El presente trabajo de investigación centra su atención en el estudio del relato entendido como un proceso de producción de contenidos que permite identificar y caracterizar las diversas relaciones socio-afectivas, los contextos y las temáticas que surgen de las vivencias cotidianas de los estudiantes. Algunas consideraciones teóricas sobre juventud, lenguaje y cultura, ayudarán a comprender la manera en que el sujeto elabora sus saberes desde la experiencia, su vínculo con la tecnología y el papel de los medios de comunicación en la construcción de subjetividad. A su vez se hace un llamado a la escuela para diversificar las situaciones de aprendizaje ejemplo de ello, la propuesta denominada “La ciudad y sus problemáticas urbanas “, que propone una secuencia didáctica para integrar la producción textual y la fotografía con los problemas socio-ambientales de la localidad de Fontibón. Se puede concluir que reconocer la cultura juvenil e impulsar sus formas de expresión desde diferentes miradas del mundo actual, es una oportunidad que tiene la escuela para integrarse de nuevo al corazón de la sociedad.

The objective of the present work was to develop a business model for nautical cartography offered by the Colombian General Maritime Directorate (DIMAR), in order to contribute to its consolidation as a modern, efficient and competitive entity, which promotes the safety of navigation for the seas of the world. A contextualization was made about DIMAR and its close relationship with the Colombian National Navy (ARC). It was explored about the types of nautical charts that DIMAR can trade, a diagnosis of nautical cartography was developed as a value proposition, aspects that served as inputs to generate a business model CANVAS which allows observing how it captures value for Colombia and delivers value to customers within the field of nautical cartography. This work was framed in a theoretical research at the descriptive level, with a documentary field design based on interview or structured questionnaire, non-experimental and cross-sectional questionnaire for the analysis of data from the empirical evidence. The results showed that only four countries in Latin America (Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Colombia) have the capacity to produce nautical charts, but as Commander Ramírez (2017) stated on his interview, only Mexico has attempted to manage it as a lucrative business, without achieving any resounding success to date, as a result, these countries are dedicated only to cartographic production, with a focus on domestic maritime safety. The rest of the countries of the region, due to economic, technological and human resources deficiencies to carry out their cartographic surveys, appeal to Hydrographic powerful Offices such as the United Kingdom, the United States or Japan, with whom they face barriers such as the language and stagnation of alliances and agreements due to delayed diplomatic procedures. The business model Canvas placed in this work aims to serve two segments. The first segment is the countries which are geographically close to Colombia and have a high maritime activity and the second segment aims to countries geographically close to Colombia, without a significant commercial flow through their maritime ports and which have problems or limitations to carry out all their hydrographic surveys in order to ensure a safe navigation on their waters in spite of their acquired international obligations. In other words, this business model will allow Colombia to cooperate with countries and contribute to the maritime safety in the region among other benefits. The appendices include the survey, all the notes of the unstructured interviews carried out, as well as all the interviews that were done in a structured way, including personnel who worked or still work in DIMAR, interviews with international organizations such as the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO), as well as interviews with people from some Central American countries who are responsible to the IHO on issues related to the hydrography of their countries. The interviews that were carried out in Spanish, are in the appendices in the original language with translation to English. The appendices have also taken into account a contextualization of the reader with a political map of Central America and additionally annexed a gallery of photos of the ships with which DIMAR currently carries out its naval operations.

Bogotá, Colombia

In Colombia the petrol supply sector lags well behind other sectors such as electricity supply, ports, and motorways, in undertaking an open policy. However, freeing the petrol supply market is considered necessary in order to release the state from the economic burden that it would otherwise have. This situation is particularly true in the oil industry, which is one of the most capital-intensive businesses. This thesis assesses the petrol supply chain in Colombia identifying the key driving factors, the companies involved and the challenges they are facing in the light of world and regional trends. In this way, a comparative assessment of the Colombian Oil Company (Ecopetrol) is undertaken looking at how other state-owned companies such as the Venezuelan, Brazilian, Mexican and the Argentinian are tackling similar problems. In addition, the thesis will assess what is the best trade off between importing and/or refining for supplying petrol to Colombia regarding three different schemes under three different scenarios of demand. The analysis considers environmental, institutional, technical and economic issues; the latter is assessed using a Linear Programming (LP) model. The paper concludes that the Colombian government should elaborate a white paper to restructure Ecopetrol. Administratively, the chairman should be appointed for a fixed period of time with the provide it with autonomy for selecting its most convenient business strategy. Ecopetrol should be opened up to both international competition and foreign partnership in order to compete in the global market. This would involve improving its competitiveness, pursuing international standards of efficiency and using benchmarking targets for its planning and development. In addition, the government and Ecopetrol should separate their accountancy; thus, subsidies for middle distillates consumed by low income groups should be funded through the national budget and not charged to Ecopetrol. Similarly, the government must commit to a policy of not withdrawing economic resources from Ecopetrol to finance independent projects. After undertaking this first series of measures, the next step should be setting a legal and stable framework for the capitalization and opening of Ecopetrol. In this way Ecopetrol should be listed in the stock exchange market both in the country and abroad initially offering a minority stake of its shares in the search for fresh capital, should reduce its political dependency and form strategic alliances to scale up its businesses and improve its efficiency.

Green technology developments bring public managers to the table with entrepreneurs who want to promote new technologies and share regard for the public good. The introduction of green technologies to the general public evidences that the challenge of technological change spans to a sphere of social interactions that operate in the breakthrough. This phase is best characterized as an inter-organizational process and my research explores the patterns that emerge through it. My research focuses on the development of a solar energy venture, the Solar-to-market initiative based in Massachusetts. By treating the creation of this venture as a dynamic system, I will highlight the role of public-private and third sector partnerships in shaping policies and technology innovation. The core question of the research is addressed by mapping out the networks that emerge throughout the process from project design to implementation. I urge public managers and entrepreneurs to consider the following aspects when managing green technological environmental ventures: (1) Design a framework for setting goals, policies, responsibilities and negotiation terms during the technological development and implementation phase, from design to commercialization. (2) Because of the complexity involved in green technological innovation, organizations demand a high degree of interdependence to share knowledge, complementary operational capabilities and joint action; thus creating the mechanisms to maintain these interactions is crucial. (3) A shift from traditional energy systems requires a change of social structures and institutional settings that demand the participation of the various stakeholders to co-produce and adopt the technological developments. (4) The societal change that technology demands, can be reached by mobilizing civic groups and social structures without threatening public institutions. (5) Green technological environmental ventures can be managed through an experimental and learning-oriented approach that enables a strategic niche management. Learning from small systems provides basis for policy innovations that are necessary for paving the way to sustainability as practices, such as energy consumption demand not incremental changes but a system transformation. In brief, I consider that a system of adaptive technology developments based on smaller operating parts within larger systems, which have acquired valuable knowledge and experience while working cooperatively, can contribute to a more equal and sustainable development.

Conversación sobre la experiencia de Edson Velandia como maestro, compositor y compilador de estilos musicales populares. Comenta sus concepciones sobre educación y cultura, y sus reflexiones sobre nuestra realidad nacional.

Abstract: Material Adverse Change clauses (MAC clauses) are contractual provisions that are usually incorporated within M&A and debt finance transactions. However, the low number of disputes that have arisen regarding the interpretation and application of such provisions have raised concerns given the uncertainty of its application and construction by the courts. Although the doctrine of good faith has been regarded as alien to English Contract Law, in this dissertation that claim is challenged by exploring other dimensions of such principle through two Civil Law jurisdictions and two recent judgements in English Law concerning MAC clauses in the context of Loan Agreements. Resumen: Las cláusulas de Cambio Adverso Sustancial (MAC, por sus siglas en inglés) son disposiciones contractuales que generalmente se incorporan en transacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones, así como en transacciones de financiamiento de deuda. Sin embargo, la baja cantidad de disputas que han surgido respecto a la interpretación y aplicación de tales disposiciones ha generado preocupación dada la incertidumbre en su aplicación y construcción por parte de los tribunales. Aunque la doctrina de la buena fe ha sido considerada ajena al Derecho de Contratos inglés, en esta tesis se cuestiona esa afirmación al explorar otras dimensiones de dicho principio a través de dos jurisdicciones de Derecho Civil y dos sentencias recientes en el Derecho inglés relacionadas con cláusulas MAC en el contexto de Acuerdos de Préstamo.

Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that resilience is not a neutral and apolitical concept. For this, I focus on deconstructing the representations, values, meanings, rationalities, and references of desire embedded in discourses, images and development projects promoting resilience in the Cauca, Colombia. Based on ethnographic evidence, I argue that resilience is a discursive mechanism attached to a cultural project - modernity/coloniality- that seeks to maintain structures of power through the reproduction of colonial sociocultural hierarchies between those who are resilient, located in ‘developed’ countries, and those who are vulnerable, living in the poor periphery. Although the promotion of resilience capacities has been enhanced by the increasing feeling of risk exposure, I found that the Misak and Nasa communities have Other forms of understanding and facing crises. Based on their own cosmologies and worldviews, these communities developed the concept of pervivencia aiming to recognise their capacity and right to construct the conditions and strategies to face uncertainties and risks outside modern Eurocentric epistemology. Ignoring the existence of Other forms of thinking and being has lead development organisations to misinterpret how people face uncertainties and crises in rural areas of the Cauca. It is for this reason that I suggest that the concept of resilience does not offer the best analytical tool to analyse Misak and Nasa practices for facing risks as it cannot incorporate Other possible worlds and logics. Resumen: El objetivo de esta tesis es demostrar que la resiliencia no es un concepto neutro y apolítico. Para ello, me centro en deconstruir las representaciones, valores, significados, racionalidades y referentes del deseo incrustados en discursos, imágenes y proyectos de desarrollo que promueven la resiliencia en el Cauca, Colombia. Con base en evidencia etnográfica, sostengo que la resiliencia es un mecanismo discursivo adscrito a un proyecto cultural -modernidad/colonialidad- que busca mantener estructuras de poder a través de la reproducción de jerarquías socioculturales coloniales entre quienes son resilientes, ubicados en países ""desarrollados"", y quienes son vulnerables, que viven en la periferia pobre. Aunque la promoción de las capacidades de resiliencia se ha visto reforzada por la creciente sensación de exposición al riesgo, descubrí que las comunidades misak y nasa tienen otras formas de entender y afrontar las crisis. Basándose en sus propias cosmologías y cosmovisiones, estas comunidades desarrollaron el concepto de pervivencia con el objetivo de reconocer su capacidad y derecho a construir las condiciones y estrategias para afrontar las incertidumbres y los riesgos al margen de la epistemología eurocéntrica moderna. Ignorar la existencia de Otras formas de pensar y de ser ha llevado a las organizaciones de desarrollo a malinterpretar la forma como la gente enfrenta las incertidumbres y las crisis en las zonas rurales del Cauca. Es por esta razón que sugiero que el concepto de resiliencia no ofrece la mejor herramienta analítica para analizar las prácticas Misak y Nasa para enfrentar los riesgos, ya que no puede incorporar Otros mundos y lógicas posibles.

The commercial drones’ market has grown significantly in recent years given its different industries’ applications. Ports are evolving and moving towards Industry 4.0, creating an opportunity for technologies to improve their operations, one being drone-in-a-box technology; however, there is scant understanding of the port industry, its potential customers and the technology needs to be addressed. This study explores the UK port industry and its potential use of drone-in-a-box, to give recommendations to Herotech8 about how to grow in this market. A critical review of the literature was carried out and primary data collected from 14 interviewees, i.e. managers working at ports, people related to the drone industry and experts – with knowledge in drone technology and/or ports. Given the lack of awareness of drone-in-a-box technology, some information was gathered regarding conventional drone technology. Also, to contrast and complement the information, several interviews were conducted with Herotech8’s CEO. Results identified potential customers and their understanding of drone technology – applications, benefits, drawbacks and challenges. A value proposition emerged from these findings, but the impact level on each customer will depend on how their needs could be satisfied. Therefore, a general buying decision process was mapped to identify the crucial steps where needs can be recognised and assessed to deliver high value. The results indicated that although customers had not heard about drone-in-abox technology, they are interested; however, there is a fear of acquiring relatively new technologies and some would rather not be the early adopters. Recommendations were made, highlighting the steps to be taken by Herotech8, having identified the need to gain market share in the port sector, including attracting potential customers’ attention, establishing a process to identify their needs and sealing its first deal.

Abstract: This research questions how ‘human rights’ are used in a parliamentary inquiry on the coercive or involuntary sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia. Throughout three chapters, the thesis breaks down ‘human rights’ as a concept and as a practical approach in development programming. Chapter two delves into the multiple understandings of rights in the development literature and incorporates contributions from legal anthropology and the field of the social studies of science and technology to understand human rights in the development context. Chapter three proposes an “ethnography in the archives” as a methodological design that pushes disciplinary boundaries to understand the value of documents and arguments in how different stakeholders inside and outside of the development field engage with issues such as the coercive sterilisation of people with disabilities. Finally, chapter four offers an analysis derived from 82 documents presented in the parliamentary inquiry in Australia. This chapter shows this thesis’s main argument: That human rights differ from what this research calls ‘everyday rights’, which are the claims articulated by people drawing upon their lived experiences rather than human rights treaties or arguments. This argument sheds light on how development practice often faces a gap between what the stated outcomes are in terms of Human Rights-Based Approaches and the practical realities of rights claims. Resumen: Esta investigación cuestiona cómo se utilizan los 'derechos humanos' en una investigación parlamentaria sobre la esterilización coercitiva o involuntaria de personas con discapacidad en Australia. A lo largo de tres capítulos, la tesis desglosa los 'derechos humanos' como concepto y como enfoque práctico en el mundo del desarrollo. El capítulo dos profundiza en las múltiples interpretaciones de los derechos en la literatura sobre desarrollo e incorpora contribuciones de la antropología jurídica y el campo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología para comprender los derechos humanos en el contexto del desarrollo. El capítulo tres propone una “etnografía en los archivos” como un diseño metodológico que traspasa los límites disciplinarios para comprender el valor de los documentos y argumentos sobre cómo diferentes actores dentro y fuera del campo del desarrollo se involucran con temas como la esterilización forzada de personas con discapacidad. Finalmente, el capítulo cuatro ofrece un análisis derivado de 82 documentos presentados en la investigación parlamentaria en Australia. Este capítulo muestra el argumento principal de esta tesis: que los derechos humanos difieren de lo que esta investigación llama “derechos cotidianos”, que son los reclamos articulados por personas basándose en sus experiencias vividas en lugar de tratados o argumentos de derechos humanos. Este argumento arroja luz sobre cómo la práctica del desarrollo a menudo enfrenta una brecha entre los resultados esperados de los enfoques basados en los derechos humanos y las realidades prácticas de los reclamos de derechos.