A principios del siglo xx el sector agropecuario era, por un gran margen, el más importante de la economía colombiana en cuanto al valor de su producción, el empleo que generaba y su contribución a las exportaciones. A lo largo del siglo, igual que en el resto de América Latina, Colombia tuvo una buena tasa de crecimiento del PIB Y un buen aumento en el nivel promedio del ingreso y en otras medidas del bienestar de la población al mismo tiempo que el país se urbanizaba. Al final del siglo Colombia era ya más urbana que rural y su sector agropecuario, aunque más grande en términos absolutos que a principios del siglo, era mucho menor en relación al resto de la economía.

Esta obra, resultado de una investigación doctoral, está dirigida a internacionalistas, politólogos, economistas, administradores de empresas y de negocios, así como a lectores generales interesados en analizar a fondo la dinámica internacional del turismo de la salud y su aplicación en Colombia. Con base en elementos teóricos, datos históricos, normativos y de estrategia sectorial, así como en la comparación de los sistemas de salud en Estados Unidos, Canadá, Panamá y Las Antillas, y entrevistas a representantes de los gremios, el autor describe los riesgos, oportunidades y retos a los que se verán...

Posicionado desde el Sur Global y particularmente desde el escenario latinoamericano, esta obra identifica y articula herramientas teóricas que dan cuenta de cómo procesos globales, trayectorias nacionales y dinámicas regionales configuran actualmente tanto la reproducción centro-periferia, como las divergencias y particularidades que toman lugar al interior de esta última. Recuperando una perspectiva holística del capitalismo que reconoce su múltiples dinámicas contradictorias, este libro revisa tres cuerpos teóricos gestados en el "norte" durante las últimas dos décadas y media (Cadenas de Valor...

Partiendo del concepto de la organización de eventos como pieza de un proceso de comunicación estratégica, este libro profundiza en las diferentes fases de la gestión de actos corporativos e institucionales, así como en la importancia del protocolo y de cómo aplicarlo en cada situación. Desde la investigación hasta la evaluación, pasando por la planificación y la propia operativa del evento, la obra pone en relieve la importancia de todos y cada uno de los pasos que seguir en la creación y ejecución de eventos que resulten experiencias únicas y memorables para los públicos implicados. Con este libro...

Abstract: In this thesis, I test if the effect of state intervention on economic growth and inequality depends on the level of institutional quality a country presents. I use three different proxies to measure the degree of state intervention in the economy, then I specify a model which includes an interaction term between rule of law and one of the proxies of state intervention. The model is tested in a cross-panel dataset for at most 58 countries in 7 three-year periods, from 1998 to 2018. I find evidence for a non-linear relationship between income per capita and state intervention when the latter is proxied as market openness, varying on the level of rule of law. Contrary to expectations, countries with better institutional quality do not benefit the most from freer markets. As for inequality, I find non-robust evidence of a crossover interaction between public employment and rule of law, yet this result is not economically meaningful. Resumen: En esta tesis, compruebo si el efecto de la intervención estatal sobre el crecimiento económico y la desigualdad depende del nivel de calidad institucional que presenta un país. Utilizo tres indicadores distintos para medir el grado de intervención estatal en la economía y, a continuación, especifico un modelo que incluye un término de interacción entre la variable de Estado de Derecho (rule of law) y uno de los indicadores de intervención estatal. El modelo se testea en una base de datos de panel con un máximo de 58 países en 7 períodos de tres años, de 1998 a 2018. Encuentro pruebas de una relación no lineal entre la renta per cápita y la intervención estatal cuando esta última se aproxima como apertura del mercado, variando en función del nivel de Estado de Derecho (rule of law). Contrario a lo esperado, los países con mejor calidad institucional no son los que más se benefician de mercados más libres. En cuanto a la desigualdad, encuentro pruebas no robustas de una interacción cruzada entre el empleo en el sector público y el Estado de Derecho, aunque este resultado no es económicamente significativo.

Abstract: I document differences in inflation rates across gender in the UK between 2001 and 2021. Using data from the interview and diary components of the Living Costs and Food Survey, for the period spanning 2001-2021, I compute gender specific inflation rates for male and female households. I find that average annual inflation was higher for male than for female households (17 and 15 basis points higher for single and cohabitating male households than single and cohabitating female households, respectively). This difference persists after controlling for other sociodemographic characteristics. Differences are mainly explained by male households spending a significantly larger part of their consumption budget in relatively higher-inflation product categories, such as transport, restaurants and hotels, and alcohol and tobacco. Deflation in clothing and footwear, a category on which female households spent around twice as much as male households, further increased the gap. I also document a significant amount of heterogeneity in inflation within gender. Resumen: Documento las diferencias en las tasas de inflación por género en el Reino Unido entre 2001 y 2021. Utilizando datos de los componentes de entrevista y diario de la Living Costs and Food Survey del Reino Unido, para el periodo comprendido entre 2001 y 2021, calculo las tasas de inflación específicas por género para los hogares masculinos y femeninos. La inflación media anual fue mayor en los hogares masculinos que en los femeninos (17 y 15 puntos básicos, respectivamente). Esta diferencia persiste después de controlar otras características sociodemográficas. Las diferencias se explican principalmente por el hecho de que los hogares masculinos gastan una parte significativamente mayor de su presupuesto de consumo en categorías de productos que experimentaron una mayor inflación, como transporte, restaurantes y hoteles y alcohol y tabaco. La deflación en ropa y calzado, una categoría en la que las mujeres en la que los hogares femeninos gastan aproximadamente el doble que los masculinos.

Abstract: “Green extractivism” refers to the way in which decarbonisation and the transition to green energy as part of the sustainable development policies of the Global North have increased the commodification of nature and expanded the extraction of minerals. Many of these minerals are located in the Global South, and within the territory of peasant and Indigenous communities. One example is the case of Chile, which has some of the largest reserves of lithium in the world; a mineral used for the production of batteries key to renewable energy technologies. In this dissertation, using a political ecology approach, I examine lithium mining in the Salar de Atacama (“the Salar”) in Chile, and the dynamics between the State, extractive companies, and Atacameña Indigenous communities. With the results obtained through a literature review and document analysis, I demonstrate how green extractivism perpetuates asymmetric local relations, and how this is related to the socio-environmental effects faced by Indigenous Atacameña communities due to the exploitation of lithium mining in their territories. Relying on an original analysis of legal and policy documents, I argue that green extractivism highlights the structural deficiencies of lithium mining regulation and Chile's neoextractivist system. These in turn contribute to the unequal and unfair distribution of the socioenvironmental costs of lithium exploitation in the Salar de Atacama. The dissertation shows that mining companies operating in the Salar benefit from the commodification of nature and transfer externalities to local communities to bear the costs of the green economy policies of the Global North. Nevertheless, I explain that the Atacameña Indigenous communities, despite being in an asymmetric relationship, have assumed an active role, through legal and political mechanisms, in defending their rights and demanding that companies and the State recognise their obligations to protect the Salar’s ecology. The dissertation concludes by contemplating possible political changes through a new constitution in Chile in the next few years and what this may mean for the dominance of green extractivism, especially for the Salar.

Abstract: The ‘Green economy’, a central plank of the sustainable development political and economic international agenda, relies on industrial extraction of water, minerals and other earths to produce ‘green energy’ to feed capitalist growth. The term Green extractivism describes a global problem that we examine through the case of lithium extraction in the territory of Atacameño-Likanantay (Indigenous) peoples in the Salar de Atacama, Chile. Green extractivism is a multiscalar logic and practice justified in international sustainable development policies, responding to the demands of capital, modifying international and national legal and political instruments, and permeating social, ecological and political realities in the territories of extraction. Green extractivism has many consistencies with the asymmetries of power and economic dependency that characterises the history of extractivism in Chile and Latin America. As such, Green extractivism provides a new logic to sustain consistencies in transnational capitalism. This paper traces national political and legal histories of lithium from the mid-twentieth century, demonstrating the long extractivist relationship between the state and the lithium companies that operate in the Salar de Atacama. We consider, in particular, the dynamics of Atacameño-Likanantay peoples’ participation in and refusals of industry and state processes, which trouble extractivist logics.

Abstract: The case studies of Sudan and Venezuela, in light of the existing literature on diasporas, provide an insight into the role diaspora organisations play in assisting their countries of origin during humanitarian crises. Through a comparative exercise it is shown how they collaborate, coordinate and distribute different types of resources in protracted situations where humanitarian aid is clearly needed but often limited. It is how the performed analysis makes it possible to establish both strengths and weaknesses of these diasporas’ involvement, something that should be carefully considered in terms of the impact on the overall well-being of affected and vulnerable communities in their homelands. Which, in turn, paves the way for more research to be done on diasporas as legitimate humanitarian actors in the international system, as well as highlights the necessity for establishing mutually beneficial relationships with traditional international actors.

Abstract: This study examines the financing choices made by Colombia's private sector, with a special emphasis on bonds and loans. It points out the critical role that a strong financial sector plays in promoting economic progress, a point that academics around the world have stressed. International data highlights the significance of creating financial institutions to draw investment and promote the expansion of the private sector. Despite its potential, Colombia's capital market has encountered difficulties such as strict rules, corruption, and security concerns. The financial industry has been strengthened by recent regulatory changes, which have made it possible to examine how Colombia's private debt market has changed over the previous five years. Analysis is done on the variables that affect funding decisions, such as the size of the organization, the risk profile, and the regulatory landscape. Market activity is investigated, with an emphasis on global and Colombian debt market habits. Private bond issuance has increased globally, headed by Europe and the US. In Colombia, despite previous obstacles, the bond market has showed tremendous development, driven by regulatory improvements and increased demand from institutional investors. The Colombian bond market has experienced significant changes in the last five years. Evidence suggests that private sector enterprises are now using bond emissions rather than the loan market to finance their operations. To understand the elements impacting this decision-making process, a study was done utilizing data from the most active corporations in the bond market between 2005 and 2010. Employing a Tobit Model estimation, variables such as corporate assets, profits, debt amount, Analysis results suggest that in the Colombian context, the development of the bond market reflects a growing dependence on and trust in the banking system. Larger companies with higher credit ratings tend to favor accessing the loan market over the bond market, potentially due to market characteristics. However, ongoing growth and evolution in the market are indicated, necessitating further investigation into the complex dynamics at play. The investigation highlights the growth of Colombia's corporate bond market, particularly in the real sector, driven by factors such as improved regulation and investor confidence. The increasing preference for corporate bonds over bank loans, attributed to lower costs and longer-term financing options, is noted. Sectors such as infrastructure and finance are identified as major contributors to bond issuance. The document encompasses a literature review focusing on the importance of capital markets, the ongoing dilemma between bond and loan funding, and the specific experience of the Colombian bond market. This contextual background provides a comprehensive understanding of the broader economic and financial landscape within which the study operates. Overall, the research suggests parallels between the growth of Colombia's corporate bond market and Chile's experience in the 1980s, indicating positive prospects for the private sector and the economy's future development.