemorrhage n = 6, ischemic stroke n = 3, others n = 3) and 12 patients without ABI. There were significant differences in the expression of 255 proteins between patients with and without ABI (p < 0.01). There were intraday and interday differences in expression of seven proteins related to increased inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cellular response to hypoxia and injury. Among these, glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was higher in patients with ABI with severe intracranial hypertension (ICH) (ICP ? 30 mm Hg) or death compared to those without (log 2 fold change: +2.4; p < 0.001), suggesting extensive primary astroglial injury or death. Dysregulated vCSF protein expression after ABI may be associated with an increased risk of severe ICH and death. Resumen: El análisis cuantitativo de las proteínas en el líquido cefalorraquídeo ventricular (vLCR) después de una lesión cerebral aguda (LCA) puede ayudar a identificar vías fisiopatológicas y posibles biomarcadores que pueden predecir un resultado desfavorable. En este estudio prospectivo de análisis proteómico, se incluyeron pacientes consecutivos con LCA grave que se esperaba que necesitaran cateterismo intraventricular cerebral para monitorizar la presión intracraneal (PIC) durante al menos 5 días y pacientes sin LCA ingresados para clipaje electivo de un aneurisma cerebral no roto. Las muestras de vCSF se recolectaron dentro de las primeras 24 h después de la inserción del ITB y la ventriculostomía y luego cada 24 h durante 5 días. Se utilizó la espectrometría de masas de adquisición independiente de datos y adquisición de ventana secuencial de todos los espectros teóricos (SWATH) para comparar las diferencias en la expresión de proteínas en pacientes con LCA y pacientes sin LCA y en pacientes con LCA traumática y no traumática. Se incluyeron 50 pacientes con LCA (HSA n = 23, TCE n = 15, hemorragia intracraneal n = 6, ictus isquémico n = 3, otros n = 3) y 12 pacientes sin LCA. Hubo diferencias significativas en la expresión de 255 proteínas entre pacientes con y sin LCA (p <0,01). Hubo diferencias intradía e interdía en la expresión de siete proteínas relacionadas con el aumento de la inflamación, la apoptosis, el estrés oxidativo y la respuesta celular a la hipoxia y las lesiones. Entre estos, la expresión de la proteína ácida fibrilar glial fue mayor en pacientes con LCA con hipertensión intracraneal (HIC) grave (PIC ? 30 mm Hg) o muerte en comparación con aquellos sin (cambio log 2 veces: + 2,4; p < 0,001), lo que sugiere una extensa Lesión astroglial primaria. La expresión desregulada de las proteínas en el vLCR después de una LCA puede estar asociada con un mayor riesgo de HIC grave y muerte.

Abstract: Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at an increased risk of developing chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an association thought to be related to several factors, including altered production and clearance of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and amyloid-? (A?). We previously reported decreased CSF expression of proteins related to cholesterol metabolism in patients with ABI, which may potentially lead to reduced neuro-steroid production, increased risk of neurodegenerative disease, and worse functional outcomes. In this post hoc analysis, ApoE (ApoEelisa), amyloid beta 1–40 (A?1–40), and amyloid beta 1–42 (A?1–42) concentrations were measured in vCSF taken from an external ventricular drain on Days 1–5 after non-traumatic ABI. The vCSF concentrations of ApoE were measured using a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test . The vCSF concentrations of A?1–40 and A?1–42 were also measured using a commercial ELISA test, with 50 ?l/patient (robotic pipette) per sample in duplicate using A?1–40 and A?1–42 monoclonal antibody, respectively. Day 1 ApoEelisa concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in patients with non-traumatic ABI than in control patients. vCSF A?1–40 (p < 0.001) and A?1–42 (p < 0.001) concentrations were also lower in the ABI patients. Day 1–5 ApoEswath protein expressions were significantly lower in patients with nontraumatic ABI than in controls (p < 0.0001). APLP1 values, but not those of APP or APLP2, were also significantly lower in non-traumatic ABI (p < 0.0001) throughout the 5-day period. These findings suggest that specific precursors of neurotoxic A? may be expressed in the early phase of nontraumatic ABI, such as that caused by vascular injury after ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. Resumen: Los pacientes con lesión cerebral traumática (LCA traumática) tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades neurodegenerativas crónicas, incluida la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), una asociación que se cree que está relacionada con varios factores, incluida la producción alterada y la eliminación de la apolipoproteína E (ApoE). y ?-amiloide (A?). Anteriormente informamos una disminución de la expresión en el LCR de proteínas relacionadas con el metabolismo del colesterol en pacientes con LCA, lo que potencialmente puede conducir a una reducción de la producción de neuroesteroides, un mayor riesgo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas y peores resultados funcionales. En este análisis post hoc, se midieron las concentraciones de ApoE (ApoEelisa), beta amiloide 1–40 (A?1–40) y beta amiloide 1–42 (A?1–42) en vCSF extraído de un drenaje ventricular externo en los días 1 a 5 después LCA no traumática. Las concentraciones de ApoE en vCSF se midieron utilizando una prueba comercial de ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Las concentraciones de vCSF de A?1–40 y A?1–42 también se midieron utilizando una prueba ELISA comercial, con 50 ?l/paciente (pipeta robótica) por muestra por duplicado utilizando los anticuerpos monoclonales A?1–40 y A?1–42, respectivamente. Las concentraciones de ApoEelisa en el día 1 fueron significativamente más bajas (p <0,01) en pacientes con LCA no traumática que en pacientes de control. Las concentraciones de vCSF A?1–40 (p <0,001) y A?1–42 (p <0,001) también fueron más bajas en los pacientes con LCA. Las expresiones de la proteína ApoEswath de los días 1 a 5 fueron significativamente menores en pacientes con LCA no traumática que en los controles (p <0,0001). Los valores de APLP1, pero no los de APP o APLP2, también fueron significativamente más bajos en la LCA no traumática (p <0,0001) durante el período de 5 días. Estos hallazgos sugieren que precursores específicos de A? neurotóxico pueden expresarse en la fase temprana de una LCA no traumática, como la causada por una lesión vascular después de un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico o hemorrágico.

Abstract: Changes in demographics and epidemiology have made non-communicable diseases (NCDs) a global and highly relevant problem. Globally, oral diseases cause serious health and economic burdens, leading to a substantial reduction in quality of life for those affected. Oral diseases and other NCDs share modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets, as well as the same socioeconomic determinants. The oral cavity provides valuable insights into overall health, as systemic diseases such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and autoimmune disorders often presents oral manifestations. However, in prison settings, where access to healthcare is limited and challenging as a human right, individuals experience exacerbated oral health outcomes and complications. Oral health status serves as a mirror of overall health, highlighting the interconnectedness between oral health and general well-being. The involvement of health authorities in prison settings plays a significant role in promoting and maintaining optimal oral health, which in turn has a profound impact on the physical and mental health of PLP. The World Health Organization's Oral Health Report of 2022 emphasizes the importance of addressing oral health inequalities as a crucial step in achieving fairness and implementing preventive interventions. Therefore, coherent and comprehensive regulation and legislation in oral health are needed to achieve social justice, ethical public health policies and professional practice. This study used a combination of methods with a focus on qualitative research. The first phase involved following the guidelines set out in “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA)” to conduct a comprehensive and systematic scoping review addressing the primary and secondary objectives of the study. The third objective was covered by semi structured interviews involving purposive sampling, identified by three target groups: dentist personnel working in prisons; prison health experts; harm reduction policymakers, to gain insight from global prison health experts on potential areas of improvement for oral health in prison. In the first phase of this study, scientific articles published between January and August 2022 were gathered and reviewed. Subsequently, in 2023, a series of interviews were conducted involving fifteen participants. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Ruprecht Karls Faculty of Medicine in Heidelberg (S 288/2023). The data collection instrument was carefully designed to accommodate the specific profiles of the participants, all owing for necessary adjustments to ensure the relevance and effectiveness of the study. Online in depth semi structured interviews were conducted via Zoom with relevant health prison experts. The combination of inductive and deductive approaches was used to design the study, collect and analyze data, and answer the research questions. The major findings of this study shed light on the persistent neglection of oral health into the health systems across different settings. Challenges and limitations in addressing oral health in prison, remains with a focus on the provision of emergency treatments and dental mutilations as services provided instead of conservatives approaches. Comprehensive and specialized dental care is necessary to avoid burdens on the health system, mostly from preventable oral disorders. Oral care and basic dental hygiene are still on the list of necessities in prison settings, as well as lack of resources, committed staff, and infrastructure to support the delivery of comprehensive dental services in prisons. In order to increase access to quality dental care, address oral health disparities, and promote the overall well-being of PLP, policy reforms, capacity building, and collaboration are necessary.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and its incidence is rising. The introduction of new systemic therapies, including immune-based therapies and biomarker driven therapies, has improved survival in patients at advanced stages. However, overall survival is still poor, and recent advances in understanding of the molecular alterations of HCC have not translated yet into novel biomarkers. Over the past decade, major advancements in 'omic' technologies have enabled monitoring of a variety of molecular and organismal processes. A comprehensive analysis of single gene mutations in HCC might lead to detect biomarkers that improve our prognosis and treatment. We developed a bioinformatics pipeline capable of analyzing genomic data to identify key regulatory molecular changes in HCC development and their influence in patient’s prognosis. By looking at genetically determined subgroups of HCC in the TCGA Liver Cancer dataset, we managed to obtain 15 genes frequently affected by oncogenic mutations and analyzed their influence in patient’s survival, identifying CSMD1 as a prognostic biomarker candidate. Nevertheless, the validation in the ICGC HCC database showed that it did not have any statistically significant influence in overall survival. This work reveals that the most frequent single gene mutations are not enough for significant survival changes in HCC and that we should focus our efforts in integrative analysis of clinical information and multi-omics to maximize our clinical benefits in this devastating disease. Resumen: El carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) es el tipo más común de cáncer de hígado y su incidencia está aumentando. La introducción de nuevas terapias sistémicas, incluidas las inmunoterapias y las terapias impulsadas por biomarcadores, ha mejorado la supervivencia de los pacientes en etapas avanzadas. Sin embargo, la supervivencia general sigue siendo escasa y los avances recientes en la comprensión de las alteraciones moleculares del CHC aún no se han traducido en nuevos biomarcadores. Durante la última década, los principales avances en las tecnologías "ómicas" han permitido el seguimiento de una variedad de procesos moleculares y orgánicos. Un análisis completo de las mutaciones de un solo gen en el CHC podría conducir a detectar biomarcadores que mejoren nuestro pronóstico y tratamiento. Desarrollamos un protocolo de bioinformática capaz de analizar datos genómicos para identificar cambios moleculares reguladores clave en el desarrollo del CHC y su influencia en el pronóstico del paciente. Al observar subgrupos genéticamente determinados de CHC en la base de datos TCGA-Liver Cancer, logramos obtener 15 genes frecuentemente afectados por mutaciones oncogénicas y analizamos su influencia en la supervivencia del paciente, identificando CSMD1 como un candidato a biomarcador pronóstico. Sin embargo, la validación en la base de datos ICGC-CHC mostró que no tuvo ninguna influencia estadísticamente significativa en la supervivencia global. Este trabajo revela que las mutaciones de un solo gen más frecuentes no son suficientes para cambios significativos en la supervivencia del CHC y que debemos centrar nuestros esfuerzos en el análisis integrador de la información clínica y la multi-ómica para maximizar nuestros beneficios clínicos en esta devastadora enfermedad.

Abstract: From brown algae species, it is a polysaccharide that have been studies due to their potential use in several biomedical applications. This is known as fucoidan. In this research the anti- cancer properties of a commercially available fucoidan (from Fucus vesiculosus) and different molecular weight fractions of fucoidan extracted from a brown algae found in the Colombian caribean coast (Sargassum filipendula, at LMW, (10–50 kDa), medium (MMW, 50–100 kDa) and high (HMW, >100 kDa)) were studied on osteosarcoma cells (MG-63). The results showed penetrability variation of the different fucoidan inside cells. Moreover, the focal adhesion and cell proliferation had a dose-dependent drop for all fucoidan types with strongest effects observed for HMW and F. vesiculosus fucoidan. G1-Phase arrest and accummulation in the sub-G1-phase was induced by F. vesiculosus. Simillarly, HMW and LMW caused G1-phase arrest. All fucoidan caused mitochondrial damage but mithochondrial fragmenttion was only observed with F. vesiculosus. Stress-induced apoptosis-like cell death was observed for F. vesiculosus fucoidan and stress-induced necrosis-like cell death for S. filipendula fucoidans by Annexin V/PI, TUNEL and cytochrome C stainings. As a results, These differences in anti-cancer activity of fucoidans are applicable for osteosarcoma treatment. Resumen: De las algas marrones, hay un polisacárido que ha sido estudiado debido a su potencial uso en diversas aplicaciones biomédicas. Estos se conocen como fucoidanos. En esta investigación, las propiedades anticancerígenas de los fucoidanos de una especie disponible comercialmente (Fucus vesiculosus)y de diferentes fracciones de peso molecular de fucoidanos extraídos de un alga marrón que se encuentra en la costa caribe colombiana (Sargassum filipendula, en bajo LMW, (10–50 kDa), medio (MMW, 50-100 kDa) y alto peso molecular (HMW,> 100 kDa)) se estudiaron en células de osteosarcoma (MG-63). Los resultados mostraron una variación de la penetrabilidad de los diferentes fucoidan dentro de las células. Además, la adhesión focal y la proliferación celular tuvieron una caída dependiente de la dosis para todos los tipos de fucoidan con efectos más fuertes observados para HMW y F. vesiculosus fucoidan. La detención y acumulación de la fase G1 y la fase sub- G1 fueron inducidas por F. vesiculosus. De manera similar, HMW y LMW causaron la detención de la fase G1. Todos los fucoidan causaron daño mitocondrial, pero solo se observó fragmentación mitocondrial con F. vesiculosus. Se observó muerte celular similar a la apoptosis inducida por estrés para el fucoidano extraido de F. vesiculosus y muerte celular similar a la necrosis inducida por estrés para fucoidanos de S. filipendula mediante tinciones con Anexina V / PI, TUNEL y citocromo C. Como resultado, estas diferencias en la actividad anticancerígena de los fucoidanos podrían ser aplicables para el tratamiento del osteosarcoma.