En esta unidad se identifican y explican los diferentes métodos existentes de aradura.

En esta unidad se identifican los equipo adecuados y necesarios para henificar y ensilar.

Yunta de bueyes en un trapiche de caña. Se desconoce el lugar de esta fotografía.

Abstract: The use of bacterial pigments with biotechnological potential advances are growing and more and from this natural source are developed several products with different applications in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and other industries, presenting advantages in economic and environmental issues, fulfilling a demand and bringing benefits For consumer health and reducing the use of chemical synthetized products. The aim of this study was the production, working volume and characterization of pigments synthesized by Chryseobacterium KR6 and Lysobacter A03 bacteria isolated from chicken and penguin feathers, respectively. The pigments were characterized by KOH 20% test, UV-visible, colors system CIELAB, HPLC-DAD-MS, FTIR and was evaluated the antioxidant capacity. The pigments from KR6 and A03 presents some characteristics from flexirubin and xanthomonadin non- brominated type pigments respectively. Pigment from KR6 shows a positive bathochromic shift when colonies or the extracted pigment are in presence of alkaline solution (KOH20%) and also have a λmax at 450nm in acetone when analyzed by UV-Vis. The FTIR analysis shows some principal functional groups that might be from a flexirubin molecule. Pigment from A03 didn’t present any shift when flooded with KOH and the λmax was 419 nm and 427 nm in acetone and chloroform respectively. The two pigments presented antioxidant activity evaluated by the capture of the free radical ABTS. It was not possible to propose a chemical structure for the two pigments; purification processes are necessary for a molecular identification of the biotechnologically viable pigments.

Abtract: Small-scale farming systems in the Colombian Andes are vulnerable to threats that affect not only the food production and self-sufficiency of local communities, but that can affect the wellbeing of farmers and the environment. A holistic perspective of agriculture leads to understanding of the complexity of agroecosystems including its elements, processes, dynamics, interactions, synergies and trade-offs. This thesis examines the main characteristics, contexts and enabling environment for small-scale farming systems in Guachetá, Colombia, in order to identify and analyse the main agricultural problems in the municipality and possible solutions for them. Using the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE), the 10 elements of agroecology were evaluated on 7 farms along with the assessment of the performance of the systems using core performance criteria based on 5 key dimensions of sustainability. Furthermore, the analysis of qualitative data obtained from interviews with farmers and other actors, such as associations’representatives and academics in the fields of soils and agricultural science, facilitated the understanding of their perspectives in relation to the challenges that peasant farmers face. The results of this study show that the prevalence of dry climatic conditions and the variation on the typical rain patterns pose a major challenge for the current production system. In addition, the enabling environment, in regards to responsible governance and circular and solidarity economy, constitutes one of the major limitations. Currently, there are negligible possibilities for participation on the governance of the land and there is limited access to markets that offer fair conditions and proximity between consumers and producers. Also, the current agricultural practices reflect dependency on agrochemical inputs that, according to the analysis of the elements of agroecology, leads to low efficiency of the systems, limited agricultural biodiversity and low synergies within the agroecosystems. It is concluded that implementation of agroecological principles and practices that resemble natural ecological processes and that are characterized by joint action can aid in overcoming these issues leading to the improvement of the sustainability of food systems in Guachetá.

Understanding factors that hinder vaccination, including logistical and social constraints, is critical to finding the most effective approach for the global eradication of peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Vaccination projects should analyze the supply chain and take it into consideration when planning and creating a vaccination strategy. Adequate supply chain management of the PPR vaccine could lead to reduced cost, increased availability, and the construction of a data platform for other livestock vaccines. Integrating the supply chain of PPR vaccine with other veterinary or health commodities could reduce cost, as well as increase uptake. The use of a thermostable vaccine could potentially have a positive impact on the eradication of PPR in remote areas, such as the Karamoja subregion in Uganda, as it did with rinderpest across Sub Saharan Africa. In terms of vaccine delivery, the use of community animal health workers (CAHWs) could be beneficial in certain areas, such as the Karamoja subregion of Uganda, by alleviating supply chain constraints in the last-mile delivery, as well as increasing coverage and uptake. A gendered approach to livestock vaccines should also be considered, as decision-making power regarding livestock vaccination is gendered in many various contexts. The PPR eradication strategy—as well as other livestock vaccination programs—would be more effective and efficient if the supply chain management were considered as a key component in the process and efforts tailored, accordingly. Comprender los factores que obstaculizan la vacunación, incluidas las limitaciones logísticas y sociales, es fundamental para encontrar el enfoque más eficaz para la erradicación mundial de la peste de los pequeños rumiantes (PPR). Los proyectos de vacunación deben analizar la cadena de suministro y tenerla en cuenta al planificar y crear una estrategia de vacunación. La gestión adecuada de la cadena de suministro de la vacuna contra la PPR podría conducir a una reducción de los costos, una mayor disponibilidad y la construcción de una plataforma de datos para otras vacunas para ganado. La integración de la cadena de suministro de la vacuna contra la PPR con otros productos veterinarios o de salud podría reducir los costos y aumentar la aceptación. El uso de una vacuna termoestable podría tener un impacto positivo en la erradicación de la PPR en áreas remotas, como la subregión de Karamoja en Uganda, como ocurrió con la peste bovina en el África subsahariana. En términos de entrega de vacunas, el uso de trabajadores comunitarios de salud animal (CAHW) podría ser beneficioso en ciertas áreas, como la subregión de Karamoja en Uganda, al aliviar las limitaciones de la cadena de suministro en la entrega de última milla, así como aumentar la cobertura y la aceptación. También se debe considerar un enfoque de género para las vacunas del ganado, ya que el poder de toma de decisiones con respecto a la vacunación del ganado tiene un género en muchos contextos diferentes. La estrategia de erradicación de la PPR, así como otros programas de vacunación del ganado, sería más eficaz y eficiente si la gestión de la cadena de suministro se considerara un componente clave del proceso y los esfuerzos se adaptarán en consecuencia.

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) or proteoglycans in Green coffee beans (GCB) are characterized by their low levels of extraction. Previous work reported a yield of ~1,1% (w/w) of GCB using hot water extraction. This means over 92% AGP of the coffee beans remains in the residual cell wall material (RCWM) composed of cellulose and mannan. The aim of this research is to increase the extraction of AGP from green coffee beans, applying different extraction methods and to compare the methods based on their yield and the chemical composition of obtained fraction. AGP was extracted by: single extraction using (1) cold (4 °C) or (2) hot water (90°C), (3) enzymatic hydrolysis or by sequential extraction, starting with cold water, followed by (4) hot water or alkali (6M KOH) extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. Extracted AGP was purified and recovered using a preparative anion exchange column (AEC). AGP fractions were identified with a Yariv radial gel diffusion assay. The highest extraction yield (8,7% AGP) was obtained through sequential extraction using alkali. In this method, the alkali extraction resulting in extraction of 57% of the total AGP extracted with the sequence followed by the enzymatic treatment with a 37%. Two main AGPs were obtained with AEC one unbound and the other bound (both showed positive reaction to Yariv reagent test). In order to elucidate the reasons of having these two different AGPs, molecular size was determined using HPSEC, but clear differences were not observed. A main peak with a molecular weight of 287 kDa was measured for both. Analysis carried out in the composition of AGPs confirmed the majority content of arabinose and galactose and the presence of proteins and uronic acids to a less extent. Protein content was on average 12% (w/w). The carbohydrate moiety accounted between 3 to 7% uronic acids with glucuronic acid being the most predominant. Effect of the extraction method on the structure was reflected in the variation of the ratio Galactose/Arabinose. For instance, AGP from cold water showed a ratio of 2.6 indicating its highly branched nature that eases its solubilization. In contrasts ratio of AGP from the enzymatic treatment in the sequential extraction was around 8, which means a poor branch structure. The difference in the ratios reflects the strength of the treatment applied in the composition of AGP. Therefore studies on the extraction of AGP from coffee beans have to be developed using milder methods to maintain the native structure of the AGP presences in the CWM and therefore reducing the side effects on its structure.

Ejemplar equino, en una exposición pecuaria en la Plaza de Ferias de Bogotá. La Plaza de Ferias de Bogotá, estaba ubicada sobre la carrera 31 con calle 12, anexa al Matadero Distrital. Esta obra fue desarrollada por el Municipio de Bogotá, entre 1933 y 1934, durante el mandato de Enrique Olaya Herrera. Fue inaugurada en julio de 1934, con la asistencia del presidente de la república. Se trataba de un espacio destinado a las transacciones y exposiciones de ganado. Actualmente (2017), se conserva la entrada principal de la feria, con el escudo de la ciudad tallado en piedra y dos relieves alegóricos. También se conserva el pabellón central, en el cual se construyó un observatorio astronómico.

Ganado vacuno y espectadores en la Plaza de Ferias de Bogotá. La Plaza de Ferias de Bogotá, estaba ubicada sobre la carrera 31 con calle 12, anexa al Matadero Distrital. Esta obra fue desarrollada por el Municipio de Bogotá, entre 1933 y 1934, durante el mandato de Enrique Olaya Herrera. Fue inaugurada en julio de 1934, con la asistencia del presidente de la república. Se trataba de un espacio destinado a las transacciones y exposiciones de ganado. Actualmente (2017), se conserva la entrada principal de la feria, con el escudo de la ciudad tallado en piedra y dos relieves alegóricos. También se conserva el pabellón central, en el cual se construyó un observatorio astronómico.

Toro en la exposición agropecuaria de 1928.